利用a凝集素在酿酒酵母表面展示解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶Lip2

[目的]将解脂耶氏酵母胞外脂肪酶Lip2展示在酿酒酵母表面,构建全细胞催化剂.[方法]采用PCR方法扩增得到解脂耶氏酵母胞外脂肪酶Lip2成熟肽编码基因LIP2,将其连接到AGA2基因的下游构建表面展示载体pCTLIP2.分别以橄榄油、三丁酸甘油酯和对硝基苯酚棕榈酸酯(pNPP)为底物检测展示的脂肪酶酶活.在此基础上,对野生菌及工程菌的酶学性质进行比较.[结果]展示Lip2的酿酒酵母重组菌株在半乳糖的诱导下,表现出水解橄榄油、三丁酸甘油脂以及pNPP的活性,20℃诱导72h时酶活达到最高,为182 U/g干细胞.对展示的Lip2的酶学性质研究表明,其最适温度为40℃,最适pH为8.0,温度稳定性比自由酶有所提高,50℃温浴4 h后残余酶活为其最大酶活的23.2%.以不同碳链长度的对硝基苯酚酯为底物检测其底物特异性,结果显示其水解C8,C12,C16对硝基苯酚酯活性相近,均远高于对硝基苯酚丁酸酯(C4)的水解酶活.[结论]对于Lip2,a凝集素系统是一个有效的展示系统,利用该系统成功将Lip2展示在酿酒酵母表面,从而构建了酿酒酵母全细胞催化剂,该全细胞催化剂具有良好的潜在应用前景.     

解脂耶氏酵母细胞表面展示乳糖水解酶高效水解乳糖

乳糖是婴幼儿获取能量的重要碳源之一,但乳糖需要在乳糖酶的作用下水解成半乳糖与葡萄糖后才能被吸收。缺少乳糖分解酶的婴幼儿在摄入含乳糖的食品后,未被消化的乳糖会直接进入大肠,刺激大肠蠕动加快,造成一系列不适应症状即乳糖不耐症,我国属于乳糖不耐症高发国家。因此,解决乳糖的体外水解问题对减轻该症状有重要的意义。研究通过将β-半乳糖苷酶(也称为乳糖水解酶)表面展示在食品安全微生物解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)细胞表面,通过培养获得该酵母,然后直接利用酵母细胞来水解乳糖生成半乳糖与葡萄糖。采用该工程酵母细胞(HCY10),能在24小时内完全水解50g/L的乳糖,生成半乳糖与葡萄糖。该方法具有高效、简便的优点,能为乳糖的高效水解提供一条新的途径。     

解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶Lip2的表面展示及其酶学性质

表面展示酶作为全细胞催化剂具备诸如能提高酶的稳定性、省去纯化过程、节约成本等优点。脂肪酶是应用最为广泛的工业酶之一。本研究利用酿酒酵母细胞壁蛋白Cwp2作为锚定蛋白,将解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶Lip2展示在酿酒酵母细胞表面,以制备脂肪酶全细胞催化剂。Lip2被融合到Cwp2的N端,Cwp2通过其C端的GPI锚定信号共价结合到细胞壁上。表面展示的Lip2可以水解三丁酸甘油酯及对硝基苯酚辛酸酯(pNPC),其pNPC水解酶活达到4.6U/g干细胞。作为全细胞催化剂,表面展示的Lip2具备良好的催化特征,其最适温度为40°C,最适pH为8.0,同时还具备良好的有机溶剂稳定性。     

解脂耶氏酵母表达系统研究进展

解脂耶氏酵母（Yarrowia lipolytica）是非常规酵母中具代表性的一种,它底物广泛,尤其能利用有机酸（柠檬酸、异柠檬酸）,蛋白类（蛋白酶、脂肪酸、酯酶、磷酸酶、α-甘露糖苷酶、RNase）。烷烃类廉价物质作为底物分泌大量的代谢产物,自上世纪40年代被发现以来,越来越受到研究者的重视,并于上世纪90年代被开发成为一种新的酵母表达系统,用于42种异源蛋白的高效表达。综述了解脂耶氏酵母表达系统及其特点,有利于研究者从转录和翻译的水平研究异源蛋白在此菌中的表达分泌路径以及寻找到调控型启动子。     

解脂耶氏酵母tsr1突变体的构建

将解脂耶氏酵母与蛋白质分泌有关的TSR1基因编码区部分缺失的DNA片段转化一株解脂耶氏酵母,通过体内同源重组,部分缺失的外源tsr1片段取代了酵母染色体上的正常的TSR1基因,从而获得tsr1的转化子。Southern杂交结果表明,用该法成功地构建了tsr1突变体,这为进一步研究解脂耶氏酵母TSR1基因的功能奠定了基础。     

解脂耶氏酵母TSR1基因的定点诱变

对解脂耶氏酵母与蛋白质分泌有关的TSR1基因进行寡核苷酸介导的定点诱变,限制性内切酶切割的拼接,得到了该基因的一系列缺失突变体。这为进一步研究TSR1基因不同结构域的功能奠定了基础。     

解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5在毕赤酵母中的异源表达及酶学性质

【目的】克隆解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5的cDNA序列,研究其基因结构,并实现其在毕赤酵母中的功能表达,以探讨其酶学性质。【方法】利用反转录PCR首次扩增LIP4和LIP5的编码基因,用SignalP 3.0分析其基因序列,然后分别构建胞内表达载体pPIC3.5K-Lip4、pPIC3.5K-Lip5和胞外表达载体pPIC9K-Lip4、pPIC9K-Lip5,将其转入毕赤酵母GS115中表达,以NTA树脂纯化酶蛋白,研究其酶学性质。【结果】cDNA序列测序结果显示两者均不含内含子,酶蛋白的氨基酸序列中含有典型脂肪酶的活性三联体结构和五肽保守区;酶学性质研究表明,两者的最适底物均为癸酸(C8)对硝基苯酚酯,最适pH为7.0,最适温度为40℃,但LIP4对pH和温度更敏感;两者均能被Ca2+激活,且LIP5还能为Mg2+激活,但均被Hg2+、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)强烈抑制。【结论】首次克隆了解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5编码基因,实现了其在毕赤酵母中的活性表达,并初步研究了其酶学性质,为上述脂肪酶的应用及进一步深入研究解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶家族奠定了基础。     

植酸酶phyA基因在解脂耶氏酵母po1h中的表达

本实验通过PCR方法从毕赤酵母GS115-phyA中扩增出不含有信号肽及内含子的黑曲霉NRRL3135植酸酶phyA基因,并将其克隆到表达载体pINA1297中,得到表达载体pINA1297-phyA,利用醋酸锂转化法将线性化载体转化到解脂耶氏酵母po1h中,通过YNBcasa和PPB平板筛选出阳性表达菌株,阳性菌株在YM培养基中28℃培养6d后酶活达到最大为636.23U/mL。表达上清经SDS-PAGE分析得到表达植酸酶分子量约为130kDa,但通过去糖基化处理后其分子量变为51kDa,与理论值相符。经过酶学性质分析表明重组植酸酶最适pH为5.5,最适温度为55℃,该酶在pH2.0~8.0处理1h后仍有较高酶活,并且90℃处理10min后还有86.08%的残留酶活,其抵抗胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶能力也较强。     

代谢工程改造解脂耶氏酵母合成羧酸的研究进展

解脂耶氏酵母是一种具有独特生理代谢特征的非常规酵母.它具有可以利用多种廉价碳源、低pH值耐受性好、分泌能力强等优点,因此非常适合用于各种工业产品的微生物发酵.目前,解脂耶氏酵母已被证实具有高效生产多种(同源或异源)有机羧酸的能力.本文对近年来利用代谢工程及合成生物学技术改造解脂耶氏酵母生产羧酸的实例进行了总结,并重点介...     

解脂耶氏酵母表面展示β-淀粉酶与α-葡萄糖转苷酶及一步法由淀粉合成低聚异麦芽糖

低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)所具有的良好理化性质和生理功能,使得其在食品、医药、饲料、化妆品等领域得到广泛应用。但目前工业上采用多酶协同法由淀粉合成低聚异麦芽糖,步骤繁琐、成本较高。因此开发出更加经济简便的方法生产低聚异麦芽糖具有重要的应用价值。通过将β-淀粉酶(βa)和耐热α-葡萄糖转苷酶(GT)以不同的方式进行融合,并利用表面展示系统固定在食品安全微生物解脂耶氏酵母细胞表面,实现自我表达与固定。筛选得到高产菌株Yβa-GT29。大量培养获得细胞,转化液化的淀粉可实现一步法合成IMO,50℃转化20h即可得到纯度为75.3%的低聚异麦芽糖,方便了低聚异麦芽糖的生产。     

发酵产泡性能降低的解脂耶氏酵母菌株的获得及其评价

微生物发酵过程中泡沫的产生是发酵领域遇到的共性问题。在不影响发酵性能的前提下抑制菌株的产泡,对简化操作以及降低发酵成本具有较为重要的意义。解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica,之前称为Candida lipolytica)是一种常用的合成生物学底盘,也是合成赤藓糖醇等功能糖醇的生产菌株。但在发酵合成赤藓糖醇的过程中会产生大量的泡沫,需要添加消泡剂以消除泡沫。【目的】本研究旨在开发一种产泡能力显著降低的解脂耶氏酵母新菌株,以减少赤藓糖醇发酵过程中消泡剂的添加。【方法】本研究利用解脂耶氏酵母中非同源靶向重组占支配地位的原理,采用一段外源DNA随机插入基因组的手段,随机突变基因组,改变菌株的发酵产泡性能,使突变株在发酵过程中不产泡或者降低其产泡的能力。【结果】通过筛选,获得一株在发酵过程中产泡性能显著降低的工程菌株,该菌株在保留高效合成赤藓糖醇性能的同时,显著降低了泡沫的产生。【结论】所获得的菌株对工业发酵合成赤藓糖醇具有较为重要的意义,也为控制其他微生物发酵过程中泡沫的生成提供了思路。     

Cloning of the mating-type gene MATA of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

Summary The mating type gene MA TA of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica was cloned. The strategy used was based on the presumed function of this gene in the induction of sporulation. A diploid strain homozygous for the mating type B was transformed with an integrative gene bank from an A wild-type strain. A sporulating transformant was isolated, which contained a plasmid with an 11.6 kb insert. This sequence was rescued from the chromosomal DNA of the transformant and deletion mapping was performed to localize the MAT insert. The MAT gene conferred both sporulating and non-mating phenotypes on a B/B diploid. A LEU2 sequence targeted to this locus segregated like a mating type-linked gene. The A strain did not contain silent copies of the MAT gene.     

Modeling hexanal production in oxido-reducing conditions by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

Hexanal produced by cells of a recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica yeast expressing the hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) from green bell pepper fruit was studied under oxido-reducing conditions using the reducing dithiotreitol and oxidizing potassium ferricyanide compounds. The combined effect of pH, linoleic acid 13-hydroperoxides concentration, temperature and oxido-reducing molecules on the hexanal production was studied. Significant positive effects for the hexanal production were found using high concentrations of hydroperoxides (100 mM, 30 g/L). Adding reducing molecules enhanced significantly hexanal production while the oxidizing molecules had an inhibitory effect. Combined effects of 13-hydroperoxides and dithiotreitol were optimised by a central composite design and a model was proposed. Finally, 6 mM (600 mg/L) of hexanal was obtained when 119 mM of 13-hydroperoxides (37 g/L) and 50 mM of dithiotreitol were introduced directly in the biocatalytic medium of the yeast Y. lipolytica.     

Yarrowia lipolytica as a model for bio-oil production

The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has developed very efficient mechanisms for breaking down and using hydrophobic substrates. It is considered an oleaginous yeast, based on its ability to accumulate large amounts of lipids. Completion of the sequencing of the Y. lipolytica genome and the existence of suitable tools for genetic manipulation have made it possible to use the metabolic function of this species for biotechnological applications. In this review, we describe the coordinated pathways of lipid metabolism, storage and mobilization in this yeast, focusing in particular on the roles and regulation of the various enzymes and organelles involved in these processes. The physiological responses of Y. lipolytica to hydrophobic substrates include surface-mediated and direct interfacial transport processes, the production of biosurfactants, hydrophobization of the cytoplasmic membrane and the formation of protrusions. We also discuss culture conditions, including the mode of culture control and the culture medium, as these conditions can be modified to enhance the accumulation of lipids with a specific composition and to identify links between various biological processes occurring in the cells of this yeast. Examples are presented demonstrating the potential use of Y. lipolytica in fatty-acid bioconversion, substrate valorization and single-cell oil production. Finally, this review also discusses recent progress in our understanding of the metabolic fate of hydrophobic compounds within the cell: their terminal oxidation, further degradation or accumulation in the form of intracellular lipid bodies.     

解脂耶氏酵母表达调控工具的开发及天然产物合成的研究进展

解脂耶氏酵母是一种重要的产油酵母,由于其能利用多种疏水性底物,具有良好的耐酸、耐盐等胁迫耐受性,具有高通量的三羧酸循环,可提供充足的乙酰辅酶A前体等特点,被认为是生产萜类、聚酮类和黄酮类等天然产物的理想宿主,在代谢工程领域有着广泛的应用。近年来,越来越多的基因编辑、表达和调控工具被逐渐开发,这促进了解脂耶氏酵母合成各种天然产物的研究。文中综述了近年来解脂耶氏酵母中基因表达和天然产物合成方面的研究进展,并探讨了在该酵母中异源合成天然产物所面临的挑战和可能的解决方案。     

Analysis of regions essential for the function of chromosomal replicator sequences from Yarrowia lipolytica

Summary Two DNA segments exhibiting ARS (autonomously replicating sequence) activity in the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica were cloned from its chromosome on an integrative LEU2 plasmid. These ARS segments, designated YlARS1 and YlARS2, conferred on the hybrid plasmids high transformation efficiency and enabled extrachromosomal transmission of the plasmids in 1 or 2 copies per yeast cell under selective conditions. Deletion analysis showed that at least 728–1003 by for YlARS1 and 1377–1629 by for YlARS2 were required for full function. Both of these regions contained two 10/11 matches to an ARS core consensus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas neither was similar to the S. cerevisiae centromere sequence. Significantly, both YlARS elements contained at, or close to, their boundaries a 13 bp sequence, 5-TATATTCAAGCAA-3, which resembles the cleavage site for topoisomerase II in Drosophila. A central 524 by ClaI fragment of YlARS2 contained four stretches of a 17 bp direct repeat sequence, 5-GAAAAACAAAAACAGGC-3, and exhibited the electrophoretic behavior typical of bent DNA.     

Induction of a non-specific permeability transition in mitochondria from Yarrowia lipolytica and Dipodascus (Endomyces) magnusii yeasts

In this study we used tightly-coupled mitochondria from Yarrowia lipolytica and Dipodascus (Endomyces) magnusii yeasts, possessing a respiratory chain with the usual three points of energy conservation. High-amplitude swelling and collapse of the membrane potential were used as parameters for demonstrating induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition due to opening of a pore (mPTP). Mitochondria from Y. lipolytica, lacking a natural mitochondrial Ca²⁺ uptake pathway, and from D. magnusii, harboring a high-capacitive, regulated mitochondrial Ca²⁺ transport system (Bazhenova et al. J Biol Chem 273:4372–4377, 1998a; Bazhenova et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 1371:96–100, 1998b; Deryabina and Zvyagilskaya Biochemistry (Moscow) 65:1352–1356, 2000; Deryabina et al. J Biol Chem 276:47801–47806, 2001) were very resistant to Ca²⁺ overload. However, exposure of yeast mitochondria to 50–100 μM Ca²⁺ in the presence of the Ca²⁺ ionophore ETH129 induced collapse of the membrane potential, possibly due to activation of the fatty acid-dependent Ca²⁺/nH⁺-antiporter, with no classical mPTP induction. The absence of response in yeast mitochondria was not simply due to structural limitations, since large-amplitude swelling occurred in the presence of alamethicin, a hydrophobic, helical peptide, forming voltage-sensitive ion channels in lipid membranes. Ca²⁺- ETH129-induced activation of the Ca²⁺/H⁺-antiport system was inhibited and prevented by bovine serum albumin, and partially by inorganic phosphate and ATP. We subjected yeast mitochondria to other conditions known to induce the permeability transition in animal mitochondria, i.e., Ca²⁺ overload (in the presence of ETH129) combined with palmitic acid (Mironova et al. J Bioenerg Biomembr 33:319–331, 2001; Sultan and Sokolove Arch Biochem Biophys 386:37–51, 2001), SH-reagents, carboxyatractyloside (an inhibitor of the ADP/ATP translocator), depletion of intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pools, deenergization of mitochondria, and shifting to acidic pH values in the presence of high phosphate concentrations. None of the above-mentioned substances or conditions induced a mPTP-like pore. It is thus evident that the permeability transition in yeast mitochondria is not coupled with Ca²⁺ uptake and is differently regulated compared to the mPTP of animal mitochondria.     

Dominant mutations affecting expression of pH-regulated genes inYarrowia lipolytica

In the yeastYarrowia lipolytica the levels of the alkaline extracellular protease (AEP) and acid extracellular protease (AXP) are controlled by the pH of the growth medium. When the pH of growth medium is kept close to 4.0, levels of AXP are high and those of AEP are low, whereas at pH above 6.0 the opposite is true. Mutations which mimic the effects on the protease system of growth at alkaline pH have been identified in two genes,RPH1 andRPH2, inY. lipolytica. Detailed genetic studies showed that mutations in these two genes are dominant in heterozygous diploids, and that their effects are additive in haploid double mutants. These mutants show that pH regulates AEP expression independently from other metabolic signals. These mutants are not detectably affected in their growth rates, nor in internal pH homeostasis.     

枯草芽孢杆菌表面展示技术用于黏膜疫苗的研究进展

枯草杆菌全名枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),因其优秀的益生特性及芽孢良好的抗逆性而备受研究者青睐,由于芽孢的特殊结构及独特的生理特性,是酶和免疫原等外源蛋白的理想锚定点。采用枯草杆菌进行芽孢表面展示被认为是表达高活性和高稳定性的外源蛋白的方法之一。本文主要对枯草杆菌芽孢表面展示抗原蛋白以生产黏膜疫苗的策略和应用前景进行综述。