Monitoring the efficacy of steam and formaldehyde treatment of naturally Salmonella-infected layer houses

AIMS: To monitor if a temperature-humidity-time treatment found to be effective in eliminating Salmonella in laboratory trials (Gradel et al. 2003) was efficient against Salmonella in naturally infected layer houses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six layer houses with natural Salmonella infections were steam treated in a download period, aiming at >or=60 degrees C and 100% relative humidity (RH) during a 24-h period, with or without the addition of 30 ppm formaldehyde. In addition, two control layer houses were disinfected chemically. Salmonella samples taken from predetermined sites before and after treatment were tested qualitatively for Salmonella and coliforms. Samples with indicator bacteria (feed inoculated with Escherichia coli or Enterococcus faecalis and faeces with naturally occurring E. coli and enterococci) were placed during steam-treatment at 12 sites in each house (where the temperature was logged at 5-min intervals) and tested for surviving bacteria. Generally, the field test results confirmed the results of laboratory tests, especially when 30 ppm formaldehyde was added to the steam. In well-sealed houses, the recommended temperature-humidity-time scheme was accomplished at a minimum of 10 cm above floor level within 1 h. CONCLUSIONS: A steam treatment of >or=60 degrees C and 100% RH during a 24-h period with the addition of 30 ppm formaldehyde at the beginning of the process is recommended for eliminating Salmonella from naturally infected poultry layer houses. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A specific recommendation for the elimination of Salmonella in poultry houses can be given.     

ETHYL ALCOHOL REDUCTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN POULTRY FEED

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ethyl alcohol as a potential treatment for reduction of Salmonella populations in poultry feed. Growth rate of S. typhimurium in tryptic soy broth was significantly reduced by addition of greater than 0.3% volume/volume of ethyl alcohol and growth was completely inhibited by addition of 5% ethyl alcohol. Ethyl alcohol concentrations of 20% volume/weight and greater significantly reduced initial S.typhimurium populations in poultry feed (for 20% treated, 2.31 ± 0.31 vs 3.39 ± 0.29 for untreated; P < 0.05). When feed treatment was administered either before or after inoculation of S. typhimurium with 60% ethyl alcohol or 0.04% buffered propionic acid, populations in feeds treated after inoculation were decreased to a nondetection level (< 1.0 log₁₀ CFU/g) by ethyl alcohol treatment but not by other treatments. Ethyl alcohol treatment may have the potential for reducing Salmonella spp. contamination in poultry feed.     

Utilization of alkali-treated grain. 3. Utilization by steers of NaOH-treated and rolled barley in silage-based diets

In the first of three experiments, silage constituted 33 or 66% of the dry matter of complete diets, barley being the other component. The barley was either rolled, or treated with 30 g NaOH/kg dry matter. In two further treatments, the NaOH-treated barley was given in separate feeds, while silage was offered ad libitum. The diets were offered ad libitum to 32 Hereford cross steers from 325 kg live weight to slaughter at 450 kg live weight. Growth rate increased and feed conversion ratio decreased as the precentage of barley in the diet increased, but were significantly poorer with NaOH-treated than with rolled barley owing to the significantly lower digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and starch in diets containing NaOH-treated grain.In the second experiment, the effect on digestibility of increasing the NaOH added to the barley used in the mixed diets was investigated with steers. The results showed that the level of NaOH application had to be greater when NaOH-treated barley was used in mixed feeds than when it was used as the sole feed. The optimum rate of application in silage based diets was in the region of 45 g NaOH/kg dry matter.In the third experiment, forty Hereford cross steers were allocated to one of four treatments and were fattened from 325 to about 450 kg live weight. They were given (dry matter basis) 50% silage and 50% of barley, either rolled (RM) or treated with 45 g/kg NaOH (CM), mixed together, or they were given the silage alone until they had eaten the allocated quantity and then the allocated barley; the barley was either rolled (RS) or treated with 30 g/kg of NaOH (CS). The same quantities of silage and grain were given to all steers. The steers fed on silage and grain separately took, on average, 125 days to consume the feed (70 days for consumption of silage), but had similar carcass weights to the steers given mixed diets, which consumed their feed in 91 days. The growth rates for treatments RM, CM, RS and CS, respectively, were 1.15, 1.20, 0.89 and 0.78 kg/day, the food consumption was 737, 741, 728 and 741 kg dry matter and the final carcass weights were 256, 253, 247 and 252 kg. There were no significant differences between steers receiving the diets containing rolled or NaOH-treated barley.     

Occurrence and levels of indicators and selected pathogens in different sludges and biosolids

AIMS: Determine the occurrence and levels of pathogens and indicators in raw and treated sludges and compare their persistence after two different treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: Helminth ova, Cryptosporidium spp., Salmonella spp., enteroviruses, and bacterial and viral indicators were determined in raw sludges and biosolids produced after mesophilic and thermophilic treatments. Except Salmonella, all of the parameters were quantified. Helminth ova were found at very low concentrations even in raw sludges. Viable Cryptosporidium oocysts were still present in most samples of treated sludges. Faecal coliforms, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC), and somatic coliphages were the only indicators with values above their detection limits in most of the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Pathogens were still detected in some treated sludge samples. SSRC were the most resistant micro-organisms to treatments and hence may be an indicator for the reduction of protozoan oocysts. Somatic coliphages constitute an alternative as viral indicators due to their detection in sludges before and after treatment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Because of the persistence of some pathogens after sludge treatments, additional indicators are needed. SSRC and somatic coliphages are good candidates. Easy and inexpensive methods for the determination of these indicators are feasible both in industrialized and developing countries.     

Biological control of cucumber and sugar beet damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum with bacterial and fungal antagonists

AIMS: Five bacterial strains belonging to Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Ps. corrugata and two fungal strains belonging to Trichoderma viride and Gliocladium virens were evaluated for their efficacy in controlling sugar beet and cucumber damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum. METHODS AND RESULTS: The in vitro antagonistic activity of bacteria against various Pythium spp. was evaluated with dual cultures in various media. Pseudomonas strains inhibited the pathogen better than Bacillus strains. To identify potentially useful antagonist combinations, dual compatibility of antagonists was also evaluated, based on growth in two liquid media containing substrate previously used by other antagonists. Four pairs of bacteria were selected. Sugar beet damping-off biocontrol was attempted with bacterial seed treatments (individually and in pairs). Cucumber damping-off biocontrol was attempted with bacterial seed treatments and bacterial and fungal compost treatments. In sugar beet, satisfactory biocontrol was only achieved with Pseudomonas antagonists. Antagonist combinations did not show any superior biocontrol ability to individual antagonists and compatibility of bacteria in vitro did not correlate with compatibility in vivo. Bacterial seed treatments and fungal compost treatments failed to control cucumber damping-off. Better biocontrol in cucumber was achieved when bacterial antagonists were applied by drenching or by coating seed with bacteria in a peat carrier. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudomonas antagonists were superior to Bacillus antagonists in controlling damping-off in cucumber and sugar beet. Pseudomonas peat inocula maintained a good shelf-life 2 years after preparation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Pseudomonas peat formulations have the potential for development into commercial biopesticides.     

ASSESSMENT OF AN ESCHERICHIA COLI METHIONINE AUXOTROPH GROWTH ASSAY FOR QUANTIFYING CRYSTALLINE METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTED IN POULTRY FEEDS

Estimating availability of methionine is relevant to feed formulation since diets can be supplemented with crystalline methionine to meet the minimum requirements of rapidly growing birds. Bacterial assays have been developed to measure the bioavailable levels of several essential amino acids in feeds, including methionine. The E. coli methionine auxotroph strain used in this study exhibited a linear extent of growth response to increasing concentrations of methionine added to the minimal test media, in the range of 0 to 4 μg/mL. In addition the growth rates of the E. coli auxotroph were significantly (P < 0.01) different when the methionine concentrations were varied (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 μg/mL) in minimal media. To assay feeds, feed grade methionine was added to poultry feed mixtures and samples were diluted with M9 media. Using this assay for estimating crystalline methionine added to feed, the extent of growth of the methionine auxotroph was correlated with the levels of crystalline methionine supplemented in the feed (R²= 0.9873). For all supplementation levels methionine recovery percentages ranged from 71 to 80% indicating that the bacterial assay response to crystalline methionine was relatively constant in the presence of the feed matrix. The overall results indicate that the rapid detection of crystalline methionine added to feeds is possible using this E. coli methionine auxotroph growth-based assay.     

Nutritional strategies to combat Salmonella in mono-gastric food animal production

Nutritional strategies to minimize Salmonella in food animal production are one of the key components in producing safer food. The current European approach is to use a farm-to-fork strategy, where each sector must implement measures to minimize and reduce Salmonella contamination. In the pre-harvest phase, this means that all available tools need to be used such as implementation of biosecurity measures, control of Salmonella infections in animals at the farm as well as in transport and trade, optimal housing and management including cleaning, disinfection procedures as well as efforts to achieve Salmonella-free feed production. This paper describes some nutritional strategies that could be used in farm control programmes in the major mono-gastric food production animals: poultry and pigs. Initially, it is important to prevent the introduction of Salmonella onto the farm through Salmonella-contaminated feed and this risk is reduced through heat treatment and the use of organic acids and their salts and formaldehyde. Microbiological sampling and monitoring for Salmonella in the feed mills is required to minimize the introduction of Salmonella via feed onto the farm. In addition, feed withdrawal may create a stressful situation in animals, resulting in an increase in Salmonella shedding. Physical feed characteristics such as coarse-ground meal to pigs can delay gastric emptying, thereby increasing the acidity of the gut and thus reducing the possible prevalence of Salmonella. Coarse-ground grains and access to litter have also been shown to decrease Salmonella shedding in poultry. The feed can also modify the gastro-intestinal tract microflora and influence the immune system, which can minimize Salmonella colonization and shedding. Feed additives, such as organic acids, short- and medium-chain fatty acids, probiotics, including competitive exclusion cultures, prebiotics and certain specific carbohydrates, such as mannan-based compounds, egg proteins, essential oils and bacteriophages, have the potential to reduce Salmonella levels when added to the feed. These nutritional strategies could be evaluated and used in farm control programmes.     

INDIGENOUS POULTRY FEED MICROFLORA RESPONSE TO ETHYL ALCOHOL AND BUFFERED PROPIONIC ACID ADDITION

The present study was designed to compare ethyl alcohol with buffered propionic acid feed treatment on the survival of indigenous poultry feed bacteria and fungi. The aerobic bacterial poultry feed populations were not substantially reduced by either ethyl alcohol or buffered propionic acid treatments. Likewise, indigenous poultry feed fungal populations also were not markedly reduced by buffered propionic acid treatment of the feed but fungal poultry feed populations exposed to ethyl alcohol treatments were significantly lower (P<0.05) than fungal populations recovered from either control and buffered propionic acid treated feeds. Ethyl alcohol treatment may have potential for reducing fungal contamination in poultry feed.     

Laboratory heating studies with Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in organic matter,with a view to decontamination of poultry houses

AIMS: To determine a temperature-humidity-time treatment that eliminates Salmonella and Escherichia coli in substrates representing organic matter in poorly cleaned poultry houses, i.e. worst case scenario laboratory tests. METHODS AND RESULTS: Organic matter (poultry faeces and feed) in a 2.5-cm layer was inoculated with 2 x 10(5)-3 x 10(6) Salmonella g(-1), left undried or dried at ca. 30% relative humidity (RH) during a 10-day period, and temperature increased at 1 degrees C h(-)1 to the final heating temperature of 50, 55, 60, 65 or 70 degrees C and held at 16-30 or 100% RH. All samples were tested for Salmonella according to predetermined sampling time schedules and faecal samples were also tested for naturally occurring E. coli. Overall, humidity was an important factor in the elimination of Salmonella and E. coli. Results for recovery of Salmonella and E. coli were highly associated. CONCLUSIONS: The application of >/=60 degrees C and 100% RH during a 24-h period eliminated Salmonella and E. coli in all samples. Escherichia coli could be used as an indicator bacterium for the elimination of Salmonella. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results from worst case scenario laboratory tests could be applied in steam heating of persistently Salmonella-infected poultry houses. The use of E. coli as an indicator bacterium for the validation of Salmonella results should be considered.     

Masking the mask: An Israeli response to the threat of chemical warfare

This paper analyzes a form of visual euphemism which we call “masking the mask.” During the Gulf War, Iraq fired 40 missiles on Israel. Citizens were issued with gas mask kits and were ordered into sealed rooms in their homes during attacks. Thousands of Israelis of all ages decorated or covered their gas mask kits. Although no chemical warheads were fired on the country, Israelis were unusually fearful of gassing because of associations with the Holocaust. Masking the mask served important psychological and communicative functions. It provided a means to express one's fears, to attempt a modest form of mastery over a threatening environment, as well as to rebel against dehumanization and personalization, and to express solidarity with the group under threat, while reasserting one's individual identity.     

APPLICABILITY OF RAPID METHODS FOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLA SPP. IN POULTRY FEEDS: A REVIEW

The rapid detection of pathogenic microbial species in feed is of paramount importance considering its implications for animal production and food safety. More sensitive and rapid detection of contaminated feedstuffs may lead to more selective and therefore less expensive treatment of feeds, reduced rates of transmission to a poultry host and reduced carcass contamination. In order to interrupt the cycle of Salmonella spp. transmission from feed to poultry to the consumer, more rapid detection methods to monitor these sources are needed that provide conclusive results within the time frame of feed mixing or broiler processing. Within the last decade, new variations of selective media have been investigated to increase selectivity without reducing Salmonella spp. recovery. Immunological assay methods may also decrease assay time from 96 h to within 24–30 h. But all commercially available methods still require 16 to 57 h for preenrichment, enrichment, and in some cases, postenrichment to recover sublethally injured cells before the assay can be performed. Among the molecular methods that are currently available, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) represents a tremendous potential for the detection of low levels of pathogenic bacteria. Once optimized, rapid methods may be used to quickly, reliably and inexpensively screen a variety of feedstuffs and feed components for the presence of Salmonella spp., with the goal of minimizing both the cost of feed treatment and the horizontal transmission of Salmonella spp. from feed to poultry.     

Thermal death of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle feeds

AIMS: To determine if the temperatures used in feed manufacture are likely to destroy Escherichia coli O157. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two commercial feeds were ground and inoculated with E. coli O157 cells. The feeds were heated to 50, 55, 60, 65 or 70 degrees C. Heating produced quadratic survivor curves, with rapid initial decreases. The survival characteristics of E. coli O157 differed in the two feeds. The reductions observed in one feed may not have been due to heat alone. There was evidence that indigenous anti-E. coli O157 factor(s) in one feed acted with the heat and contributed to the observed rates of bacterial death. Heating at 70 degrees C for 20 or 120 s resulted in approx. 1.3 and 2.2 log reductions in E. coli O157 numbers respectively. Lesser reductions were observed at lower temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: The time/temperature combinations used in commercial pelleting processes would not effectively kill high numbers of E. coli O157. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first study to look at the survival of E. coli O157 strains after heat treatment within concentrated animal feed. The study provides information on the likely risk of E. coli O157 surviving the animal feed manufacturing process.     

Application of BAX system, Tecra Unique Salmonella test, and a conventional culture method for the detection of Salmonella in ready-to-eat and raw foods

AIMS: To compare the BAX system, the Tecra Unique Salmonella test, and a conventional culture method for the detection of Salmonella in various foods. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ready-to-eat and raw foods were inoculated with Salmonella serotype Typhimurium, Salmonella serotype Enteritidis, Salmonella serotype Typhi, or Salmonella serotype Derby. Incubated pre-enrichment cultures were examined using the BAX system, the Tecra Unique Salmonella test, and a conventional culture method. Salmonella could be detected in all ready-to-eat food samples inoculated with S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, or S. Derby, with any of the three test methods. However, false negatives were obtained with the Tecra test and the culture method when samples with higher background flora were inoculated with S. Typhi. Sensitivity test results suggested the two rapid tests performed as well as the culture method in the detection of 10(1) CFU of S. Typhimurium in 25-g cooked or raw food. CONCLUSIONS: The BAX system and the Tecra Unique Salmonella test demonstrated results comparable with those of the culture method in the detection of Salmonella serotypes used except S. Typhi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first evaluation of the BAX system, the Tecra Unique Salmonella test, and a culture method in the detection of Salmonella in a variety of western and oriental foods.     

Slow rehydration for detection of Salmonella spp. in feeds and feed ingredients

Rehydration and equilibration (4 h) of feeds and feed ingredients at water/sample ratios (vol/wt) of 1.4 to 3.2 did not markedly increase recovery of Salmonella spp. in the slurry when analyzed by standard cultural and direct enrichment methods. Of 143 naturally contaminated samples examined, equilibration increased levels of detection from 106 to 109 positive samples by the standard cultural method and from 103 to 112 by direct enrichment. Results suggest that nonhomogeneous distribution of low incident numbers of salmonellae in test samples rather than an equilibration-dependent response provided for the observed heterogeneity in recovery patterns. The novel equilibration approach is of limited application and requires validation on an individual food basis.     

Adding a selective enrichment step to the iQ-Check real-time PCR improves the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated retail turkey meat products

AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the real-time iQ-Check Salmonella kit (Bio-Rad) with the immunocapture assay RapidCheck Salmonella method, and a conventional culture method (FSIS, USDA) in detecting Salmonella in naturally contaminated turkey meat products. This study was also designed to determine if a selective enrichment step might improve the real-time detection of Salmonella. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the culture method, Salmonella was recovered from 49 out of 99 retail turkey meat samples collected. RapidCheck failed to detect 11 Salmonella samples that were positive by the culture method. The iQ-Check real-time PCR also failed to detect three samples that were positive by the culture method. However, when carried out after a selective enrichment step, the iQ-Check real-time PCR detected all 49 Salmonella samples recovered by the culture method. The iQ-Check real-time PCR detected the presence of Salmonella in some samples that were not recovered by the culture method. CONCLUSIONS: Adding a selective enrichment step to the iQ-Check real-time PCR improves the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated turkey meat samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The iQ-Check Salmonella real-time PCR can be used as a rapid method to monitor Salmonella in turkey meat, together with conventional culture methodology.     

Slow rehydration for detection of Salmonella spp. in feeds and feed ingredients.

Rehydration and equilibration (4 h) of feeds and feed ingredients at water/sample ratios (vol/wt) of 1.4 to 3.2 did not markedly increase recovery of Salmonella spp. in the slurry when analyzed by standard cultural and direct enrichment methods. Of 143 naturally contaminated samples examined, equilibration increased levels of detection from 106 to 109 positive samples by the standard cultural method and from 103 to 112 by direct enrichment. Results suggest that nonhomogeneous distribution of low incident numbers of salmonellae in test samples rather than an equilibration-dependent response provided for the observed heterogeneity in recovery patterns. The novel equilibration approach is of limited application and requires validation on an individual food basis.     

Protein recovery from excess sludge for its use as animal feed

In this study, the possibility of using proteins recovered from excess sludge as animal feed was investigated. The proteins were recovered through the processes of sludge disintegration (alkali treatment followed by ultra-sonication), precipitation and drying of the soluble proteins. The compositions and the toxicants of the recovered proteins were analyzed, and the toxicity was assessed by Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat experiments. The results showed that the nutrient compositions were comparable with the commercial protein feeds. Heavy metals were found to be removed after the protein recovery process, and aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and Salmonella D groups were not detected. The rat toxicity tests showed that there were no effects on mortality, the incidence of clinical signs, body weight changes, and necropsy findings. The minimum lethal dose (MLD) was higher than 2000mg/kg. Based on these results, the use of the crude protein recovered from excess sludge as animal feed appears to be technically feasible.     

Effects of formaldehyde treated mustard cake and molasses supplementation on nutrient utilization, microbial protein supply and feed efficiency in growing kids

Twenty healthy growing male kids (Sannen × Beetal and Alpine × Beetal) of 2–3 months of age, weighing 12 ± 0.61 kg, were randomly assigned to one to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two types of isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures were fed to kids in four treatments being: untreated mustard cake, untreated mustard cake with molasses, formaldehyde treated mustard cake and formaldehyde treated mustard cake with molasses. Both concentrate mixtures were similar in composition with the only difference in RDP and UDP due to replacement of untreated mustard cake by formaldehyde (FA) treated mustard cake. Kids were fed concentrate and forage (berseem hay:wheat straw = 2:1) in a 50:50 ratio. A metabolism experiment of 7 days duration was conducted before the end of the experiment. Kids were housed in individual pens and fed experimental diets for 120 days. No differences occurred in digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF_om, but ether extract digestion in kids fed FA treated mustard cake was higher (P<0.05). Supplementation of molasses increased apparent nutrient digestibility, without influencing digestion of CP and NDF_om. Intake of DM, CP and ME did not differ among treatments. The CP content of the diet actually consumed that was supplemented with molasses was lower (P<0.01), with a higher (P<0.01) ME content, without influence of FA treatment on nutritive level of the diet consumed. N balance was higher (P<0.01) in kids fed FA treated MC and supplemental molasses. Microbial protein yield, calculated from purine derivatives excreted in urine, was similar among treatments. The DM intake in the growth experiment was higher by feeding both FA treated MC and molasses. Average daily gain was influenced by feeding FA treated MC, without any effect of supplemental molasses on growth rate of the kids. The higher DM intake and improved growth rate in kids fed FA treated MC resulted better feed efficiency. Higher UDP intake improved growth performance in kids and supplementation of molasses, with or without ruminal escape CP, has no added advantage.     

Effects of Poly-l-Lysine on Infectious Viral Nucleic Acid

Infectious ribonucleic acids (IRNA) of Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Eastern equine encephalitis viruses were observed to form noninfectious complexes with a basic polyamino acid, poly-l-lysine. Original infectivity was recovered from the complexes by digestion of the polylysine with Pronase, and partial recovery was effected by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Infectivity could not be recovered from the complexes containing polylysine of 100,000 molecular weight by changes in ionic strength, pH, or by treatment with phenol, deoxycholate, or digitonin. Masking of infectivity by polylysine was demonstrated in vivo as well as by plaque assay in tissue culture. Poly-l-lysine preparations of high molecular weight (44,000 to 100,000) were more effective than low molecular weight (3,000) materials in masking infectivity of IRNA. When complexes, in which infectivity had been masked by low molecular weight polylysine, were suspended in 1 m NaCl, some infectivity was recovered. Complexes of polylysine-IRNA differed from control IRNA alone in (i) resistance to inactivation by ribonuclease, (ii) sedimentation patterns in sucrose gradient centrifugation, and (iii) stability of recoverable infectivity during different physical treatments.     

Proseal与Slipa喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的麻醉效果比较

目的:比较proseal与slipa喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的麻醉效果。方法:收集我院收治的68例胆囊行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,随机分为A组和B组,每组各34例,A组患者应用slipa喉罩,B组患者应用proseal喉罩进行麻醉。观察并比较两组患者各时间点血压、心率水平,患者麻醉时间、苏醒时间、喉罩插入时间与拔除时间以及患者的不良反应发生率。结果:与喉罩置入前相比,两组患者手术中收缩压(SBP)以及舒张压(DBP)水平均下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者各时间点的血压以、心率、麻醉时间及苏醒时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。与B组相比,A组患者的喉罩插入时间较长,喉罩沾血的发生率较高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Pro seal与Slipa喉罩在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的麻醉效果相当,但Slipa喉罩的插入时间以及喉罩沾血的发生率更高。