番茄碱对棉铃虫的毒性作用机理初探

采取荧光光谱法分析了番茄碱及虫体内钙调蛋白的图谱,从钙调蛋白的角度探讨了番茄碱的作用机理.结果显示:(1)番茄碱对棉铃虫具有毒性,随浓度的增加及饲喂时间的延长,对棉铃虫的杀伤力增强;(2)番茄碱对虫体内钙调蛋白的影响较大,随番茄碱浓度的增加,钙调蛋白的含量逐渐降低;(3)钙离子的加入增强了钙调蛋白的刚性,荧光图谱出现了红移(由350 nm移至416.58 nm);(4)番茄碱的加入破坏了钙调蛋白-钙离子复合物的刚性,荧光图谱出现了蓝移(416.58 nm移至377.65 nm).以上可以说明,番茄碱可能作为钙调蛋白的拮抗剂,拮抗钙调蛋白被钙离子激活的位点,影响其与靶酶的结合而发挥作用.此项的研究为探讨番茄碱的杀虫机理提供了科学依据.     

MED烟粉虱钙结合蛋白的鉴定及表达分析

【目的】钙结合蛋白作为钙信号传导途径的组分,通过与钙离子结合实现其生物学功能,调控细胞信号传导和细胞生命周期等过程,且钙结合蛋白可以通过与植物中钙离子结合降低钙离子浓度来保持昆虫的持续摄取。为明确钙结合蛋白在MED (Mediterranean)烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci体内的时空表达模式,烟粉虱取食后钙结合蛋白的表达特征及取食不同寄主的烟粉虱体内钙结合蛋白的表达量变化情况。【方法】利用RT-PCR和基因克隆得到烟粉虱钙结合蛋白cDNA序列,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术分析其在烟粉虱不同组织、不同龄期、不同寄主以及烟粉虱饥饿诱导取食后不同时间点的表达模式。【结果】生物信息学分析结果显示:烟粉虱钙结合蛋白基因的开放阅读框为669bp,编码一个由222个氨基酸组成的蛋白,其N端包含一段长为22个AA的信号肽序列,C末端具有钙离子结合位点。系统进化分析表明:烟粉虱钙结合蛋白与半翅目昆虫关系最近,分属同支。荧光定量PCR结果显示:钙结合蛋白在烟粉虱头部的表达量显著高于胸部、腹部、足和翅的表达量;钙结合蛋白在烟粉虱整个发育阶段均有表达,4龄若虫的表达量最高,卵期表达量最低,1-2龄、3龄、4龄和成虫期的表达量分别为卵期表达量的4.38倍、5.47倍、16.76倍和5.03倍;钙结合蛋白在取食棉花、辣椒和番茄3种不同寄主的烟粉虱中的表达量无显著性差异;饥饿诱导取食后1 h的烟粉虱成虫钙结合蛋白的表达量显著高于取食0 h,为取食0h的2.12倍。【结论】本研究克隆了烟粉虱钙结合蛋白基因并对其在烟粉虱中的表达模式进行分析,为进一步明确烟粉虱钙结合蛋白功能研究奠定基础。     

番茄潜叶蛾卵黄原蛋白受体基因TaVgR在生殖发育调控中的作用

【目的】本研究旨在明确卵黄原蛋白受体(vitellogenin receptor, VgR)在番茄潜叶蛾Tutaabsoluta生殖发育过程中的功能,为潜叶类害虫的绿色防控提供候选靶标。【方法】基于番茄潜叶蛾转录组数据,采用RT-PCR扩增TaVgR基因cDNA全序列,并进行生物信息分析;通过RT-qPCR分析TaVgR在番茄潜叶蛾不同发育阶段(1-4龄幼虫、1-7日龄雌蛹和雌成虫)和雌成虫不同组织(头、体壁、前肠、中肠、后肠、卵巢、脂肪体和马氏管)中的表达模式;进一步利用RNAi抑制番茄潜叶蛾雌蛹体内TaVgR的表达,并观测沉默TaVgR基因后番茄潜叶蛾卵巢发育及繁殖力的变化。【结果】克隆获得番茄潜叶蛾TaVgRcDNA(GenBank登录号: MZ682118)序列,其开放阅读框序列长5 496 bp,编码1 831个氨基酸,推测的蛋白分子量约为206 kD,等电点为5.17,信号肽包含N-端前18个氨基酸残基,并具有典型LDLR家族蛋白保守功能域。RT-qPCR结果显示,TaVgR转录水平随着番茄潜叶蛾龄期的增加逐渐上升,雌成虫羽化后达到最高水平;TaVgR在番茄潜叶蛾雌成虫的卵巢中表达量最高。TaVgR RNAi对初期雌蛹中TaVgR的表达抑制率为62.04%~72.55%,导致卵黄蛋白在卵巢中的沉积受阻,卵巢管和卵粒长度缩短,成虫10日单雌总产卵量及后代卵孵化率降低,最终引起番茄潜叶蛾繁殖力下降。【结论】TaVgR基因在番茄潜叶蛾雌成虫和卵巢中高表达,且沉默该基因严重阻碍其卵巢发育和降低繁殖力。本研究为开发以VgR基因作为靶标的鳞翅目害虫防治新技术奠定了理论基础。     

西伯利亚蓼钙调蛋白基因的克隆及其在盐胁迫下的表达

已从西伯利亚蓼叶中cDNA文库中获得的钙调蛋白EST序列,采用cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术克隆了具有完整编码区的钙调蛋白基因的cDNA序列（GenBank登录号GQ988382）,命名为PsCaM。该基因全长615bp,编码区为450bp,编码149个氨基酸,5＇非翻译区为63bp,3＇非翻译区为102bp。同源性分析表明,该蛋白与其他植物钙调蛋白高度保守,氨基酸同源性高达98%。用实时荧光定量PCR研究3%NaHCO3胁迫下西伯利亚蓼基因表达的结果显示,自然条件下,该基因在叶中表达量最高,地下茎次之,茎中最低;盐胁迫下CaM在西伯利亚蓼的地下茎、茎和叶中均有表达,表达模式不同。     

轮状病毒外壳蛋白VP7在转基因番茄果实中的特异表达

将轮状病毒外壳蛋白VP7基因克隆到含有番茄果实特异性启动子TFP的植物表达载体pTF ,并转化到根癌农杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)菌株EHA10 5中 ,采用叶盘转化法转化番茄 (LycopersiconesculentumMill.)栽培品种TX0 0 14 ,获得了转基因植株。经PCR、PCR Southernblot和Southernblot分析表明VP7基因已整合到转基因番茄植株的核基因组中 ,RT PCR、Westernblot结果表明VP7蛋白在果实中获得了特异表达     

利用番茄为受体表达轮状病毒外壳蛋白VP7的研究

将轮状病毒外壳蛋白VP7基因克隆到植物表达载体pBll21,并转化到根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌株EHAl05中,采用叶盘转化法转化番茄(1ycopersicon esculentumMill．)栽培品种TX0014,获得了转基因植株．经PCR、PCR—Southernblot和Southernblot分析表明：VP7基因已整合到转基因番茄植株的核基因组中．RT—PCR、Westernblot分析表明：VP7蛋白在叶片和果实中均获得了表达．     

番茄两个盐胁迫响应基因的cDNA克隆及其表达分析

根据前期耐盐芯片研究提供的两条EST序列设计引物,利用RACE技术从番茄耐盐品种Edkawi中克隆了其5’和3’片段,并拼接成全长cDNA,分别命名为SISRGl和SISRG2。两个基因序列在GenBank中的登录号为EU670751和EU670752,其大小分别为1300bp和1810bp,编码蛋白分别为309和499个氨基酸。半定量RT,PCR表明SISRGl在番茄茎、叶、花中表达较强,在所检测的其它组织中表达很弱,SISRG2在叶和花中表达量最高,其次为茎和根,在果实中表达微弱。盐胁迫表达谱结果显示SISRGl在盐处理的Edkawi中缓慢增强,SISRG2则在盐胁迫后表达迅速增强,在未进行盐胁迫的对照中,两个基因的表达趋势均为减弱。本研究为番茄抗逆研究提供了新的候选基因资源。     

番茄转化酶抑制子基因克隆及其表达分析

从普通栽培型番茄品种‘桃太郎’、野生醋栗番茄和潘那利番茄的幼苗中采用RT-PCR方法,扩增出转化酶抑制子基因cDNA序列的部分片段。经测序表明：不同基因型番茄的转化酶抑制子基因同源性高达97.97%以上。采用半定量RT-PCR方法对‘桃太郎’苗期根、茎、叶和花后功能叶、花期子房以及果实不同发育阶段不同部位的表达进行检测,结果表明：INH在根中表达较弱,茎中有强烈表达,从幼叶到衰老叶表达逐渐减弱;同一时期INH在果肉中表达相对较强,维管束次之,胶质胎座相对较弱;花期子房中INH的表达逐渐增强,花后3d左右达到最大,花后5～8d表达量迅速下降。     

番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)果胶酸裂解酶P56在大肠杆菌中的重组表达

果胶酸裂解酶P56在番茄花粉管伸长过程中起着重要的作用,为了制备番茄P56蛋白的抗体,进行番茄花粉管萌发过程中P56蛋白的免疫组织化学研究,对P56基因在大肠杆菌系统的重组表达进行了研究。先采用Overlap-PCR的方法,从番茄基因组DNA中克隆了成熟P56蛋白的cDNA序列(LAT56),再构建重组表达质粒pET28a( )-LAT56,转化大肠杆菌BL21-CodenPlus(DE3)-RIL,得到了重组表达工程菌pET-28a( )-LAT56-BL21-Co-denPlus(DE3)-RIL。在0.5 mmol/L IPTG、15℃和180 r/min条件下,经过60 h的诱导培养,重组蛋白表达量为细胞总蛋白的30%左右,主要以包涵体形式存在,重组蛋白经Ni2 -nitrilotriacetate-agrose亲和柱层析,得到了SDS-PAGE显示为单一蛋白带的纯化蛋白。     

番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)果胶酸裂解酶P56在大肠杆菌中的重组表达

果胶酸裂解酶P56在番茄花粉管伸长过程中起着重要的作用,为了制备番茄P56蛋白的抗体,进行番茄花粉管萌发过程中P56蛋白的免疫组织化学研究,对P56基因在大肠杆菌系统的重组表达进行了研究。先采用Overlap-PCR的方法,从番茄基因组DNA中克隆了成熟P56蛋白的cDNA序列(LAT56),再构建重组表达质粒pET28a(+)-LAT56,转化大肠杆菌BL21-CodenPlus(DE3)-RIL,得到了重组表达工程菌pET-28a(+)-LAT56-BL21-Co-denPlus(DE3)-RIL。在0.5 mmol/L IPTG、15℃和180 r/min条件下,经过60 h的诱导培养,重组蛋白表达量为细胞总蛋白的30%左右,主要以包涵体形式存在,重组蛋白经Ni²⁺-nitrilotriacetate-agrose亲和柱层析,得到了SDS-PAGE显示为单一蛋白带的纯化蛋白。     

玉米ZmCIPK31基因原核表达及启动子序列分析

与钙传感器类钙调磷酸酶B蛋白(calcineurin B-like protein,CBL)互作的蛋白CIPK(CBL-interacting protein kinase)在植物特定的生长发育和应答胁迫过程中起重要作用。对前期研究得到的玉米ZmCIPK31基因构建原核表达重组载体,进行原核表达分析,转化重组质粒的大肠杆菌BL21菌株能够诱导出期望的目的蛋白。蛋白可溶性分析表明,它是可溶性的蛋白,通过淀粉树脂柱对其进行纯化,为下一步激酶活性分析提供了有活性的目的蛋白。同时,克隆了ZmCIPK31基因起始密码子ATG上游包括2189bp的启动子区段,顺式作用元件预测分析表明此区段不仅具有TATA-box和CAAT-box等启动子共有序列,还具有光应答、胁迫应答、发育相关、激素相关及其他功能未知的调控结构域。聚乙二醇(PEG)胁迫下,ZmCIPK31基因的诱导表达进一步表明其能够应答胁迫,且在地上部和根中的表达模式不同。     

CIPK3, a calcium sensor-associated protein kinase that regulates abscisic acid and cold signal transduction in Arabidopsis

Plants respond to environmental stress by activating "stress genes." The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in stress-responsive gene expression. Although Ca(2+) serves as a common second messenger in signaling stress and ABA, little is known about the molecular basis of Ca(2+) action in these pathways. Here, we show that CIPK3, a Ser/Thr protein kinase that associates with a calcineurin B-like calcium sensor, regulates ABA response during seed germination and ABA- and stress-induced gene expression in Arabidopsis. The expression of the CIPK3 gene itself is responsive to ABA and stress conditions, including cold, high salt, wounding, and drought. Disruption of CIPK3 altered the expression pattern of a number of stress gene markers in response to ABA, cold, and high salt. However, drought-induced gene expression was not altered in the cipk3 mutant plants, suggesting that CIPK3 regulates select pathways in response to abiotic stress and ABA. These results identify CIPK3 as a molecular link between stress- and ABA-induced calcium signal and gene expression in plant cells. Because the cold signaling pathway is largely independent of endogenous ABA production, CIPK3 represents a cross-talk "node" between the ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways in stress responses.     

林烟草蛋白激酶NsylCIPK3基因的克隆与功能分析

CIPK蛋白激酶家族(CBL-interacting protein kinase)是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族,与类钙调磷酸酶B亚基CBL(calcineurin B-like protein)蛋白共同形成CBL-CIPK网络,在植物的生长发育和逆境胁迫响应过程中发挥重要作用。烟草中该家族的研究还比较少,本研究从林烟草(Nicotiana sylvestris)中获得一个CIPK家族基因,该基因与拟南芥和杨树中的CIPK3同源性分别为68.4%和87.5%,将其命名为Nsyl CIPK3。氨基酸序列分析表明,Nsyl CIPK3具有CIPK蛋白家族的典型结构特征,在N端和C端分别具有典型的激活环结构域和NAF结构域。进化树分析显示,Nsyl CIPK3属于CIPK蛋白亚家族Ⅱ。表达模式研究表明,该基因在林烟草的叶和腋芽中的表达量相对较高,在主根中的表达量次之,在侧根、茎、花瓣和萼片中的表达量相对较低,并且在烟草成熟期的叶中表达量明显升高。在高盐、紫外光和低钾胁迫下该基因的表达发生不同程度的上调。酵母双杂交结果显示,Nsyl CIPK3可与Nsyl CBL9互作。推测Nsyl CIPK3可能通过与Nsyl CBL9互作形成信号通路,激活下游靶蛋白,参与烟草响应非生物逆境胁迫的信号转导过程。     

The calcium sensor CBL10 mediates salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis in Arabidopsis

Calcium serves as a critical messenger in many adaptation and developmental processes. Cellular calcium signals are detected and transmitted by sensor molecules such as calcium-binding proteins. In plants, the calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) family represents a unique group of calcium sensors and plays a key role in decoding calcium transients by specifically interacting with and regulating a family of protein kinases (CIPKs). We report here that the CBL protein CBL10 functions as a crucial regulator of salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. Cbl10 mutant plants exhibited significant growth defects and showed hypersensitive cell death in leaf tissues under high-salt conditions. Interestingly, the Na(+) content of the cbl10 mutant, unlike other salt-sensitive mutants identified thus far, was significantly lower than in the wild type under either normal or high-salt conditions, suggesting that CBL10 mediates a novel Ca(2+)-signaling pathway for salt tolerance. Indeed, the CBL10 protein physically interacts with the salt-tolerance factor CIPK24 (SOS2), and the CBL10-CIPK24 (SOS2) complex is associated with the vacuolar compartments that are responsible for salt storage and detoxification in plant cells. These findings suggest that CBL10 and CIPK24 (SOS2) constitute a novel salt-tolerance pathway that regulates the sequestration/compartmentalization of Na(+) in plant cells. Because CIPK24 (SOS2) also interacts with CBL4 (SOS3) and regulates salt export across the plasma membrane, our study identifies CIPK24 (SOS2) as a multi-functional protein kinase that regulates different aspects of salt tolerance by interacting with distinct CBL calcium sensors.     

Integration and channeling of calcium signaling through the CBL calcium sensor/CIPK protein kinase network

Plant development and reproduction depend on a precise recognition of environmental conditions and the integration of this information with endogenous metabolic and developmental cues. Calcium ions have been firmly established as ubiquitous second messengers functioning in these processes. Calcium signal deciphering and signal-response coupling often involve calcium-binding proteins as responders or relays in this information flow. Here we review the calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) calcium sensor/CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) network as a newly emerging signaling system mediating a complex array of environmental stimuli. We focus particularly on the mechanisms generating signaling specificity. Moreover, we emphasize the functional implications that are emerging from the analyses of CBL and CIPK loss-of-function mutants.     

The CBL–CIPK network mediates different signaling pathways in plants

The calcineurin B-like protein–CBL-interacting protein kinase (CBL–CIPK) signaling pathway in plants is a Ca²⁺-related pathway that responds strongly to both abiotic and biotic environmental stimuli. The CBL–CIPK system shows variety, specificity, and complexity in response to different stresses, and the CBL–CIPK signaling pathway is regulated by complex mechanisms in plant cells. As a plant-specific Ca²⁺ sensor relaying pathway, the CBL–CIPK pathway has some crosstalk with other signaling pathways. In addition, research has shown that there is crosstalk between the CBL–CIPK pathway and the low-K⁺ response pathway, the ABA signaling pathway, the nitrate sensing and signaling pathway, and others. In this paper, we summarize and review research discoveries on the CBL–CIPK network. We focus on the different modification and regulation mechanisms (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, dual lipid modification) of the CBL–CIPK network, the expression patterns and functions of CBL–CIPK network genes, the responses of this network to abiotic stresses, and its crosstalk with other signaling pathways. We also discuss the technical research methods used to analyze the CBL–CIPK network and some of its newly discovered functions in plants.     

CIPK7 is involved in cold response by interacting with CBL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana

The family of calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins is a unique group of Ca²⁺ sensors in plants. CBLs relay the calcium signal by interacting with and regulating the family of CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). Extensive studies have demonstrated that the CBL-CIPK complexes mediate plant responses to a variety of external stresses. However, there are few reports on the CBL-CIPK involved in cold stress responses. In this study, we analyzed expression of CIPK7 and CBL1 in Arabidopsis during cold treatments. Expression of CIPK7 was induced by cold, and CIPK7 interacted with CBL1 in vitro. Moreover, affinity chromatography purification of CIPK7 from Arabidopsis plants using CBL1 suggested that CIPK7 may associate with CBL1 in vivo. Expression of CBL1 was cold inducible, and CBL1 had a role in regulating cold response. By comparing expression patterns of CIPK7 between wild-type and cbl1 mutant plants, we found the induction of CIPK7 by cold stress was influenced by CBL1. This is the first report to demonstrate that CIPK7 may play a role in cold response via its interaction with CBL1.