果袋类型对‘紫金红霞’葡萄果实品质及花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响

以‘紫金红霞’葡萄为试验材料,在果实转色前分别进行5种不同类型果袋(白色纸袋、无纺布 白纸双层袋、绿色纸袋、蓝色纸袋、棕色纸袋)套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,测定不同发育时期葡萄果实的单果重、果粒纵横径、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸,及总花色苷含量等生理指标,并利用qRT PCR技术分析不同发育时期花色苷合成相关基因的表达水平,探索不同类型果袋对‘紫金红霞’葡萄果实品质、花色苷含量及花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响。结果表明：(1)白色、蓝色和棕色果袋不利于成熟果实中可溶性固形物含量的升高,蓝色和棕色果袋不利于成熟果实中可滴定酸含量的降低。(2)套袋处理会使果实色泽指数显著降低,除无纺布 白纸双层袋未显著降低成熟期果皮中花色苷含量外,其他套袋处理均显著降低了果皮中总花色苷含量。(3)套袋处理对6个花色苷合成相关基因的表达主要表现为抑制作用,但无纺布 白纸双层袋对成熟期F3′H和UFGT基因的表达、白色纸袋对成熟期MYBA1、DFR和LDOX基因的表达则具有促进作用。研究发现,无纺布 白纸双层袋对成熟期果实的内在品质和果皮着色影响最小,可用于‘紫金红霞’果实套袋,其次为白色和绿色纸袋;蓝色和棕色纸袋可使葡萄果实的品质大幅降低,故不可用于实际生产中葡萄果实的套袋。     

套袋对越冬番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

以‘L402’番茄为试材,研究了不同材质果袋内微环境变化规律及其对果实膨大与品质的影响.结果表明：套袋可改变番茄果实发育的微环境,促进果实发育,使果实提早成熟,增加单果质量.硫酸纸袋内光照、湿度介于塑料袋与无纺布袋之间,除上午温度低于塑料袋外,下午及夜间的温度均较高,其收获时单果质量较对照增加了15.34%.但套袋果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量和糖酸比值均低于对照,说明套袋影响了果实营养品质,降低了果实风味.由于套袋阻隔了果实与农药的直接接触,除无纺布袋内果实毒死蜱含量高于对照外,硫酸纸袋及塑料袋处理的番茄果实毒死蜱残留量及高效氯氰菊酯残留量均显著低于对照.     

常山柚橙不同树龄和繁殖方式的遗传变异分析

本研究以20～100年实生和嫁接的常山柚橙（Citrus×aurantium L.‘Changshanhuyou’）为材料,进行全基因组背景分析、体细胞变异检测和果实品质评价。结果显示,常山柚橙与药用枳壳基原品种黄皮酸橙（C. aurantium L.‘Huangpi’）、代代花（C. aurantium L.‘Daidai’）、朱栾（C. aurantium L.‘Chuluan’）和塘橙（C.aurantiumL.‘Tangcheng’）聚类在一起,两者与酸橙（C.aurantiumL.）的遗传相似度在76.99%～91.06%。随着常山柚橙树龄的增加,其果实品质发生变化,且体细胞变异总数增加。枳（Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.）砧不会改变常山柚橙的果实品质,但其接穗中体细胞变异总数增加,其中变异基因涉及衰老修复和逆境防御过程。综上所述,常山柚橙是酸橙变种,且在常规生产年限内,其果实品质稳定,遗传物质保持不变,但体细胞变异数量逐渐积累。     

采前套袋微环境变化对桃果实品质的影响

为明确套袋微环境变化对桃果实品质的影响机制,筛选适合晚熟桃套袋的无纺布果袋,以晚熟桃品种‘夕空’为材料,以不套袋为对照,研究了采前白、黑、蓝、紫色无纺布袋内微环境(温度和湿度)的日变化特征及其对果实品质的影响。结果表明:温度与湿度日变化曲线呈相反的趋势。白天不同处理的温度变化呈先升高后降低的趋势,峰值出现在中午12:00之后;湿度变化则呈"V"型。套袋微环境中的平均温度和湿度均较对照升高。采前不同处理袋内微环境变化存在差异,对桃果实品质形成的影响各异。套袋果实的亮度值(L)均较对照显著提高,而果皮中花色素苷(Ant)含量显著降低,可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、带皮果实硬度和去皮果实硬度均与对照差异不显著。套黑色无纺布袋并在采前拆袋的果实红色饱和度(a)、色饱和度(C)、a/b比值(b为黄色饱和度)和果皮中Ant含量较对照显著降低,采前拆袋并未显著改善‘夕空’桃的外观品质。紫色无纺布套袋处理的果实a值和a/b比值、果皮中Ant含量、果肉中总糖含量及糖酸比都较低。白色与蓝色无纺布套袋处理的果实相比较,单果重、果皮中Ant含量、C值、果肉中总糖含量及糖酸比差异不显著,但具有较高的a值和a/b比值。研究结果表明,在长江中下游地区,白色无纺布果袋对晚熟桃套袋较为适合。     

苹果新品种‘瑞阳’果实主要特性研究

该研究以红色晚熟苹果新品种‘瑞阳’及其母本‘秦冠’、父本‘富士’为试验材料,分析各品种果实发育过程中的生长动态、色泽变化以及采收期对其果实品质的影响,为品种栽培管理和推广应用提供参考。结果表明:(1)在果实生长发育期,‘瑞阳’单果质量的变化与双亲接近,单果质量的日增长高峰出现在花后105d,果实发育前期纵径增长较大,果形指数大,在发育后期果形指数降低,至成熟时果形指数达到0.86,介于父母本‘秦冠’和‘富士’之间。(2)套袋处理使果实着色期的色泽参数a*值和花青苷含量上升,但品种间存在差异,套袋处理对‘瑞阳’的色泽参数a*值和花青苷含量影响不大。(3)随果实采后天数的延长,各采收期‘瑞阳’果实淀粉指数逐渐上升,硬度和可滴定酸逐渐下降,而可溶性固形物含量先上升后下降;‘瑞阳’果实在花后174d采收时,果实的硬度和可滴定酸下降均较少,且果实可溶性固形物含量保持在较高水平,能较好地维持该品种的果实品质。研究发现,‘瑞阳’苹果果实膨大期出现在花后105d前后,果实套袋对其表面色泽和花青苷含量影响不大,在陕西渭北以花后174d前后采收为宜。     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

套袋对‘秋雪’桃果实品质及花青素合成相关基因表达的影响

为了探讨套袋对桃(Prunus persica)果实品质及花青素合成相关基因表达的影响,以‘秋雪’桃为试材,研究了套袋处理与未套袋组间果实生长发育过程中果皮花青苷含量、果实大小、果肉糖含量及花青素合成相关基因表达变化规律,同时比较了采收前两类果实的香气物质差异。结果表明:套袋果皮的花青苷含量取袋前显著低于未套袋组,取袋后迅速上升,采收时与未套袋组相当;套袋不同程度地降低了果实可溶性总糖和还原糖含量,取袋后有所上升,但始终低于未套袋组;对花青苷代谢途径中的关键基因表达分析发现,套袋处理的果实中各基因的表达与未套袋组相比均表现下调趋势,而套袋果在取袋后各基因的表达迅速上升,其中F3H、LDOX、DFR、ANR和CHI基因采收前与未套袋组表达水平相当,而UFGT基因的表达水平超出未套袋组3倍以上;供试桃共检测到71种香气物质,套袋处理的香气物质成分总含量低于未套袋组,套袋提高了果实中醛类和醇类物质含量,增加了酸类物质含量,但降低了酯类物质含量。研究表明,套袋可以提高果实外观品质,但同时对果实风味有一定负面影响。     

套袋对油梨果实生长发育及品质动态变化的影响

以‘Pollock’油梨为试验材料,在第2次生理落果后采用无纺布袋、白纸袋、牛皮纸袋3种套袋材料对果实进行套袋处理,并定期测定油梨的果实色泽参数、果形指数、果皮色素含量以及果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc、脂肪和可溶性蛋白质含量等内外品质指标的变化,探讨不同套袋材料对油梨果实生长发育过程中外观品质和内在品质的影响,为油梨高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)3种套袋材料均能显著促进油梨果实的生长,显著提升成熟果实的单果重,但对果实生长发育趋势及成熟期无显著影响。(2)无纺布套袋可显著提升油梨果实的果形指数,其余2种套袋材料效果不显著;牛皮纸袋套袋虽能显著增大果实亮度,但会使果皮变黄;白纸袋和无纺布袋可提升果实亮度,但与对照无显著差异。(3)无纺布袋和白纸袋套袋处理可显著提高油梨果皮类胡萝卜素、叶绿素及果肉可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc、脂肪、可溶性蛋白质含量;牛皮纸袋套袋也可显著提高油梨果肉可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、脂肪及可溶性蛋白质含量,但也显著降低了果皮叶绿素含量和果肉Vc含量,并抑制果皮类胡萝卜素的合成积累。(4)各套袋材料还可改变油梨果皮厚度,其中牛皮纸袋可显著提高果皮厚度,无纺布袋和白纸袋则降低果皮厚度,但各材料对果肉密度均无显著性影响。(5)隶属函数法综合分析显示,各套袋处理中以无纺布袋套袋效果最佳,白纸袋次之。研究发现,3种套袋材料均可显著促进油梨果实的生长发育,改善油梨果实的外观品质及内在品质,并且以无纺布套袋综合效果最佳。     

一个柚新种质的亲缘关系鉴定

该研究以1个疑似柚新品种——‘迷你红柚’为实验材料,利用植物形态学观察、花粉电镜观察以及ISSR分子标记技术,以确定‘迷你红柚’与‘琯溪蜜柚’、‘邓肯葡萄柚’之间的关系。(1)从形态学观察可以看出:‘迷你红柚’果实的外形特征与‘邓肯葡萄柚’较相似,但与‘琯溪蜜柚’有较大的差别;而且‘迷你红柚’嫩叶的形态学特征与‘琯溪蜜柚’和‘邓肯葡萄柚’均有不同。(2)电镜观察发现:‘迷你红柚’花粉的萌发孔沟、花粉沟与‘琯溪蜜柚’和‘邓肯葡萄柚’相似,但花粉大小、外壁网眼与‘琯溪蜜柚’和‘邓肯葡萄柚’均有不同。(3)聚类分析结果表明,‘迷你红柚’和‘邓肯葡萄柚’遗传关系最近,但又有一定距离。研究认为,‘迷你红柚’不同于‘琯溪蜜柚’和‘邓肯葡萄柚’,极有可能是柚的一个新品种。     

An experiment on Impatiens New Guinea for 11–12 year olds

The following experiment describes an easy experiment for children 11–12 years old, performed during spring in a compulsory school near Karlstad, Sweden. Four different ripe fruits were placed under flowering plants of Impatiens New Guinea (Impatiens hawkeri) for four days on a table and with plastic bags around both plants and fruits. For one of the ethylene-producing fruits, apple, the result was very clear. The plants shed many flowers and buds on the first day, due to stimulated senescence caused by ethylene. For the other ethylene-producing fruit, kiwi fruit, the result was clear but not as explicit as for apple. On the other two fruits, orange and lemon, flowers and buds were shed in the same proportion as the control plants. From these results a discussion could focus on tips on how to stimulate the ripening of unripe fruit e.g. by putting apples in the same dish. The experiment is planned in a formal scientific manner and thus stimulates discussion about how to design experiments. Very few materials are required — just flowering pot-plants, fruits and plastic bags. These are easy to buy in a garden centre or a shop. Furthermore, the experiment is cheap, it is easy to perform and it stimulates practical work.     

果实采收前套袋对湖景蜜露桃果实品质的影响

研究了光对湖景蜜露桃果实成熟的影响。用1层、2层和3层橘黄色果袋（透光率分别为27．0％、13．9％和8．2％）为完全花后（DAFB）50d的果实套袋。分别在111、114、117、120DAFB（果实硬熟期）和124DAFB（果实完熟期）测定乙烯、呼吸速率和果实品质。套1层和3层袋的果实乙烯生成速率高于其他处理。111和114DAFB时,未套袋果实呼吸速率最高,其余测定期1层套袋果实最低。完熟期未套袋果实￡值较高,而色角ho值较低。果实硬熟期前未套袋果实硬度高于套袋果实,完熟期则是套3层袋果实较高。完熟期套1层袋果实TSS高于其他果实。套1层袋果实分别在硬熟期和完熟期生成了最高量的内脂类物质和γ-癸内酯。根据以上结果可以认为完全花后50d左右,用一层橘黄色果袋为果实套袋,可以生产具有丰富桃香气的高品质桃果实。适当的光照强度明显增加了桃果实果香型香气物质,尤其是γ-癸内酯的合成。     

Efficacy of a physical method for control of direct pests of apples and peaches

Two studies were conducted to test the feasibility and efficacy of using physical barriers (Maggot Barrier^® nylon mesh bags) for control of three internal pests of tree fruit (codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)) and peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella Zeller)) and three groups of external direct pests (stink bugs (Pentatomidae), plant bugs (Miridae) and birds). Two types of Maggot Barrier^® were tested (regular and heavy duty), and two methods of securing the bags: knotting the bag on itself (‘self‐ties’) and using plastic‐coated wire ‘twist‐ties’. Bags were applied to eight cultivars of both apples and peaches, selected to give a range of maturity dates. Apples were bagged when fruit was approximately 27 mm in diameter, and peaches when the fruit was approximately 36 mm in diameter. Unbagged fruits served as controls. On apples, bagging had no effect on damage due to birds, stink bugs or apple maggot (which was present only in very low numbers), but reduced codling moth damage by 20–25% compared with unbagged controls; there were no significant differences due to bag type or tie type. In apples, a significantly higher proportion of the heavy duty bags were reusable after harvest, but on peaches, which were bagged for a shorter time, there was no difference between bag types in this respect. Bagging significantly reduced the percentage of peach fruits damaged by twig borer, birds and stink bugs, but increased the percentage of fruit with skin marks; there were no significant differences between bag or tie types. In peaches, there were significant effects on the time taken to apply bags due to both tying method and differences between individual operators. Cultivar affected pest‐related damage in both fruit types, underlining the importance of appropriate cultivar choice in pest management, particularly for organic growers and home gardeners.     

植物生长调节剂影响沙田柚内源激素水平的研究

研究了植物生长调节剂优康唑和CPPU对沙田柚生理落果期间幼果和新梢叶片内源IAA、GA1 3和ABA水平的影响.研究结果表明:优康唑处理降低新梢叶片内源IAA和GA1 3水平,提高细胞分裂素含量.优康唑对叶片ABA含量和(IAA GA1 3 CTKs)/ABA比值影响不明显;优康唑处理下幼果IAA、GA1 3和ABA含量均有不同程度的下降,以GA1 3下降幅度最大.果实中CTKs含量和CTKs/ABA比例上升,结合优康唑和CPPU促进沙田柚座果的效应,提示细胞分裂素对座果有重要作用,而CTKs/ABA比例升高有助于缓解生理落果;CPPU处理降低果实ABA含量,提高果实CTKs水平和CTKs/ABA比值.这可能是CPPU促进座果和果实膨大的生理基础.     

不同颜色果袋对‘巨峰’葡萄果实中挥发性成分的影响

以‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,研究白袋、绿袋、红袋、蓝袋4种不同颜色果袋对葡萄成熟期果实中挥发性成分的影响,为葡萄专用果袋的研发提供理论依据.结果表明:不同颜色果袋可为葡萄果实的发育提供特定的光环境,不同套袋处理葡萄成熟期果实中的挥发性成分差异显著.‘巨峰’葡萄成熟期果实中检测到酯、醛、醇、酮类、萜烯类和芳香族化合物,对照、白袋、绿袋、红袋和蓝袋处理成熟期果实检测到的挥发性组分分别为33、37、38、32和34种.与对照相比,白袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质含量降低,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、癸醛含量增加;绿袋处理除3-己烯酸乙酯、反式-2-己烯酸乙酯、3-羟基丁酸乙酯、反式-2-己烯醛、(反,反)-2,4-己二烯醛、癸醛、苯乙醇外,其他共有组分的含量均出现降低;红袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类物质含量降低,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等的含量出现降低;蓝袋处理乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯等主要酯类物质的含量未发生较大变化,己醛、反式-2-己烯醛等的含量出现升高.在非共有组分中,套袋处理中醇类组分的种类减少,萜烯类、芳香族化合物的种类增加.总体上,蓝袋处理果实中主要的‘果香型’酯类组分含量最高,白袋处理果实中主要的酯类组分及‘青草香型’的醛类组分含量较高,绿袋、红袋处理果实主要香气组分含量较低.     

不同贮藏条件对沙田柚果实苦味物质含量的影响

沙田柚原产广西,营养丰富且适合高血压和糖尿病等患者食用,近年来在沙田柚产业中存在品质下降、有苦味、异味生成等问题。为了研究不同贮藏条件下沙田柚苦味物质的含量变化,该文利用高效液相色谱仪,对室温包薄膜袋(A)、室温不包薄膜袋(B)和4℃低温不包薄膜袋(C)三种不同贮藏条件下,沙田柚外果皮、中果皮、囊衣、汁胞和种子中柚皮苷、柠檬苦素和诺米林在贮藏过程中的含量变化进行了测定。结果表明：沙田柚果实苦味物质以柚皮苷为主,主要分布在中果皮和囊衣中,柠檬苦素主要分布在种子和外果皮中,诺米林主要分布在种子中。各处理果实在贮藏过程中苦味物质含量变化不同,其中柚皮苷含量略有上升,柠檬苦素和诺米林含量整体呈下降趋势,略有波动,而汁胞中柠檬苦素和诺米林含量先上升再下降。三种不同贮藏条件相比,4℃低温不包薄膜袋贮藏的果实汁胞中柚皮苷和柠檬苦素的含量最高,在贮藏第30天,A、B、C 三种不同贮藏条件果实汁胞中柚皮苷含量分别为(0.139±0.006)、(0.190±0.009)和(0.194±0.019) mg?g-1,柠檬苦素含量分别为(47.28±1.91)、(33.64±1.90)和(84.19±5.56)μg?g-1。与此相反,外果皮、中果皮、囊衣和种子中柚皮苷、柠檬苦素和诺米林含量最低。该研究结果为采后沙田柚贮藏保鲜方式的选择提供了理论指导。     

Effect of conditions in sealed plastic bags on eclosion of mass‐reared Queensland fruit fly,Bactrocera tryoni

The sterile insect technique has been used for more than 50 years to control a range of insects around the world. Sterile insect technique is rapidly becoming a major component of many area‐wide fruit fly management programmes. Irradiation of immature life stages induces sterility in adults, which are then distributed over large areas to mate with wild flies, resulting in no viable offspring. However, irradiation in normal air results in declining adult quality. To optimize the quality of sterile adult flies, several techniques are available to lower the levels of oxygen in fruit fly tissues prior to irradiation. The simplest method is to seal pupae in plastic bags and allow the oxygen consumption of pupae to minimize oxygen in both the air and pupal tissue. Some fruit fly species have rapid decreases in eclosion as a result of low oxygen atmospheres. We tested the tolerance of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to low oxygen for the first time. In the first two experiments, unirradiated B. tryoni pupae were tested for different periods in sealed plastic bags at 17, 21, and 26 °C. Optimum eclosion occurred at 21 °C with the lowest eclosion at 26 °C. In general, mean full eclosion declined at ca. 0.1% eclosion per hour sealed in plastic bags during the first 96 h for all temperatures. In the third and fourth experiments at 17 °C, there was a decline in average eclosion for irradiated and unirradiated pupae of about 13.4% after they were sealed in plastic bags for 192 h. In general, B. tryoni eclosion declined at 0.1% per hour inside sealed plastic bags for periods up to 192 h at 17 °C. Queensland fruit flies can tolerate long periods of conditions found inside sealed plastic bags and current practices for sterile B. tryoni release programmes will result in minimum decrease in eclosion. The possible evolution of tolerance of these conditions is discussed.