Eight newSalmonella types

Summary Eight newSalmonella types are described.S. houten, 43; Z₄, Z₂₃ :−, was isolated from a frog,S.tuindorp, 43: Z₄, Z₃₂: −,S. vleuten, 44: fg: −,S.zeist, 18: Z₁₀: Z₆, andS.soesterberg. 21: Z₄, Z₂₃: −, were isolated from lizards. S. kralingen (8), 20: y: Z₆, was isolated from peanuts andS. assen, 21: a: −, was isolated from a swine. All these strains were isolated in the Netherlands. S.mim, 13, 22: a: 1,6, was isolated from a rat in Ghana.     

Twelve newSalmonella types

Twelve hitherto unrecognizedSalmonella types are described. S. heerlen (11 : i : 1,6) andS. sloterdijk (1, 4, 12, 27 : z 35 : z 6) were isolated from patients in the Netherlands,S. maartensdijk (40 : g, p) was isolated from a healthy calf,S. maastricht (11 : z 41 : 1, 2(7)) from imported fishmeal,S. parera (11 : z 4, z 23 : -.) from water on the island Bonaire,S. putten (13, 23, 36 : d : 1, w),S. hoograven (50 : z 10 : z 6 : z 42),S. schalkwijk ((6), 14, (24) : i : e, n, ...),S. hilversum (30 : k : 1, 2) andS. harmelen (51 : z 4, z 23 : -.) from reptiles,S. breukelen (6, 8 : 1, z 13 : e, n, z 15) from a cuscus andS. maarssen (9, 46 : z 4, z 24 : z 39 : z 42) from a lizard.     

Seven types of adaptationism

Godfrey-Smith (2001) has distinguished three types of adaptationism. This article builds on his analysis, and revises it in places, by distinguishing seven varieties of adaptationism. This taxonomy allows us to clarify what is at stake in debates over adaptationism, and it also helps to cement the importance of Gould and Lewontin’s ‘Spandrels’ essay. Some adaptationists have suggested that their essay does not offer any coherent alternative to the adaptationist programme: it consists only in an exhortation to test adaptationist hypotheses more thoroughly than was usual in the 1970s. Here it is argued that the ‘Spandrels’ paper points towards a genuinely non-adaptationist methodology implicit in much evolutionary developmental biology. This conclusion helps to expose the links between older debates over adaptationism and more recent questions about the property of evolvability.

Three newSalmonella types (S. Bilthoven,S. wassenaar andS. bonaire

Summary Two newSalmonella types,S. bilthoven, 47ac: a:—andS. wassenaar, 50; gp—were isolated from reptiles in the Netherlands. A newSalmonella type,S. bonaire 50; z₄z₃₂:— was isolated from a cow on the Island Bonaire.     

A newSalmonella type:Salmonella utrecht

Summary A newSalmonella type isolated from Angola fish meal is calledS. utrecht. The organism possesses an O antigen not hitherto recognized in theSalmonella group to which the symbol 52 is assigned. The O antigen is identical with that of Arizona O group 31. The antigenic formula ofS. utrecht is 52: d: 1,5.     

A newSalmonella type (S. Haarlem)

Summary A newSalmonella type (S. haarlem) with the antigenic formula 9,12: z: e,n,x, is described. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A1365006 00016     

A newSalmonella type (S. Benguella)

Summary A newSalmonella typeS. benguella, with the antigenic formula 40: b:z ₆, is described. The culture was isolated together withS. meleagridis from fish-meal of Portuguese Angola origin.     

A newSalmonella type (S. leeuwarden)

Summary A newSalmonella typeSalmonella leeuwarden, isolated from the stool of a baby, is described. The antigenic formula is 11: b: 1,5.     

Two newSalmonella typesS. zuilen andS. alexanderpolder

Two newSalmonella types isolated from patients in the Netherlands are described:S. zuilen (1, 2, 19: i: 1. w) andS. alexanderpolder (8: c: 1. w).     

Four newSalmonella types (S. gambaga,S. kumasi,S. pramiso andS. ashanti) isolated in Ghana

Summary Four newSalmonella types isolated in Ghana are described.S.gambaga, 21; z35: enz15,S.kumasi, 30;z10: enz15, andS.pramiso, 3,10;c: 1,7 were isolated from reptiles,S. ashanti, 28; b: 1,6 was isolated from a rat.     

Four newSalmonella types (S. tilburg,S. bunnk,S. overschie andS. sterrenbos) isolated in the Netherlands

Summary Four newSalmonella types isolated in the Netherlands are described.S.tilburg, 1,3,19; d∶1, w, was isolated from the lymphnodes of a swine.S.bunnik, 43; z42:-, was isolated from a reptile.S.overschie, 51; 1,v∶1,5 was isolated from a tortoise.S.sterrenbos, 6,8;d: enx, was isolated from the lymphnodes of a patient.     

A newSalmonella type with a hitherto undescribed O-antigen O 56 (S. Artis)

Summary A newSalmonella typeS. artis 56∶b∶-with a hitherto undescribed O-antigen was isolated from a lizzard. The new O-antigen is identical withArizona O-antigen 14.     

Six newSalmonella types,isolated in ghana (S. volta,S. agona,S. wa,S. techimani,S. mampong andS. tafo)

Summary Six newSalmonella types isolated in Ghana are described.S. volta, 11: 4: 1,z₁₃, z₂₈ was isolated from a swine;S.agona 4,12: fgs:—,S.wa, 16: b: 1,5S.technimani, 28: c: z₆ andS.tafo, 1, 4 12, 27: z₃₅: 1,7 were isolated from cattle;S.mampong, 13,22: z₃₅: 1,6, was isolated from a lizzard.