程序性细胞死亡机制的研究进展

细胞是生物体最基本的结构单位和功能单位,细胞死亡对于多细胞生物的发育和稳态极为重要,也是生命的基本过程之一。目前认为细胞死亡形式主要分为两大类:非程序性细胞死亡(non-programmed cell death,NPCD)即坏死(necrosis);程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)。PCD与坏死不同,组织内无可见的炎症反应,无死亡细胞的溶解。程序性细胞死亡按其发生机制的不同可以分为凋亡(apoptosis)、自吞噬性程序性细胞死亡(autophagic cell death)、类凋亡/副凋亡(paraptosis)、细胞有丝分裂灾难(mitotic catastrophe)、胀亡(oncosis)、焦亡(pyroptosis)、胞质自切(autoschizis)、细胞程序性坏死(necroptosis)、细胞侵入性死亡(entosis)、铁死亡(ferroptosis)等。近年来,程序性细胞死亡在肿瘤发生发展中的作为成为研究热点,所以对程序性细胞死亡机制的研究至关重要,本文将对各类型程序性细胞死亡的机制做简要综述。     

细胞程序性死亡的非Caspase依赖型途径

程序性细胞死亡是一种程序化的主动性细胞死亡,半胱胺酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶家族(在该过程中起着不可忽视的作用.基于Caspase在程序性细胞死亡过程中所起的作用,将程序性细胞死亡分为两大类:Caspase依赖型和Caspase非依赖型.前者即典型的凋亡,后者包括自体吞噬、副凋亡、有丝分裂灾变、凋亡样程序性死亡、坏死样程序性死亡等.这些Caspase非依赖型的细胞程序性死亡途径与生理及病理现象密切相关.     

细胞程序性死亡通路的研究进展

细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)一直被看做是细胞凋亡(apoptosis).随着细胞生物学研究的深入,新的细胞死亡途径逐渐被揭示出来,如胀亡、自噬、副凋亡等.这些通路有些是caspase依赖的,有些不依赖于caspase途径.在细胞程序性死亡过程中,各种通路不是单独起作用的,而是相互交联的,有彼此重叠的机制出现.目前,Clarke形态学分类法是得到大多数学者认可的细胞程序性死亡的分类方式.按照该分类法,可将PCD分为3大类,即:Ⅰ型细胞程序性死亡、Ⅱ型细胞程序性死亡和Ⅲ型细胞程序性死亡.     

果蝇蜕皮激素诱导程序性细胞死亡的遗传调控因子

近年来关于果蝇程序性细胞死亡（programmed cell death, PCD）的研究结果表明,在果蝇的变态发育过程中,蜕皮激素与受体结合后诱导转录因子的表达。这些转录因子作为程序性细胞死亡调控网络中的初、次级应答信号,激活凋亡诱导因子Reaper、Hid和Grim的表达。Reaper、Hid和Grim进而阻止凋亡蛋白抑制因子的活性,从而启动半胱氨酸蛋白酶caspase途径,引起细胞凋亡（apoptosis）。该文综述了蜕皮激素诱导的果蝇程序性细胞死亡中各遗传调控因子之间的关系。     

诺贝尔奖工作回顾细胞凋亡的分子机制及其在当前医学中的应用——2002年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖工作介绍及研究进展

细胞凋亡(apoptosis)或程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)是指在一定的条件下,细胞遵循固定的程序,自己结束生命的过程[1].从细胞功能上看,一个多细胞生物体中,在正常条件下,某些细胞的死亡是细胞个体发育的一个阶段(最后阶段).     

细胞凋亡的信号转导研究进展

在多细胞生物体中,细胞数量的生物稳态是通过细胞增殖和细胞死亡之间的平衡来维持的。目前认为,细胞死亡可分为两大类,一类是由各种突发的,意外的事件所致的细胞死亡,即病理性细胞死亡,形态学上表现为细胞坏死。另一类为生理性细胞死亡,又称为编程性细胞死亡(Programmed cell death),形态学上表现为细胞凋亡(apoptosis)。细胞凋亡与细胞     

细胞程序性坏死与细胞焦亡

细胞死亡对调节机体内细胞的增殖和分化平衡、维持组织内环境的稳态至关重要。细胞凋亡(apoptosis)一度被认为是程序性细胞死亡的唯一形式,近期的研究结果发现程序性细胞死亡方式还包括程序性坏死(necroptosis)与细胞焦亡(pyroptosis),两者均可使细胞膜形成孔洞,破坏细胞膜,并激活强烈的炎症反应,然而两者在机制及形态上又有不同点。本文对程序性坏死与细胞焦亡的分子机制、形态学特征以及在缺血再灌注损伤、病原体感染中的作用等方面的区别做一综述。     

生殖激素与精子发生中细胞凋亡的调控

30多年来细胞死亡的概念逐渐发展并受到重视,它的深入研究使人们在细胞与分子水平上阐明生命现象的工作又前进了一大步。生命不仅需要细胞增殖,而且还需要细胞死亡。细胞增殖和细胞死亡之间的平衡是维持多细胞生物体内平衡的一种重要方式。国外60年代提出了程序性细胞死亡(Programmed cell death)的概念,70年代提出了细胞凋亡(apoptosis)的概念,虽然两种概念在最初的定义上有差别,但目前大多数学者都将它们等同起来看待。     

雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒强毒致鸭胚成纤维细胞凋亡初探

细胞凋亡(Apoptosis)又称程序性细胞死亡[1](Programmed Cell Death,PCD),是细胞在内处物理、化学、生物等因素作用下启动系列自身调节基因而发生的一种生理性细胞死亡过程.     

程序性细胞死亡分子5(PDCD5)研究进展

程序性细胞死亡分子5(programmed cell death 5,PDCD5)在人体各种组织中广泛存在,可以通过多种凋亡通路促进细胞凋亡,其在大部分肿瘤中低表达,对肿瘤化疗具有增敏效应.近年发现,除了在细胞凋亡过程中发挥作用外,PDCD5在多种疾病的病理进程中发挥重要作用,如:肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、炎症性疾病、脑缺...     

Crosstalk between ferroptosis and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition: Implications for inflammation and cancer therapy

Both genomic instability and the presence of chronic inflammation are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. These alterations predispose the cancer cells to undergo metabolic reprogramming as well as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These pathways allow cancer cells to avoid apoptosis and stimulate tumor progression. EMT is an important early event in tumor cell invasion, which can be regulated through inflammatory signaling pathways. Cancer cells undergoing EMT are vulnerable to cell death by the process of ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death involving iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, designed to maintain cellular homeostasis. Several reports have linked ferroptosis, inflammation, and cancer. Ferroptosis inhibitors and EMT inducers have been used to understand the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in experimental models. A better understanding of the crosstalk between ferroptosis and EMT, and the involvment of inflammatory mediators may accelerate the discovery of therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer cells and overcome drug-resistance.     

Ferroptosis: an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death

Nonapoptotic forms of cell death may facilitate the selective elimination of some tumor cells or be activated in specific pathological states. The oncogenic RAS-selective lethal small molecule erastin triggers a unique iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death that we term ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is dependent upon intracellular iron, but not other metals, and is morphologically, biochemically, and genetically distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. We identify the small molecule ferrostatin-1 as a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis in cancer cells and glutamate-induced cell death in organotypic rat brain slices, suggesting similarities between these two processes. Indeed, erastin, like glutamate, inhibits cystine uptake by the cystine/glutamate antiporter (system x(c)(-)), creating a void in the antioxidant defenses of the cell and ultimately leading to iron-dependent, oxidative death. Thus, activation of ferroptosis results in the nonapoptotic destruction of certain cancer cells, whereas inhibition of this process may protect organisms from neurodegeneration.     

铁死亡机制及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用

铁死亡作为新发现的一种调节性细胞死亡,是一类铁依赖性脂质过氧化物累积所导致的细胞死亡方式.铁死亡与铁离子代谢、脂质代谢和氨基酸代谢存在密切关联.随着铁死亡相关分子机制的不断发展和完善,铁死亡在肿瘤治疗方面表现出良好的应用前景.本文将介绍铁死亡机制的研究进展及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用探索.     

Regulation of GSK3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway modulated erastin-induced ferroptosis in breast cancer

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of regulated cell death and characterized by an iron-dependent accumulation of lethal lipid reactive oxygen species...     

Narrative review of ferroptosis in obesity

Obesity is widely recognized as a major global health problem caused by a chronic energy imbalance resulting from a combination of excess caloric intake and insufficient energy expenditure. Excessive energy intake and physical inactivity are traditional risk factors for obesity. Obesity is a risk factor for many diseases, including hypertension, diabetes and tumours. Recent studies have found a strong link between ferroptosis and obesity. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent regulated cell death caused by iron overload and reactive oxygen species-dependent excessive accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis is involved in many biological processes, such as amino acid metabolism, iron metabolism and lipid metabolism. Some potential strategies to reduce the adverse effects of ferroptosis on obesity are suggested and future research priorities are highlighted.     

Mitochondria regulation in ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is recognized as a new form of regulated cell death which is initiated by severe lipid peroxidation relying on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and iron overload. This iron-dependent cell death manifests evident morphological, biochemical and genetic differences from other forms of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis and pyroptosis. Ferroptosis was primarily characterized by condensed mitochondrial membrane densities and smaller volume than normal mitochondria, as well as the diminished or vanished of mitochondria crista and outer membrane ruptured. Mitochondria take the center role in iron metabolism, as well as substance and energy metabolism as it’s the major organelle in iron utilization, catabolic and anabolic pathways. Interference of key regulators of mitochondrial lipid metabolism (e.g., ASCF2 and CS), iron homeostasis (e.g., ferritin, mitoferrin1/2 and NEET proteins), glutamine metabolism and other signaling pathways make a difference to ferroptotic sensitivity. Targeted induction of ferroptosis was also considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to some oxidative stress diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia-reperfusion injury, traumatic spinal cord injury. However, the pertinence between mitochondria and ferroptosis is still in dispute. Here we systematic elucidate the morphological characteristics and metabolic regulation of mitochondria in the regulation of ferroptosis.     

The role of ferroptosis in melanoma

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Although treatment with targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors has dramatically improved survival in advanced melanoma, many patients do not benefit from these therapies or relapse after an initial period of response. Thus, future outcomes in these categories of melanoma patients will depend on the identification of novel therapeutic targets and methods to enhance existing targeted therapy and immunotherapy regimens. Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of iron-dependent regulated cell death that is morphologically, biochemically, and genetically distinct from apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Dysregulation of ferroptosis has been linked to the development of several forms of cancer. This review examines ferroptosis in the context of melanoma. It presents an overview of ferroptosis biology, summarizes and interprets the current literature, and poses several outstanding questions and areas of future direction.     

Ferroptosis in myocardial infarction: not a marker but a maker

Identification of effective cardiac biomarkers and therapeutic targets for myocardial infarction (MI) will play an important role in early diagnosis and improving prognosis. Ferroptosis, a cell death process driven by cellular metabolism and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been implicated in diseases such as ischaemic organ damage, cancer and neurological diseases. Its modulators were involved in transferrin receptor, iron chelator, clock protein ARNTL, etc. Its mechanisms included the inhibition of system X_C⁻, diminished GPX4 activity, change of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels and rising intracellular reactive oxygen species level. Further, the inhibitors of apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy did not prevent the occurrence of ferroptosis, but iron chelating agents and antioxidants could inhibit it. Noticeably, ferroptosis is an important pattern of cardiomyocyte death in the infarcted area, which may play a vital role in support of the myocardial pathological process of heart disease. However, the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis and the development of MI is not clear. Therefore, a greater depth of exploration of the mechanism of ferroptosis and its inhibitors will undoubtedly improve the pathological process of MI, which may be expected to identify ferroptosis as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets of MI.