北长山岛森林乔木层碳储量及其影响因子

人工林是庙岛群岛典型的陆地生态系统的组成部分,对维护海岛地区生态环境具有重要作用。采用现有生物量相对生长方程和样地调查数据相结合的方法,以庙岛群岛中北长山岛为研究区,对海岛黑松纯林与黑松×刺槐混交林两种林型的碳储量进行了估算,并分析了土壤质地及其理化性质对海岛乔木层碳储量的影响。结果表明:黑松乔木层平均碳储量为84.00 t/hm²,接近于世界平均水平(86.00 t/hm²);黑松×刺槐混交林乔木层平均碳储量为29.60 t/hm²,高于山东省乔木层的平均碳储量(27.62 t/hm²)。应用因子分析法研究影响乔木层碳储量的主要因子,结果表明:土壤质地、pH值、含水量及含盐量是影响海岛乔木碳储量重要的影响因子。北长山岛土壤全氮、总磷、土壤有机质、碳氮比等其他理化性质对乔木层碳储量影响不是非常明显。     

甘肃省5种典型人工林生态系统固碳现状与潜力

基于野外调查与室内实测数据,结合第八次全国森林资源清查资料,分析了甘肃省5种典型人工林生态系统(刺槐、杨树、油松/华山松、落叶松及云杉林)森林生态系统碳密度、碳储量,并估算了乔木层固碳潜力.结果表明: 5种典型人工林生态系统平均碳密度和总碳储量分别为139.65 t·hm^-2和85.78 Tg,不同人工林类型之间差异较大.不同龄组间碳密度表现为近熟林(250.70 t·hm^-2)最大,其次是成熟林(175.97 t·hm^-2)和中龄林(156.92 t·hm^-2),幼龄林(117.56 t·hm^-2)最低.碳储量表现为幼龄林(45.47 Tg)>中龄林(19.54 Tg)>成熟林(11.84 Tg)>近熟林(8.93 Tg),幼中龄林碳储量占总碳储量的75.9%.5种典型人工林乔木层现实固碳潜力合计为7.27 Tg,刺槐林(2.49 Tg)和杨树林(2.10 Tg)最大;各龄组中,幼龄林现实固碳潜力最大(3.78 Tg),其次是中龄林(2.04 Tg),近熟林最小(0.45 Tg).5种典型人工林乔木层最大固碳潜力达27.55 Tg,表现为刺槐林(9.42 Tg)>落叶松林(6.22 Tg)≈云杉林(6.36 Tg)>杨树林(3.18 Tg)>油松/华山松林(2.37 Tg);其中,幼、中龄林最大固碳潜力分别为18.48和6.89 Tg,占总最大固碳潜力的92%.     

宁夏回族自治区森林生态系统固碳现状

根据宁夏回族自治区森林资源清查资料以及野外调查和室内分析的结果,研究了宁夏地区森林生态系统固碳现状,估算了该区森林生态系统的碳密度、碳储量,并分析了其空间分布特征.结果表明: 宁夏森林各植被层生物量大小顺序为: 乔木层(46.64 Mg·hm^-2)>凋落物层(7.34 Mg·hm^-2)>细根层(6.67 Mg·hm^-2)>灌草层(0.73 Mg·hm^-2).云杉类(115.43 Mg·hm^-2)和油松(94.55 Mg·hm^-2)的单位面积植被生物量高于其他树种.不同林龄乔木层碳密度中,过熟林最高,但由于幼龄林面积所占比例最大,其乔木层碳储量(1.90 Tg C)最大.宁夏地区森林生态系统平均碳密度为265.74 Mg C·hm^-2,碳储量为43.54 Tg C,其中,植被层平均碳密度为27.24 Mg C·hm^-2、碳储量为4.46 Tg C,土壤层碳储量是植被层的8.76倍.宁夏地区的森林碳储量整体呈南高北低分布,总量较低.这与其森林面积小和林龄结构低龄化有很大关系.随着林龄结构的改善和林业生态工程的进一步实施,宁夏森林生态系统将发挥巨大的固碳潜力.     

豫西黄土丘陵区不同林龄栎类和侧柏人工林碳、氮储量

利用空间代替时间样地调查法,分析了豫西黄土丘陵区栎类和侧柏人工林生态系统碳、氮储量的分布格局,以及不同土层碳储量和氮储量随林龄的动态变化.结果表明:随着树龄的增加,两类人工林乔木层和枯落物层碳储量均增加,土壤碳储量和氮储量主要在表层(0~20 cm)汇聚,且各土层碳储量和氮储量随着林龄增加表现为减少-增加-减少的趋势.各林龄栎类人工林土壤表层碳、氮储量分别为20.31~50.07和1.68~2.12 t·hm^-2;不同林龄侧柏人工林土壤表层碳、氮储量分别为23.99~48.76和1.59~2.34 t·hm^-2;各林龄栎类和侧柏人工林生态系统的碳储量分别为52.04~275.82和62.18~279.81 t·hm^-2;侧柏人工林碳汇能力略高于栎类人工林.土壤C/N随着造林年限的增加呈增加趋势.     

西藏森林植被乔木层碳储量与碳密度估算

利用第八次森林资源连续清查数据和不同树种的树干密度、含碳率等参数,运用生物量清单法,估算了西藏自治区森林乔木层植被碳储量和碳密度.结果表明: 西藏森林生态系统乔木层植被总碳储量为1.067×10⁹ t,平均碳密度为72.49 t·hm^-2.不同林分乔木层碳储量依次为:乔木林>散生木>疏林>四旁树.不同林种乔木层碳储量大小依次为:防护林>特殊用途林>用材林>薪炭林,其中前两者所占比例为88.5%;不同林种乔木层平均碳密度为88.09 t·hm^-2.不同林组乔木层碳储量与其分布面积排序一致,依次为:成熟林>过熟林>近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林.其中,成熟林乔木层碳储量占不同林组乔木层总碳储量的50%,并且不同林组乔木层碳储量随着林龄的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势.     

基于可加性生物量模型的大兴安岭东部主要林型森林植被碳储量及其分配

基于大兴安岭东部地区主要林型的生物量调查数据,建立了3个主要树种的一元可加性生物量模型,探讨了不同林型森林群落和乔木层、灌木层、草本层、凋落物层的碳储量及其分配规律.结果表明: 杜鹃-兴安落叶松林乔、灌、草、凋落物层碳储量分别为71.00、0.34、0.05和11.97 t·hm^-2,杜香-兴安落叶松林各层碳储量分别为47.82、0.88、0和5.04 t·hm^-2,杜鹃-兴安落叶松-白桦混交林分别为56.56、0.44、0.04、8.72 t·hm^-2,杜香-兴安落叶松-白桦混交林分别为46.21、0.66、0.07、6.16 t·hm^-2,杜鹃-白桦林分别为40.90、1.37、0.04、3.67 t·hm^-2,杜香-白桦林分别为36.28、1.12、0.18、4.35 t·hm^-2.林下植被为杜鹃的林分群落碳储量大于林下植被为杜香的林分;林下植被相似的情况下,森林群落碳储量大小顺序为:兴安落叶松林>兴安落叶松-白桦混交林>白桦林;不同林型群落碳储量不同,大小顺序为:杜鹃-兴安落叶松林(83.36 t·hm^-2)>杜鹃-兴安落叶松-白桦混交林(65.76 t·hm^-2)>杜香-兴安落叶松林(53.74 t·hm^-2)>杜香-兴安落叶松-白桦混交林(53.10 t·hm^-2)>杜鹃-白桦林(45.98 t·hm^-2)>杜香-白桦林(41.93 t·hm^-2),且不同林型森林群落碳储量垂直分配规律为:乔木层(85.2%～89.0%)>凋落物层(8.0%～14.4%)>灌木层(0.4%～2.7%)>草本层(0～0.4%).     

秦岭南坡东段油松人工林生态系统碳、氮储量及其分配格局

研究秦岭南坡东段8、25、35、42和61年生油松人工林碳、氮储量和分配格局.结果表明: 油松人工林不同林龄乔木层碳、氮含量为441.40～526.21和3.13～3.99 g·kg^-1,灌木层为426.06～447.25和10.62～12.45 g·kg^-1,草本层为301.37～401.52和10.35～13.33 g·kg^-1,枯落物层为382.83～424.71和8.69～11.90 g·kg^-1,土壤层(0～100 cm)为1.51～18.17和0.29～1.45 g·kg^-1.树干和树枝分别是乔木层的主要碳库和氮库,占乔木层碳储量的48.5%～62.7%和氮储量的39.2%～48.4%.林龄对生态系统碳、氮储量均有显著影响.生态系统碳储量随林龄增加而增加,35年时达最大值146.06 t·hm^-2,成熟后碳储量有所下降.5个林龄段油松林生态系统氮储量的最大值为25年时的10.99 t·hm^-2.植被层平均碳、氮储量分别为45.33 t·hm^-2和568.55 kg·hm^-2,土壤层平均碳、氮储量分别为73.12和8.57 t·hm^-2,且土壤层中碳、氮的积累具有明显的表层富集现象.研究区油松人工林生态系统碳、氮储量主要分布在土壤层,其次为乔木层.生态系统碳储量空间分配格局为:土壤层(64.1%)＞乔木层(30.0%)＞灌草层和枯落物层(5.9%),氮储量为土壤层(93.2%)＞乔木层(5.3%)＞灌草层和枯落物层(1.5%).     

阔叶和杉木人工林对土壤碳氮库的影响比较

通过比较我国亚热带地区19年生阔叶人工林和杉木人工林土壤碳氮储量,探讨树种对土壤碳氮库的影响.结果表明：阔叶人工林0～40 cm土层碳储量平均为99.41 Mg·hm^-2,比杉木人工林增加33.1%;土壤氮储量为6.18 Mg·hm^-2,比杉木人工林增加22.6%.阔叶人工林林地枯枝落叶层现存量、碳和氮储量分别是杉木人工林的1.60、1.49和1.52倍,两个树种的枯落叶生物量、碳和氮储量均有显著差异.枯枝落叶层碳氮比值与土壤碳、氮储量之间呈显著负相关.阔叶人工林细根生物量(0～80 cm)是杉木林的1.28倍,其中0～10 cm土壤层细根生物量占48.2%;阔叶人工林细根碳、氮储量均高于杉木人工林.在0～10 cm土层,细根碳储量与土壤碳储量具有显著正相关关系.阔叶树种比杉木的土壤有机碳储存能力更大.     

混交比例对长白落叶松和水曲柳混交林碳储量及其分配格局的影响

以长白落叶松和水曲柳混交林为研究对象,根据长白落叶松和水曲柳的栽植行数比选择4种不同行状混交比例的林分(类型Ⅰ:5∶3;类型Ⅱ:6∶4;类型Ⅲ:5∶5;类型Ⅳ:1∶1),建立长白落叶松和水曲柳生物量似乎不相关模型,分析林分各林层和生态系统碳储量的差异及其分配规律。结果表明: 不同林分类型的乔木层碳储量为39.86～50.12 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ的乔木层碳储量显著高于类型Ⅲ;林下植被层碳储量为0.10～0.30 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅱ的林下植被层碳储量显著高于其他类型;凋落物层碳储量为4.43～6.96 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅱ、Ⅲ凋落物层碳储量显著高于其他类型;土壤层碳储量为34.97～54.66 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅱ土壤层碳储量显著高于其他类型。在整个生态系统中,林分类型Ⅰ~Ⅳ碳储量分别为90.43、108.27、85.83、89.92 t·hm^-2,类型Ⅱ生态系统碳储量显著高于其他类型。乔木层和土壤层为生态系统主要碳库,分别占生态系统碳储量的43.3%~55.7%和38.7%~50.5%。建议在未来的营林造林中,以6行长白落叶松和4行水曲柳交替种植。     

不同林龄杉木人工林碳储量及其分配格局

基于广西北部杉木主产区45块1000 m²样地的调查,研究幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林5种林龄杉木植被与土壤碳储量的分配格局.结果表明: 杉木人工林生态系统总碳储量表现为过熟林(345.59 t·hm^-2)>成熟林(331.14 t·hm^-2)>近熟林(299.11 t·hm^-2)>幼龄林(187.60 t·hm^-2)>中龄林(182.81 t·hm^-2).不同林龄碳储量分布格局均为土壤层>植被层>凋落物层,地下部分>地上部分.其中,植被层为34.80～134.55 t·hm^-2,占总碳储量的18.6%～38.9%,随林龄的增加而增加;凋落物层为1.26～2.07 t·hm^-2,占总碳储量的0.4%～1.1%;土壤层为149.24～206.02 t·hm^-2,占总碳储量的61.9%～80.0%.植被层碳储量以乔木层(33.51～133.7 t·hm^-2)最大,占92.8%～98.9%.其中,乔木层各器官碳储量以树干(20.98～95.68 t·hm^-2)最大,占乔木层碳储量的62.6%～72.6%,随林龄的增加而增加;枝、叶碳储量分别占4.8%～11.0%和11.1%～14.2%,随林龄的增加而减小,在过熟林阶段有所上升;根的碳储量占11.3%～12.3%,波动较小,比较稳定.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.