三种人参属植物的EST-SSR信息分析及其在三七中的应用

为了解人参属植物EST中SSR分布特点及其在三七SSR标记中的应用,利用生物信息学方法,用primer 3软件对dbEST数据库中人参属植物人参、西洋参和三七的EST序列进行搜索,发现人参属植物EST-SSR出现频率为11.54%,平均每4.39 kb出现1个SSR.人参属植物单核苷酸重复基元占主导地位,其次为三核苷酸重复基元和二核苷酸重复基元,分别占总SSR的54.48%、17.31%和16.36%.人参属EST-SSR的优势类型为A/T和AT/TA,分别占54.73%和8.21%.根据人参属植物EST中的SSR设计48对引物,在合适的PCR扩增体系下,用5个三七样品的DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,引物有效扩增率85.42%,其中多态性引物占可扩增引物的70.73%.结果表明,利用人参属EST序列开发三七EST-SSR标记是可行的.     

番红花EST资源的SSR信息分析

从NCBI公共数据库下载得到6745条番红花EST,通过前处理得到全长为612.01 kb的无冗余EST 1431条.在这些序列中搜索出108个SSR,分布于103条EST中,出现频率为7.55%.这些EST-SSR的平均分布距离是5.67 kb.二核苷酸重复和三核苷酸重复是番红花主要的重复类型,分别占总EST-SSR...     

麦红吸浆虫唾腺EST-SSRs的信息分析及分子标记筛选

昆虫EST资源库的扩充为开发新的分子标记提供了宝贵的资源。本研究对NCBI的EST数据库中来源于麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana唾腺的1 217条EST序列进行了unigene组装、 SSR信息分析和EST-SSR分子标记筛选。结果表明： 在1 047个unigenes中共找到141个SSR位点, 分布于106个（10.12%）unigenes中, 平均每3.49 kb出现一个SSR位点。在1~6碱基重复基元中, 1~3碱基是主要重复类型, 占总SSR的97.16%以上。A/T（31.21%）, AC/GT（15.60%）和AAC/GTT（9.22%）分别是单、 双和三碱基中占优势的重复基元类型。利用Primer Premier 5.0软件对查找的EST SSRs进行引物设计, 并以麦红吸浆虫基因组DNA为模板, 对从中选出的26对SSR引物进行多态性检测。结果有20对（76.92%）引物能扩增出清晰的目的条带, 并且其中9对（45%）引物表现出多态性。多态性分析结果表明, 从9对EST-SSR引物中, 共检测到51个等位基因, 平均每个位点含有等位基因数为5.67, 平均期望杂合度为0.65, 平均多态信息含量为0.60。本研究能够为今后麦红吸浆虫的种群遗传结构与遗传多样性研究提供帮助。     

油菜EST-SSR标记的建立

在油菜17987条非冗余EST中,共发掘出了2083个EST-SSR,分布于2443条EST中,发生频率是13.58%,平均分布距离为4.34kb。在油菜EST-SSR中,二、三核苷酸重复是主要的重复类型,二者出现的频率相近,占总SSR的89.05%。AG/CT和AAG/CTT是二、三核苷酸中的优势重复类型,分别占二、三核苷酸重复类型的84.31%和37.71%。进一步设计了23对SSR引物,通过梯度PCR试验确定了各引物的适宜退火温度,并利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶银染对这些引物在10个油菜品种中的扩增情况和多态性进行了检测。有21对引物显示扩增,引物可用率为91.30%;有12对引物显现出多态性,占可扩增引物的57.14%。本研究结果证明根据油菜EST建立SSR标记是有效、可行的。     

香菇基因组中EST-SSR的构成和分布

从真菌基因组计划网站(FGP)和NCBI网站数据库下载了符合条件的总长度为8.1×106bp的11150条香菇的EST(包括10条cDNA)序列,通过SSRhunter1.3软件结合手工查找,从中发现2.83%即316条EST含有一共469个SSR,平均每17.3kb出现一个EST-SSR。在所有EST-SSR中,三碱基和六碱基SSR出现最多,分别占EST-SSR总数的38.00%和20.00%。出现较多的基序为(A)n、(T)n、(GA)n、(AG)n、(TGA)n、(GAT)n和(TCTTT)n,占所有EST-SSR的35.39%。     

陆地棉EST长度多态性与其SSR分布特征相关性分析

目的:分析陆地棉EST长度多态性与其SSR分布特征的相关性。方法:从NCBI公共数据库下载陆地棉EST序列,应用SSRIT搜索SSR,分析20 000条无冗余的EST序列。结果:在剔除低质量和冗余的序列后,得到全长为7 363.878kb的无冗余EST序列7 322条,其中含有SSR位点的EST序列数520条,占被分析EST比例的2.60%。长度在400bp以下的EST序列含SSR的比例为1.46%;长度在400bp以上的EST序列含SSR的比例为8.94%。在1～6bp的重复基元中,二核苷酸重复基元的SSR重复频率最高,占总数的63.46%,其次是三核苷酸,占总数的34.04%。二核苷酸类型(AG)n、(AT)n和三核苷酸类型(AAG)n、(ACC)n、(ACT)n、(AAT)n是SSR的主要重复基元。结论:棉花EST-SSR可用于棉花分子标记,为有针对性设计陆地棉EST-SSR引物奠定基础。     

橡胶树EST-SSR标记的开发与应用

通过对橡胶树10 778条EST序列进行拼接, 共得到Unigene 3 090条, 从中发掘出分布于353条Unigene的430个EST-SSR位点, SSR发生频率为11.42%, 平均分布距离为3.93 kb。在橡胶树EST-SSR中, 二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复是主要的重复类型, 分别占63.49%、32.09%。TC/AG、CT/GA和CTT/GAA、AAG/TTC、AGA/TCT是二、三核苷酸的优势重复类型。利用PRIMER5.0设计引物148对, 随机挑选21对引物进行合成, 并用其中15对扩增较好的引物, 通过变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶结合银染的方法对44个橡胶树无性系进行了遗传多样性检测, 构建了聚类分析树状图。研究结果表明, 从橡胶树EST中开发SSR标记是有效、可行的, 文章所开发的EST-SSR引物可用于橡胶树遗传分析研究。     

菠菜性别相关 EST-SSR 标记的开发及应用

为了明确菠菜EST序列中SSR的总体特点,开发菠菜EST-SSR引物;为利用EST-SSR引物进行菠菜性别相关特异序列的克隆奠定基础,本文从NCBI上获得1093条EST,利用在线软件SSRIT检测所含SSR序列,并进行分析。共检索出68条SSR序列,分布于64条EST中,检出率为6.22%,包括22种重复基元。其中二核苷酸重复基元的EST-SSR占主导地位,占总SSR数目的32.3%。利用在线引物设计软件Primer3.0设计了7对EST-SSR引物,在适合的PCR反应体系下,分别以雌、雄菠菜DNA基因组为模板,对设计的EST-SSR引物进行筛选,结果显示以EST序列HS097148设计的一对引物从菠菜雌雄基因组中扩增出一条雄性特异的条带,表明通过菠菜EST-SSR引物获得菠菜性别相关特异序列是可行的。     

人参EST资源的SSR信息分析

从7055条人参EST序列中搜索出791个SSR,其出现频率为11．21％,平均长度为21．37bp,平均分布频率为1／5．7kb。二核苷酸重复是主要的重复类型,占全部EST-SSR的56．89％,其次是三核苷酸重复的占全部SSR的21．11％。AT、GAA是二核苷酸和三核苷酸中出现次数最多的重复基元类型,分别占28．89％和10．18％。     

黄瓜基因组EST-SSRs的分布规律及EST-SSR标记开发

从NCBI网站下载黄瓜EST序列6 344条及本课题组对黄瓜叶片cDNA文库测序研究所得的EST 163条,在除去载体、polyA/T等序列后得到6 129条无冗余EST序列,全长为2.98×106bp.采用网络软件SSRIT从这些序列中搜索到784个SSR,分布于673条EST中,出现频率为12.79%,平均分布距离为3.80 kb;单、二和三核苷酸重复是主导类型,分别占EST-SSRs总数的32.91%、28.19%和29.34%;A/T、AG/CT和AAG/CTT分别是单、二和三核苷酸的优势重复基元,分别占EST-SSRs总数的32.40%、20.66%和14.41%.经现已报道的评价方法分析表明,这些EST-SSRs具有较好的多态性和可用性.设计了30对EST-SSR引物对22份黄瓜材料进行PCR检测,18对引物检测到多态性.根据PCR结果,这些材料被聚为三类,聚类结果与材料本身特性一致.结果说明通过黄瓜EST数据库发掘SSR标记是一条可行的途径.     

柔嫩艾美尔球虫EST序列中SSR的获取及分析

对柔嫩艾美尔球虫EST—SSR进行生物信息学分析,共获取Eimeria tenella EST序列34074条,总长度为16．45Mb,小于12bpSSR的ESTs达7651条,从中获得SSR序列19576条、总长度为0．35Mb,EST—SSRs的频率是48．00％,平均相隔S40bp出现一个长度不小于12bp的SSR。在E．tenella的核苷酸重复基元中,2、3、4、5、6和7bp重复序列在基因组中出现的种类分别有11种472条、49种14710条、31种525条、13种25条、21种43条和15种400条,3碱基重复序列是最丰富的重复单元,占总数的75．14％。各种SSRs中富含G、C碱基的重复单元以GCA出现频率最多（28．63％）,次为AGC（17．59％）,GCT（8．76％）,TGC（7．62％）,CTG（7．15％）。     

芦笋EST资源的SSR信息分析

为了在芦笋中开发EST-SSR功能性标记,对来源于NCBI公共数据库的8590条芦笋(AsparagusofficinalisL.)EST序列进行简单重复序列SSR搜索。剔除冗余序列,得到非冗余序列8377条。在非冗余序列中共挖掘出469个EST-SSR,平均相隔14.80kb出现1个SSR。在所有的重复基序中,二核苷酸重复基序的SSR所占比例最高40.51%(190/469),其次是三核苷酸34.97%(164/469),六核苷酸21.11%(99/469)。在所有基序里,CT/AG出现的频率最高有62次,占全部重复基序的13.22%(62/469)。选取含SSR的EST序列30条,并利用primer5软件设计引物,进行SSR位点的扩增,其中27对引物扩增产物,24对有较清晰可靠的目标扩增条带,占引物数的80%,且所检测出的芦笋等位基因数量较丰富,平均4.93个/对。这些EST-SSR标记的开发将有助于芦笋群体遗传多样性、遗传图谱构建、基因定位、分子标记和系谱分析等方面的研究。     

甜瓜EST序列中微卫星的分布特征

GenBank中35547条甜瓜EST经去冗余处理后,得到总长度为250.3Mb的无冗余EST34438条。这些序列中有2813个微卫星简单重复序列（Simple sequence repeat,SSR）,分布于2107条EST中,出现频率为8.16%,平均分布距离为8.90kb。三核苷酸重复是主导重复类型,占SSR总数的47.14%;其次是二核苷酸和单核苷酸重复,分别占SSR总数的20.72%和16.99%。AAG/TTC是优势重复基元,占微卫星总数的29.26%,AG/CT和A/T分别占14.61%和16.25%。在所有的SSR中,重复次数为4～10次的占70.32%,长度为12～20bp的占51.12%。并对这些SSR的多态性潜能进行了评价。     

Allelic diversity of simple sequence repeats among elite inbred lines of cultivated sunflower.

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed for cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) from the DNA sequences of 970 clones isolated from genomic DNA libraries enriched for (CA)n,, (CT)n, (CAA)n, (CATA)n, or (GATA)n. The clones harbored 632 SSRs, of which 259 were unique. SSR markers were developed for 130 unique SSRs by designing and testing primers for 171 unique SSRs. Of the total, 74 SSR markers were polymorphic when screened for length polymorphisms among 16 elite inbred lines. The mean number of alleles per locus was 3.7 for dinucleotide, 3.6 for trinucleotide, and 9.5 for tetranucleotide repeats and the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) scores were 0.53 for dinucleotide, 0.53 for trinucleotide, and 0.83 for tetranucleotide repeats. Cluster analyses uncovered patterns of genetic diversity concordant with patterns produced by RFLP fingerprinting. SSRs were found to be slightly more polymorphic than RFLPs. Several individual SSRs were significantly more polymorphic than RFLP and other DNA markers in sunflower (20% of the polymorphic SSR markers had PIC scores ranging from 0.70 to 0.93). The newly developed SSRs greatly increase the supply of sequence-based DNA markers for DNA fingerprinting, genetic mapping, and molecular breeding in sunflower; however, several hundred additional SSR markers are needed to routinely construct complete genetic maps and saturate the genome.     

Informativeness of dinucleotide repeat-based primers in fungal pathogen of rice Magnaporthe grisea

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) occur ubiquitously and show complex patterns in length, motif size and sequence. Among SSRs, dinucleotide repeats occur in high abundance in fungi with shorter length as compared to other organisms. In this study, multilocus profiles obtained in Magnaporthe grisea, a model plant pathogen were evaluated. The results showed lower rate of polymorphism by (GT)(n)/(TG)(n) repeat-based primers and suggested occurrence of (GA)(n)/(AG)(n) repeats as integral repeats and (TC)(n)/(CT)(n) and (AC)(n)/(CA)(n) as non-integral repeats. Low repeat length variation was found to be correlated with less number of repeat motifs. The study provides an insight into the possibility of molecular coevolution of mobile elements and dinucleotide repeats in fungi. The study could be applied to other species for wider applications including evolutionary and population genetics.     

香蕉EST-SSRs标记的开发与应用

从NCBI搜索的2 282条香蕉EST中, 发掘出含有SSR的EST序列110条, 共有122个SSR位点, 检出率为5.3%。SSR位点可分为37种重复单元, 平均长度为20 bp, 其中二、三核苷酸重复单元的SSR占主导地位, 分别占总SSR的33.1%和47.6%。GA和GAA是二、三核苷酸中的优势重复类型, 分别占二、三核苷酸重复类型的75.7%和36.0%; 其他重复类型所占比例均不足10%, 而四核苷酸重复类型最少, 为4.0%。设计的63对EST-SSRs引物中, 有41对EST-SSRs引物对巴西蕉基因组DNA能扩增出产物, 占总引物数的65.1%。应用进一步筛选出的重复性好、多态性高的19对引物对49个香蕉品种(系)进行PCR扩增。每对引物扩增的多态性带数目为4~12个, 平均7.58个; 引物多态信息量变化范围为0.3572~0.8744, 平均0.7324。在相似系数为0.63的水平可将49个品种聚为2个类群：一类为含B基因组香蕉品种; 另一类为不含B基因组的香蕉品种, 表明EST-SSR引物可以应用于香蕉品种资源分类的研究。     

Long perfect dinucleotide repeats are typical of vertebrates, show motif preferences and size convergence

Microsatellites are simple sequence repeats (SSRs) showing complex patterns of length, motif sizes, motif sequences, and repeat perfection. We studied the structure of the dinucleotide SSR population at the genome level by analyzing assembled DNA sequence across species. Three dinucleotide populations were distinguished when SSR genome frequency was analyzed as a function of repeat length and repeat perfection. A population of low-perfection SSRs was identified, which is constituted by short repeats and represents the vast majority of genomic dinucleotide SSRs across eukaryotic genomes. In turn, the highly perfect repeats are 30 to 50 times less frequent and, in addition to short repeats, also contain a long repeat population that is uniquely represented in vertebrate species. Distinctive features of this population include the modal peak in the frequency distribution of repeat length and the strong preferential usage of the repeat motifs AC and AG. These results raise the hypothesis that the ability of carrying a distinct population of long, highly perfect dinucleotide repeats in the genome is a late acquisition in chordate evolution. Our analysis also suggests that different dinucleotide repeat populations have different dynamics and are likely to be underlined by different molecular mechanisms of generation and maintenance in the genome. Thus, these observations imply that caution should be taken in extrapolating results from studies on SSR mutability and on SSR phylogenetic comparisons that do not take into account the stratification of dinucelotide populations in the eukaryotic genome.     

Mapping microsatellite markers identified in porcine EST sequences

A sequence search of swine expressed sequence tags (EST) data in GenBank identified over 100 sequence files which contained a microsatellite repeat or simple sequence repeat (SSR). Most of these repeat motifs were dinucleotide (CA/GT) repeats; however, a number of tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-nucleotide repeats were also detected. An initial assessment of six dinucleotide and 14 higher-order repeat markers indicated that only dinucleotide markers yielded a sufficient number of informative markers (100% vs. 14% for dinucleotide and higher order repeats, respectively). Primers were designed for an additional 50 di- and one tri-nucleotide SSRs. Overall, 42 markers were polymorphic in the US Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) reference population, 17 markers were uninformative and 12 primer pairs failed to satisfactorily amplify genomic DNA. A comparison of di-nucleotide repeat vs. markers with repeat motifs of three to six bases demonstrated that 72% of dinucleotide markers were informative relative to only 7% of other repeat motifs. The difference was the result of a much higher percentage of monomorphic markers in the three to six base repeat motif markers than in the dinucleotide markers (64% vs. 14%). Either higher order repeat motifs are less polymorphic in the porcine genome or our selection criteria for repeat length of more than 17 contiguous bases was too low. The mapped microsatellite markers add to the porcine genetic map and provide valuable links between the porcine and human genome.     

Genome-Wide Comparative Analyses of Microsatellites in Papaya

Microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), are highly polymorphic and universally distributed in eukaryotes. SSRs have been used extensively as sequence tagged markers in genetic studies. Recently, the functional and evolutionary importance of SSRs has received considerable attention. Here we report the mining and characterization of the SSRs in papaya genome. We analyzed SSRs from 277.4 Mb of whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequences, 51.2 Mb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences (BES), and 13.4 Mb expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences. The papaya SSR density was one SSR per 0.7 kb of DNA sequence in the WGS, which was higher than that in BES and EST sequences. SSR abundance was dramatically reduced as the repeat length increased. According to SSR motif length, dinucleotide repeats were the most common motif in class I, whereas hexanucleotides were the most copious in class II SSRs. The tri- and hexanucleotide repeats of both classes were greater in EST sequences compared to genomic sequences. In class I SSR, AT and AAT were the most frequent motifs in BES and WGS sequences. By contrast, AG and AAG were the most abundant in EST sequences. For SSR marker development, 9,860 primer pairs were surveyed for amplification and polymorphism. Successful amplification and polymorphic rates were 66.6% and 17.6%, respectively. The highest polymorphic rates were achieved by AT, AG, and ATG motifs. The genome wide analysis of microsatellites revealed their frequency and distribution in papaya genome, which varies among plant genomes. This complete set of SSRs markers throughout the genome will assist diverse genetic studies in papaya and related species.