刚竹毒蛾的生物学特性及其防治

刚竹毒蛾PantanaphyllostachysaeChao在云南金平 1年发生 3代 ,以卵和初孵幼虫越冬。幼虫群集于龙竹、慈竹、绵竹、苦竹、毛竹、金竹的竹叶背面取食为害 ,气温是影响刚竹毒蛾生长发育的主要因素。防治可采用药剂喷粉、人工刮除虫茧、灯光诱杀等方法 ,防治效果达 92 %。     

毛竹受密竹链蚧危害导致其生理生化指标影响的研究

通过比较毛竹林受密竹链蚧不同程度危害后叶片中叶绿素、总糖、还原糖、蛋白质含量及含水量的差异,结果表明,毛竹受密竹链蚧危害后毛竹叶片生理生化指标与正常叶片存在显差异。     

毛竹三种主要病虫害生态空间分布规律的研究

应用生态空间分布的分析方法,研究了毛竹三种主要病虫害的空间分布规律。结果表明：黄脊竹蝗空间分布为随机分布,刚竹毒蛾、毛竹枯梢病为聚集分布。     

母岩与竹龄对毛竹竹叶中硅和植硅体碳含量的影响

在浙江省毛竹主产区,采集不同母岩类型(花岗岩、砂页岩、凝灰岩)和不同竹龄(1、3年生)的毛竹竹叶样品,研究了不同母岩和竹龄对毛竹叶片中硅与植硅体碳含量的影响,以及竹叶样品中硅和植硅体含量之间的相关关系.结果表明: 母岩、竹龄对毛竹竹叶中硅和植硅体含量均有显著影响,不同母岩土壤毛竹竹叶中硅含量表现为花岗岩(33.19 g·kg^-1)>砂页岩(32.64 g·kg^-1)>凝灰岩(24.51 g·kg^-1),植硅体含量表现为花岗岩(105.81 g·kg^-1)>砂页岩(93.50 g·kg^-1)>凝灰岩(59.40 g·kg^-1);3年生毛竹竹叶中硅与植硅体含量均显著高于1年生.母岩与竹龄对竹叶植硅体碳含量均无显著影响,而对竹叶干物质植硅体碳含量存在显著影响.3种母岩发育土壤上毛竹叶中硅与植硅体含量间呈显著正相关;但1年生竹叶中两者之间无显著相关性.要准确估算全国不同地域、不同土壤类型毛竹竹叶的植硅体含量时,需要考虑母岩、植物株龄的影响.     

毛竹和四季竹对臭氧胁迫的耐受力差异

为了解竹子对大气O3浓度升高的生理响应规律及耐受O3胁迫能力的种间差异性,为气候变化背景下的竹林培育应对策略提供理论依据,运用开顶式同化箱(OTCs)开展了5个O3浓度梯度(过滤大气CF、环境大气NF、50、100和150 nl·L-1)对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)和四季竹(Oligostachyum lubricum)叶片光合色素、可溶性蛋白、脂质过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响研究.结果表明:处理90d后,随着O3浓度的升高,毛竹和四季竹叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量均呈下降趋势,但毛竹的降幅大于四季竹.MDA含量、POD活性呈升高趋势,毛竹的升幅大于四季竹.SOD活性毛竹呈下降趋势,而四季竹表现出先升高后降低的规律.可溶性蛋白含量毛竹和四季竹分别呈升高、降低趋势;与CF相比,低O3浓度处理(≤50 nl·L-l)并未对毛竹和四季竹造成明显伤害,而高O3浓度处理(≥100 nl·L-1)下毛竹和四季竹叶片光合色素含量和SOD活性极显著降低,MDA含量和POD活性极显著提高,导致毛竹和四季竹叶片光合色素合成受阻,叶片老化加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构和抗氧化系统功能遭到破坏;主成分分析表明,四季竹对O3胁迫的耐受能力明显强于毛竹.     

竹毒蛾属一新种(鳞翅目:毒蛾科)

近几年我国某些产竹区发生一种毒蛾科重要害虫。幼虫为害竹叶,发生严重时,使整片竹林枯黄,甚至造成竹林大面积死亡。经研究此害虫系竹毒蛾属(Pantana)一新种,命名为刚竹毒蛾(PantanaPhyllostachysae)。 刚竹毒蛾 Pantuna phyllostachysae 新种(图1—3) 形态描述 雄蛾下唇须浅黄色,外侧略带橙褐色。触角干黄白色,栉齿炭黑色。头、胸和腹部浅黄     

竹叶中黄酮类化合物丰度的文献调研

(淡)竹叶具有很高的药用和食用价值,黄酮类化合物作为标志性的功能组分,其含量高低决定了竹叶的开发利用价值。本文综述了自1994~2013年间国内外公开发表的58篇文献,对涉及竹亚科18个属、91种竹叶的黄酮类化合物含量水平进行了分析研究。结果表明,干竹叶的总黄酮含量分布在4.60~25.43 mg/g之间,其中四种特征性碳苷黄酮(荭草苷、异荭草苷、异牡荆苷和牡荆苷)的总量为1.23~2.49 mg/g;倭竹属(Shibataea Makino ex Nakai)的总黄酮含量最高,思簩竹属(Schizostachyum Nees)最低;刚竹属(Phyllostachys Sieb.et Zucc.)叶片的总黄酮含量平均为16.34 mg/g,四种碳苷黄酮的含量合计为1.38 mg/g,其中异荭草苷含量最高(0.55 mg/g)。纵观整个研究现状,对刚竹属毛竹[P.heterocycla var.pubescens(Nazel)Ohwi]叶中黄酮类化合物的研究文献最多,涉及面最广。本研究结果以期为竹叶黄酮的开发利用提供一些帮助和指导。     

不同品种大豆(Glycine max L.)对中国菟丝子(Cuscuta chinensis)寄生的生理生态响应

田间条件下观察了中国菟丝子危害14个大豆品种的差异,随后选择受中国菟丝子危害差异显著的3个品种与中国菟丝子混种,探讨田间条件下中国菟丝子危害这3个品种大豆植株的生理生态效应。实验显示:在寄生关系确立前,受危害重的大豆品种植株的光合色素含量和净光合速率、总黄酮和植株全氮的含量比受危害轻的品种高,而可溶性糖的含量则相反。在寄生关系确立后,危害重的品种植株光合色素含量和净光合速率、总黄酮和植株全氮的含量下降,可溶性糖含量则是危害程度愈重,升幅愈大。在相同栽培条件下,中国菟丝子生物量为:危害重的大豆植株>危害轻的大豆品种植株,同时受危害重的大豆品种植株的生物量下降也大,但中国菟丝子生物量与寄生大豆植株生物量下降量的百分比为:受危害重的品种<受危害轻的品种。结果表明:中国菟丝子在大豆品种间的寄生差异与大豆品种光合作用、次生代谢、同化物质合成和氮含量指标的变化有关,受中国菟丝子影响后大豆品种间的这些生理指标的差异进一步扩大。     

毛竹对大气臭氧胁迫的生理响应变化

以毛竹1年生盆栽苗为材料,运用开顶式气室(OTCs)模拟环境背景大气O3浓度(AA,40～45 nL·L-1)和高O3浓度(EO,92～106 nL·L-1)情景,分析毛竹叶片光合生理、脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶等主要生理指标的变化,为气候变化背景下的竹林培育应对策略提供理论依据.结果显示:(1)EO较AA在同一处理时间的毛竹叶片O3通量均显著升高,且二处理的叶片O3通量均随着处理时间的延长呈升高趋势.(2) EO较AA的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和可溶性糖含量均显著下降,且叶片叶绿素(ChD含量、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著下降的时间点分别出现在EO处理的60 d和92 d,可溶性蛋白在处理60 d后显著升高;随处理时间的延长,EO的叶片Pn、Ci、Chl含量均呈下降趋势,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;Pn下降由气孔限制因素引起.(3)超氧自由基(O2)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率分别在处理29 d、60 d、60 d后均显著升高,且随着处理时间的延长呈升高趋势.(4)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在高浓度O3处理60 d时显著升高,后显著下降,而POD活性均显著升高,且SOD和POD活性均随着处理时间呈先升高后降低的趋势.研究表明,毛竹对大气高O3胁迫存在着短时间的主动生理生化适应,但长期高O3胁迫会对毛竹造成严重的过氧化伤害,从而影响毛竹的正常生长.     

两色绿刺蛾危害对毛竹单宁、总酚含量的影响

通过对受害和未受害毛竹枝叶中单宁、总酚含量的测定,分析了两类主要次生代谢物质的差异与两色绿刺蛾危害之间的关系。结果表明：毛竹枝叶中单宁、总酚的含量随着两色绿刺蛾的危害,均呈下降趋势,且显著相关。     

Differences in parasitic ability of Beauveria bassiana (Moniliales: Moniliaceae) in relation to Pantana phyllostachysae (Lepidoptera: Lymantridae) when feeding on different Phyllostachys pubescens (Poales: Poaceae) leaves

Differences in composition of on‐year, off‐year and new leaves in Phyllostachys pubescens (moso bamboo) forests will affect the resistance of Pantana phyllostachysae larvae and the parasitic ability of Beauveria bassiana. Pantana phyllostachysae fed on mixed leaves of on‐year, off‐year and new bamboo leaves. The activities of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and glutathione S‐transferase (GSTs) in P. phyllostachysae larvae fed on mixed leaves were significantly higher, greatly reducing the pathogenicity of B. bassiana to P. phyllostachysae larvae compared with the treatments of off‐year and new bamboo leaves. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity in P. phyllostachysae larvae feeding on mixed leaves varied within three days after parasitization by B. bassiana, which indicated higher and less changeable PO activity compared with treatments of off‐year and new bamboo leaves. Inclusion of new leaves differed greatly due to its growth, in which, both AChE and GSTs activities were higher than the off‐year leaf treatment, leading to a lower pathogenicity of B. bassiana to P. phyllostachysae larvae feeding on new leaves compared with off‐year leaves. On the contrary, the pathogenicity of B. bassiana to P. phyllostachysae larvae feeding on on‐year leaves was lower than other treatments. AChE and GSTs activities in P. phyllostachysae larvae were lower and PO activity was less changeable, which might be related to the disadvantage of the larval surface structure to B. bassiana infection in the on‐year leaf treatment.     

Comparison of the growth and development of beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on two different diets

Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most economically important sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pest worldwide. In this study, a comparison was made between two different diets: one was based on Merkx diet (Holidic diet) and the other was based on sugar beet leaf (Oligidic diet). Results showed that the whole development time from larvae to adult between two diets (Merkx and leaf) was not significantly different. For example, developmental time from first instar larvae to adult in Merkx diet was 11.33?days, whilst developmental time of larvae to adult when larvae fed with sugar beet leaf was 10.33?days. However, analysis of variance showed that in some cases like development time of the first instar, third instar and fifth instar larvae and pupae was significantly different between two treatments (p?<?0.05). Larval weight showed differences when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves. For example, significant differences were shown between first, third and fourth instar larvae weight when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves (p?<?0.05). However, significant differences were not observed between weight of second and fifth instar as well as pupae weight when larvae fed on Merkx diet and sugar beet leaves (p?>?0.05).     

外源物质对茶树耐寒及蔗糖代谢关键基因表达的影响

冬春季节低温伤害是影响茶树(Camellia sinensis)生产的重要因素。以茶树盆栽苗为试验材料,通过喷施不同浓度的γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、绿藻粉和竹醋液溶液,研究低温胁迫下3种外源物质对茶树耐寒能力的影响,并对蔗糖代谢关键基因SPS、SUS4、INV4和INV5表达量及耐寒相关生理指标进行分析,解析外源物质影响茶树耐寒性的生理与分子机制。结果表明,低温胁迫下,用不同浓度GABA、绿藻粉和竹醋液喷施处理茶树盆栽苗叶片,其冻害指数和相对电导率显著低于对照;可溶性糖含量显著高于对照,以10 mmol·L^–1 GABA、0.22 mg·mL^–1绿藻粉及2.5 mg·mL^–1竹醋液处理效果最佳。低温胁迫下,与清水处理相比,分别用10 mmol·L^–1 GABA、0.22 mg·mL^–1绿藻粉或2.5 mg·mL^–1竹醋液处理茶树盆栽苗后,茶树苗丙二醛含量显著降低,抗氧化酶活性显著提高;叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量显著增加,蔗糖含量在处理72小时后分别增加了15.24%、11.39%和5.97%;SPS、SUS4、INV4和INV5基因的表达量显著升高。实验结果表明,GABA、绿藻粉和竹醋液能显著增强茶树的耐寒性。研究结果可为茶树抗寒剂的筛选提供理论依据。     

气象因子与毛竹林节肢动物群落的关系

利用2001年9月到2002年8月的气象资料和对毛竹林节肢动物群落的定位系统调查数据,分析了月平均气温、月极端高温、月极端低温、月降水量、每月日降水量大于0.1 mm的天数、月日照总时数和月平均相对湿度等7个气象要素与节肢动物群落及毛竹叶部主要害虫种群的关系。结果表明:气象因子与节肢动物群落的关系集中表现为月平均气温与林下层类群丰富度、竹冠层类群物种多样性的负相关;与毛竹叶部主要害虫种群的关系主要表现为月平均相对湿度与毛竹害螨混合种群的负相关,以及每月日降水量大于0.1 mm的天数与蠕须盾蚧、刚竹毒蛾种群的正相关。     

Diamondback moth oviposition: effects of host plant and herbivory

The oviposition behaviour of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Pekinensis, cv. Wombok), canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Thunder TT), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata, cv. sugarloaf) (Brassicaceae) was studied in the laboratory. In no‐choice experiments moths laid most eggs on the stems and lower three leaves of cabbage plants, the lower three leaves of canola plants, but on the upper three leaves of Chinese cabbage plants. The effects of conspecific herbivore damage to foliage could be replicated by mechanical damage. When foliage was damaged, injured cabbage and canola plants were preferred for oviposition over intact conspecifics, whereas injured Chinese cabbage plants were less preferred than intact conspecifics. However, when root tissue was damaged, intact cabbage and canola plants were preferred over injured conspecifics, whereas moths did not discriminate between root‐damaged and intact Chinese cabbage plants. Injury to upper leaves significantly affected the intra‐plant distribution of eggs. In cabbage and canola plants, injury to leaf 6 significantly increased the number of eggs laid on this leaf, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of eggs laid on the lower foliage/stem of plants, whereas in Chinese cabbage plants it significantly decreased the number of eggs laid on leaf 6. Following oviposition on intact plants, neonate larvae established the vast majority of feeding sites on leaves 5–8 in all three host plants, indicating that larvae moved a considerable distance from preferred oviposition sites in cabbage and canola plants. The growth rate of neonates fed on leaf‐6 tissue was significantly greater than that of those fed on leaf‐1 tissue; >90% of larvae completed development when fed exclusively on leaf‐6 tissue but no larvae completed development when fed exclusively on leaf‐1 tissue. The study demonstrates the complex and unpredictable interactions between P. xylostella and its host plants and provides a basis from which we can begin to understand observed distributions of the pest in Brassica crops.     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫对氮、糖的吸收和利用

本文以不同含氮和含糖量的系列人工饲料为材料,研究了亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia fur nacalis(Guen6e)幼虫对氮和糖的吸收和利用。结果表明：幼虫对饲料中氮的吸收能力随虫龄增加而下降,对糖的吸收能力则随之而增强;5龄幼虫对糖的吸收能力随所食饲料中氮含量的增加而增强,而对氮的吸收则与饲料糖含量关系不大,5龄幼虫对氮和糖的消耗速率均随饲料含糖量增加而加快,但幼虫的氮利用率和虫体含氮量则随之下降;幼虫的氮消耗速率随饲料含氮量的增加而增加,而氮利用率则下降,5龄幼虫的氮利用率比3龄幼虫的氮利用率低,导致虫体含氮量的迅速下降。这些结果说明饲料中氮含量影响幼虫对糖的吸收,高龄幼虫对糖的需要量增加而对氮的需要则较稳定,饲料中糖比氮更重要。     

穿透雨减少和氮添加对毛竹叶片和细根化学计量学的影响

全球气候变化导致的干旱和人类活动引起的大气氮沉降升高,将会直接影响森林生态系统的结构与功能。叶片和细根作为植物最重要的资源获取功能器官,其化学计量学特征可指示其资源利用、生存适应策略。在当前气候变化背景下,了解植物的化学计量特征和适应特征将有助于预测未来森林生态系统功能的变化。通过为期1年的双因素交互实验,探讨了穿透雨减少和氮添加影响下,我国亚热带重要森林类型毛竹林的叶片及细根碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）元素化学计量比的响应特征,对于认识毛竹林生态系统对全球变化的适应和养分利用策略具有重要意义。研究表明：（1）穿透雨减少处理显著降低叶片N、P含量,显著增加细根N含量,对叶片C含量和细根C、P含量无显著影响;氮添加处理显著增加土壤N含量和叶片N含量,对叶片C、P含量及细根C、N、P含量无显著影响。（2）穿透雨减少、氮添加处理及两者交互作用对土壤C：N：P均无显著影响。（3）穿透雨减少处理显著增加叶片C：N、C：P和N：P;氮添加处理显著降低叶片C：N,对叶片C：P、N：P无显著影响;穿透雨减少、氮添加交互作用显著降低叶片C：N和C：P,对叶片N：P无显著影响。（4）穿透雨减少处理显著降低细根C：N,对细根C：P及N：P无显著影响;氮添加处理及穿透雨减少、氮添加交互作用对细根C：N：P无影响。综上短期处理的研究结果,穿透雨减少处理产生的水分胁迫对毛竹产生了关键限制作用,毛竹采取了降低叶片N和P含量、增加细根N含量,提高叶片的N和P利用效率、保持细根稳定的P利用效率的策略。氮添加未能缓解穿透雨减少对毛竹产生的干旱胁迫,毛竹通过改变地上部分叶片和地下部分细根之间的N素分配格局和N、P利用效率以应对水分胁迫。氮添加处理下叶片N含量显著增加,C：N显著降低,而细根C、N、P含量及化学计量比没有显著变化。由此可知毛竹地上部分叶片和地下部分细根对穿透雨减少、氮添加及两者交互作用表现出不同的响应策略。本研究可为全球变化背景下毛竹人工林可持续经营提供理论依据。     

不同林分类型毛竹林节肢动物群落的多样性与稳定性

通过2001年9月到2002年7月对毛竹Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens与杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata、毛竹与马尾松Pinus massoniana、毛竹与阔叶树种混交林和毛竹纯林中节肢动物群落的定位与跟踪调查,分析和比较了上述4种不同类型林分中节肢动物群落的多样性与稳定性。结果表明：竹阔混交林中节肢动物群落的丰富度显著高于其他2种混交林和毛竹纯林,主要体现为林下层中同翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目及竹冠层中蜱螨目、同翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目等植食性或捕食性物种明显较多;但各类林分中节肢动物群落之间的物种多样性、均匀度和优势集中性无显著差异。总体上混交林竹冠层和林下层中植食性和捕食性功能群的共有种较多,两个层次间的相似性均高于毛竹纯林。不同林分类型中节肢动物群落的稳定性具有显著差异,竹阔混交林和毛竹纯林竹冠层节肢动物类群的稳定性低,天敌对害虫的控制作用小,毛竹叶部植食性螨类和蠕须盾蚧Kuwanaspis vermiformis危害较重。因此认为在两种（类）害虫常发区,可考虑将林分改造为竹杉混交林或竹松混交林。     

Temperature and food quality effects on growth,consumption and post-ingestive utilization efficiencies of the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Temperature and food quality can both influence growth rates, consumption rates, utilization efficiencies and developmental time of herbivorous insects. Gravimetric analyses were conducted during two consecutive years to assess the effects of temperature and food quality on fourth instar larvae of the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria Hübner. Larvae were reared in the laboratory at three different temperatures (18, 24 and 30 degrees C) and on two types of diet; leaves of sugar maple trees Acer saccharum Marsh. located at the forest edge (sun-exposed leaves) or within the forest interior (shade-exposed leaves). In general, larvae reared at 18 degrees C had lower growth rates and lower consumption rates than larvae reared at the warmer temperatures (24 and 30 degrees C). Moreover, the duration of the instar decreased significantly with increasing temperatures. Type of diet also affected the growth rates and amount of food ingested by larvae but did not affect the duration of the instar. Larvae fed sun-exposed leaves consumed more food and gained higher biomasses. Values of approximate digestibility and efficiency of conversion of ingested food were also higher when larvae were fed sun-exposed leaves. Higher growth rates with increasing temperatures were primarily the result of the shorter stadium duration. The higher growth rates of larvae fed sun-exposed leaves were possibly the result of stimulatory feeding and consequently greater food intake and also a more efficient use of food ingested. This study suggests that the performance of M. disstria caterpillars could be enhanced by warmer temperatures and higher leaf quality.