北京大兴南海子公园PM2.5 和PM10 质量浓度变化特征

对北京南海子公园PM2.5 和PM10 的浓度水平进行了研究, 并讨论了PM2.5 和PM10 的时间变化特征及其受气象因素的影响, 分析了南海子公园空气质量浓度差异。结果表明: 南海子公园PM2.5 和PM10 平均质量浓度分别为(110.22±19.19) μg·m3和(125.58±3.62) μg·m3, 南海子公园大气颗粒物主要是以细粒子为主, PM2.5 超标46.96 %, PM10 未超标; 南海子公园PM2.5 和PM10质量浓度的日变化以夜间低, 白天高为主, 呈现明显的双峰型, 南海子公园的PM2.5和PM10质量浓度变化幅度较大; 从不同月份来看, 南海子公园PM2.5 质量浓度6 月最大、8 月最低; 温度、风和降水与PM2.5 和PM10 质量浓度呈负相关关系, 湿度与PM2.5 和PM10 质量浓度呈正相关关系, 大风和降雨能有效的清除颗粒物, 特别是细颗粒物。     

园林植物吸附细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))效应研究进展

园林植物具有显著消减空气颗粒物(PM)污染的作用,能有效地改善城市环境质量。但迄今为止,国内外的大量研究都集中在园林植物对总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)或者粗颗粒物(PM10)的阻滞效应上,植物吸附空气细颗粒物(PM2.5)的研究尚处于探索阶段。本文概述了植物叶片吸附空气PM的方式,叶片PM2.5化学物质的转移过程以及植物吸附PM2.5的周期性,探讨了植物叶片对空气不同粒径颗粒物的吸附特征,园林植物吸附空气PM2.5的能力与机制,并从植物吸附PM2.5的测定方法、园林植物吸附PM2.5能力的测定和评价、高吸附PM2.5能力的园林植物筛选、园林植物吸附PM2.5的机制与影响因素等方面提出了园林植物吸附PM2.5的研究重点与趋势,以期为深化植物吸附PM2.5的机制研究及高吸附PM2.5能力的园林植物筛选提供依据。     

林带内PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染特征及其与气象条件的关系

为了研究林带对颗粒物的阻滞作用,2013年5月在北京市北五环南侧奥林匹克森林公园南园生态廊道附近观测不同林带内PM10与PM2.5的浓度变化以及气象因素,分析林带内外的PM10和PM2.5的浓度变化特征,以及气温、相对湿度对其影响。结果表明:PM10与PM2.5的变化规律基本一致,7:00左右最高,17:00左右出现最低值;林带对PM10的阻滞作用明显;林带对PM2.5的阻滞作用比较复杂,榆树林带和混交林带内PM2.5浓度降低,但杨树林带情况完全相反,林带内PM10和PM2.5的浓度随气象因素变化而变化,二者与气温呈负相关,气温升高,大气垂直对流作用加剧,有利于颗粒物扩散,PM10和PM2.5浓度降低;PM10和PM2.5的浓度与相对湿度呈正相关。     

春季典型天气下城市街头绿地内大气颗粒物浓度变化特征

以无锡市河埒口休闲广场街头绿地为对象,研究了典型天气条件(晴天、多云、雨后阴天)下绿地内4种粒径颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5和PM1)的质量浓度变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)绿地内TSP、PM10、PM2.5和PM1质量浓度日均值均为:晴天多云雨后阴天。雨后阴天的PM10、PM2.5和PM1浓度均极显著高于晴天和多云,多云天气的PM2.5和PM1浓度极显著高于晴天。多云和阴天天气下PM2.5和PM1质量浓度的增幅远高于TSP和PM10。(2)在观测时段内,晴天和多云4种粒径颗粒物的日变化曲线基本一致,上午浓度高于下午,7:00和13:00—15:00分别出现峰值和低谷;雨后阴天时,随时间推进颗粒物浓度呈递增趋势。晴天时小粒径颗粒物所占比例日变化与其浓度协同变化,多云和雨后阴天时则基本呈相悖状态。(3)3种天气条件下,街头绿地内仅晴天时PM2.5浓度达到国家二类功能区质量要求,其他均超出二级浓度限值。(4)晴天街头绿地内主要为粒径2.5~10μm的PM10污染,污染较轻;而多云和雨后阴天时TSP、PM10和PM2.5污染均较严重,TSP污染以粒径10μm的颗粒物为主,PM10以粒径2.5μm的为主,PM2.5主要为1~2.5μm范围内的颗粒物污染。(5)空气相对湿度是无锡高湿环境下影响颗粒物浓度的最主要因子。晴天,颗粒物浓度与风速、气温、光照强度呈显著负相关,与相对湿度、车流量呈显著正相关;多云天气大气颗粒物浓度与湿度呈显著正相关,与其他因素相关性均未达显著水平;雨后阴天时大气颗粒物浓度与湿度呈负相关,与其他指标相关性不显著。     

大气颗粒物对健康的影响

<正>近年来研究发现,大气颗粒物严重影响人体健康,PM2.5每年造成80万人死亡,排在所有致死因素的第13位[1].大气颗粒物是悬浮于空气中颗粒的总称,按照其空气动力学粒径分为总悬浮颗粒物(TSP空气动力学直径小于100μm,下同)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、细颗粒物(PM2.5)和超细颗粒物(PM0.1)[2].不     

细颗粒物(PM2.5)与植被关系的研究综述

细颗粒物即PM,2.5,粒径小,沉降困难,危害严重,植被在一定程度上有助于减轻颗粒物污染.本文从阐述PM2.5的沉降机理出发,分析PM2.5与植被之间的相互作用.植被的阻滞吸收作用对大气颗粒物移除存在积极影响,而过多的空气颗粒物滞留对植物生长起到一定的负面作用,但以植被对大气颗粒物的移除为主导作用.以此为基础,从林分尺度-环境特性、单木尺度-树种特性和叶片尺度-颗粒物种类和分布特性这3个角度出发,结合外界影响因素(气象学要素、空气动力学要素、大气颗粒浓度水平、植物物候变化)、气室实验以及滞留颗粒物特征等阐述植被林冠、枝干及叶片等对移除PM2.5的影响.最后,文章指出今后的研究应当向定量化方向发展,注重不同树种移除PM2.5能力的对比分析及系统研究,并针对研究区域确定防治大气PM2.5污染的优势树种.     

淮南矿区大气及二球悬铃木叶片中重金属含量及其相关性分析

对淮南市污染区(矿区)和对照区(相对清洁区)空气中TSP、PM10-100、PM5-10、PM2.5-5和PM2.5的日均质量浓度进行了测定,并对TSP中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的质量浓度和二球悬铃木〔Platanus×acerifolia(Ait.)Willd.〕叶片中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的动态变化进行了分析,同时对二球悬铃木叶片中重金属含量与TSP中重金属质量浓度和各类空气颗粒物日均质量浓度的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:在60 d采样期内,空气颗粒物日均质量浓度和叶片中重金属含量均呈波动的变化趋势,其中污染区空气中TSP和PM2.5的日均质量浓度均显著高于对照区,污染区PM10-100、PM5-10和PM2.5-5日均质量浓度总体上低于对照区;污染区空气TSP中6种重金属元素的质量浓度均高于对照区,污染区二球悬铃木叶片中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn含量均高于对照区但Pb含量低于对照区。相关性分析结果表明:污染区二球悬铃木叶片中重金属含量与空气TSP中重金属质量浓度多数呈正相关,叶片中重金属含量与空气中PM2.5日均质量浓度也均呈正相关,其中叶片中Cd含量与PM2.5日均质量浓度的相关性达显著水平。研究结果表明:在淮南矿区,可将二球悬铃木叶片中的重金属含量作为空气PM2.5污染状况的监测指标。     

城市绿化树种女贞对 P M 2 . 5 的滞留能力

研究了西安市南郊不同功能区高频度使用的女贞叶面滞留 PM2.5(直径 D <2.5 µm 的颗粒物)的能力, 分析了交通流量及样树离开道路距离对叶面 PM2.5 滞留量的影响。研究表明 , 女贞叶面的 PM2.5 滞留量受环境污染背景值影响很大, 其均值为 0.22 g⋅m–2, 但在不同区域间差异显异(p<0.05), 由大到小依次为工业区(0.38 g⋅m–2)、交通繁忙区(0.24 g⋅m–2)、商业区(0.18 g⋅m–2)、居住文教区(0.15 g⋅m–2)、相对清洁区(0.09 g⋅m–2)。在研究区域内 , 交通流量及样树离开道路距离对女贞叶面的PM2.5 滞留量影响很大; 叶面 PM2.5 滞留量与交通流量呈显著正相关(R2=0.359, p=0.011); 与样树离开道路距离呈幂函数关系(R2=0.207, p=0.050)。综合来看, 女贞能有效滞留 PM2.5, 对降低 PM2.5 污染发挥着巨大作用。     

植物叶片吸滞PM_(2.5)等大气颗粒物定量研究方法初探——以毛白杨为例

以毛白杨为例,提出一种利用激光粒度仪和天平定量评估植物叶片吸滞细颗粒物(PM2.5,直径d≤2.5μm)等大气颗粒物能力的方法——洗脱称量粒度分析法(EWPA),实现了对植物叶片吸滞大气颗粒物质量和粒径分布的直接、准确测定,可操作性强.首先,进行预试验对试验方法的稳定性进行检验;其次,通过对叶片进行清洗、离心洗液、烘干等步骤收集其吸滞的颗粒物,然后对颗粒物称量,并采用激光粒度仪测定颗粒物的粒径分布;最后,利用叶面积和林分叶面积指数数据换算得到单位面积叶片和林分的各径级颗粒物吸滞量.在北京市奥林匹克森林公园内一片毛白杨林分(27 d未经历降雨)中应用该法,测得毛白杨叶片吸滞大气颗粒物的粒径均值为17.8μm,吸滞PM2.5、可吸入颗粒物(PM10,d≤10μm)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP,d≤100μm)的体积百分比分别为13.7%、47.2%和99.9%;叶片的PM2.5、PM10、TSP和总颗粒物吸滞量分别为8.88×10-6、30.6×10-6、64.7×10-6和64.8×10-6g·cm-2;林分的PM2.5、PM10、TSP和总颗粒物吸滞量分别为0.963、3.32、7.01和7.02 kg·hm-2.     

北京常见阔叶绿化植物滞留PM2.5能力与叶面微结构的关系

叶片是植物滞留大气颗粒物的主要载体,对城市环境质量的改善发挥着巨大作用。该文用洗脱法测定了北京市20种常见阔叶绿化植物单位叶面积滞留总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)及PM2.5(颗粒直径≤2.5μm)的质量,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察了叶表面的微结构,分析比较了20种道路绿化植物叶片去除TSP与PM2.5的能力,以探讨典型植物叶表面微结构特征对大气颗粒物拦截效果的影响机理。结果显示:(1)不同植物单位叶面积滞留TSP和PM2.5的量均存在显著差异,变化范围分别为0.40~3.44g/m2和0.04~0.39g/m2。(2)叶表面沟槽宽度的不同可能是不同植物滞留TSP和PM2.5差异的主要原因,沟槽宽度过宽和过窄均不利于叶片捕集颗粒物,且颗粒物滞留量随沟槽深度增加而增大。(3)气孔密度较大的叶片表面颗粒物滞留量较大。研究表明,灌木与藤本植物单位叶面积对TSP和PM2.5的平均滞留量均大于乔木;叶表面沟槽宽度为5μm左右时对PM2.5滞留量较大;悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)、木槿(Hibiscus syriacus)和大叶黄杨(Buxus sinica)单位叶面积滞留TSP与PM2.5量与其他供试植物相比均较大。     

Intestinal absorption of particulate matter.

Evidence for and against the movement of intact particulates across the normal intestinal mucosa is reviewed. The effects of type of particulate and age of animal are considered. Small particulates unquestionably enter the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of adult animals and are engulfed by macrophages. Published evidence also favors the conclusion that small particulates are taken into absorptive cells of adults by an endocytotic mechanism. The evidence for passage of particulates between intestinal absorptive cells or into villus tips at the extrusion zone is not yet conclusive.     

Health-related monitoring and assessment of airborne particulate matter

Since 1992, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been promoting studies of air pollution using a standard design of air sampler that provides separation on filters into two size fractions with cutoffs of 2.5 and 10 Μm (approximately). These are the size ranges presently considered to have the most important health consequences. Such filter samples are highly amenable to analysis using nuclear and related techniques. After reviewing some of the health effects of airborne particulate matter and current air quality standards and guidelines, this article provides an overview of current and recent IAEA programs in this area, which involve collaborative activities with participants in more than 40 countries.     

颗粒有机质的来源、测定及其影响因素

土壤活性有机质及其组分作为土壤质量的重要指标在土壤化学、物理和生物性质方面起着重要作用。颗粒有机质能够有效地反映有机质的特性,与微生物生长、营养供给及C、N的生物学调节密切相关。作为活性有机质的一个量度指标,颗粒有机质越来越受到人们的重视。本文综述了土壤颗粒有机质的来源及其在土壤有机质转化过程中的作用,对其测定方法作了系统的描述,阐明了土壤理化性质、农业措施(施肥与耕作)及土地利用类型对土壤颗粒有机质在土壤形成及维持其稳定性方面的影响。     

Mines over matter: Effects of foliar particulate matter on the herbivorous insect,Helicoverpa armigera

Coalmines, which are major contributors of particulate matter in the form of coal dust, are expanding globally into rural environments. However, ecological effects on organisms interacting with coal‐dusted foliage in mining landscapes are unknown. We tested how the behaviour, development and survival of a polyphageous insect herbivore, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is affected by consuming tomato leaves Lycopersicon esculentum laden with coal dust. We tested (a) feeding site establishment preference of neonates, (b) feeding behaviour and leaf consumption of late‐instar larvae, (c) survival of neonates and (d) survival and development of late‐instar larvae. We found that coal dust consumption increased the mortality of late‐instar larvae but did not influence their development. Despite long‐term implications for survival, late‐instar larvae did not adjust their feeding behaviour or the amount of leaf material consumed in response to foliar coal dust. Contrastingly, when neonate H. armigera were given a choice, they avoided establishing themselves on the coal‐dusted adaxial surface of leaves. Neonate mortality was 99% within 7 days, with no effect of coal dust. Our study provides the first data on the impact of coal dust on an insect herbivore. This has implications for ecological interactions in landscapes adjoining coalmines.     

Chemical characterization and biological properties of airborne particulate matter

Summary The presence of heavy metals and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) has been evidenced in airborne particulate matters samples collected in the atmosphere of a non-industrialized middle size Italian town (150.000 inhabitants). The PAH concentrations, higher in winter than in other seasons, was inversely correlated with some meteorological variables such as temperature (p<0.01) and wind speed (p<0.05). The positive correlation found (p<0.01) between lead and total PAH seems to indicate traffic as the most important source of pollution.All samples were mutagenic in the Ames test and the highest mutagenicity levels were obtained in winter samples. The positive correlation found between Benzo(a)Pyrene {B(a)P} concentration and the number of revertants/m³ air, suggests that B(a)P could be an index of mutagenic potential of the matrix considered.The airborne particulate matter extracts obtained by organic solvents were able to inhibit the phagocytosis of mice alveolar macrophages, giving further proof of the possibility of interaction between air-particulate chemical compounds and important biological functions.     

Transport of coarse particulate organic matter in an Idaho river,USA

I investigated organic matter transport in the Henry's Fork of the Snake River, Idaho, USA, from August 1987 to November 1988. Mean discharge during the study was 15 m³ s^–1. Screens were used to sample very coarse (> 6 mm) transported aquatic macrophyte material (VCTMM). Drift nets were used to sample coarse (1–6 mm) and fine (0.25–1 mm) transported particulate organic matter (CTOM and FTOM). Mean monthly concentration of VCTMM was 0.064 mg AFDWl^–1 and was significantly higher than CTOM (0.024 mg AFDW l^–1) and FTOM (0.036 mg AFDW l^–1). VCTMM concentration was highest in December (0.163 mg AFDW l^–1) and lowest in May (0.018 mg AFDW l^–1). The sample position along a transect across the channel had a significant effect on the amount of transported organic matter collected in many months. The concentration of debris from individual species tracked the standing stock of that species during the growing season. In Fall, a dramatic increase in VCTMM corresponded to a decrease in macrophyte standing stock. FTOM and CTOM concentrations were highest in January (CTOM: 0.048; FTOM: 0.111 mg AFDW l^–1), lowest in November 1988 (<0.006 mg AFDW l^–1), were not correlated with discharge, and were inversely correlated with the standing stocks of macrophytes upstream, probably because macrophyte beds influenced the retentiveness of the channel. Standing stock of aquatic macrophytes was highest in September–October (5.2 kg wet weight m ^–2) and lowest in February (1.7 kg wet weight m^–2). Annual movement of particulate organic matter past the sampling point was about 45 000 kg AFDW, of which 21 000 kg was VCTMM, 8 000 kg was CPOM, and 16 000 kg was FPOM.     

Temperature modifies the health effects of particulate matter in Brisbane, Australia

A few epidemiological studies have examined whether there was an interactive effect between temperature and ambient particulate matter on cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality, but the results were inconsistent. The present study used three time-series approaches to explore whether maximum temperature modified the impact of ambient particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM₁₀) on daily respiratory hospital admissions, cardiovascular hospital admissions, respiratory emergency visits, cardiovascular emergency visits, non-external cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in Brisbane between 1996 and 2001. The analytical approaches included a bivariate response surface model, a non-stratification parametric model and a stratification parametric model. Results show that there existed a statistically significant interaction between PM₁₀ and temperature on most health outcomes at various lags. PM₁₀ exhibited more adverse health effects on warm days than cold days. The choice of the degree of freedom for smoothers to adjust for confounders and the selection of arbitrary cut-offs for temperature affected the interaction estimates to a certain extent, but did not change the overall conclusion. The results imply that it is important to control and reduce the emission of air particles in Brisbane, particularly when temperature increases.