蜂桶寨自然保护区中华姬鼠和社鼠食性的季节变化及与肠道长度的关系

为揭示啮齿动物食性及其对消化道肠道长度的影响,我们于2008 年在四川省宝兴县蜂桶寨国家级自然保护区内以中华姬鼠和社鼠为对象展开了研究。结果发现社鼠和中华姬鼠均以摄食种子为主,食谱中各食物成分在性别之间无显著差异,但季节变化明显。在各食物成分中,摄入种子百分比与中华姬鼠及社鼠小肠长之间呈显著正相关,而昆虫成分则相反。分析认为,中华姬鼠和社鼠取食食物成分的季节变化,可能与不同季节中食物资源可获得性的不同有关,消化道长度的变化可能体现了对季节性食物资源和能量需求的适应.     

光周期和高脂食物对高山姬鼠消化道形态的影响

为探讨光周期和高脂食物对栖息于横断山地区高山姬鼠Apodemus chevrieri消化道形态的影响,将成年雌性高山姬鼠分别驯化于长光照低脂、高脂食物和短光照低脂、高脂食物条件下,7周后测定动物的体重、总消化道、胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠的长度及其含内容物重、去内容物重、干重。结果表明:短光低脂组总消化道长显著大于其他组,短光组的小肠长度显著大于长光组。总消化道含内容物重、去内容物重,胃去内容物重、干重以及大肠和盲肠的各项指标均是低脂食物组显著大于高脂食物组。而小肠干重则是高脂食物组显著大于低脂食物组。以上结果表明,高山姬鼠在光周期和食物质量不同的条件下,可能通过调节消化道形态来维持正常的能量代谢和生理机能。高山姬鼠的消化道在不同光周期和食物质量条件下表现出的变化模式,可能与其光照和食物资源季节性波动的野外生存环境有关,从一方面反映了该物种在不同环境下的生存机制和适应对策。     

洞庭湖不同生态类型区黑线姬鼠消化道重量和长度的季节变化

对洞庭湖3种不同生态类型区(农区、林区、农林交错区)不同季节黑线姬鼠消化道各器官长度、鲜重和干重的测量表明,在3种生态类型区中,黑线姬鼠消化道各器官鲜重和干重季节变化显著。农区和林区消化道各器官的鲜重和干重在春季和冬季显著重于夏季和秋季,农林交错区消化道各器官鲜重和干重在春季显著重于夏季和秋季,这可能与春季和冬季黑线姬鼠能量需求增加、食物缺乏和食物质量下降有关。在同一季节,3种生态类型区之间消化道各器官长度、鲜重和干重均无显著性差异。这与3种生态类型区间黑线姬鼠食物变化较小有关。关于消化道各器官长度变化方面,除了农区的大肠长度有显著季节性差异外,其它指标均无显著季节性差异。以上结果表明黑线姬鼠消化道各器官在外界环境因素的影响下能产生不同的反应,消化道形态的变化是黑线姬鼠面临外界胁迫因子时的一种消化对策。     

白腹鼠属几个相似种的差异探讨

到目前为止,安氏白腹鼠、川西白腹鼠、社鼠、针毛鼠作为独立种没有多大的争议。但在形态上,安氏白腹鼠与川西白腹鼠、川西白腹鼠与社鼠、社鼠与针毛鼠具有较大的相似性,差异微小,有大量的中间过渡类型。因此,要对这些种进行准确鉴定非常困难。本文首先对这4个种的阴茎形态进行了比较,发现它们确实是独立的种。它们之间的主要区别在于尿道小瓣形态、位置及阴茎骨形态和长短比例上：（1）安氏白腹鼠,外环层有明显的乳突,尿道小瓣分两叉,位置很低,阴茎骨近支显著长于远支;（2）川西白腹鼠,外环层光滑,尿道小瓣位置较高,阴茎骨近支很细而直,近支明显长于远支;（3）社鼠,尿道小瓣较小,位置很低,呈舌状,阴茎骨近支较粗,显著向腹面弯曲,远支粗大且较长,近支长略大于远支;（4）针毛鼠,尿道小瓣位置较高,呈舌状,阴茎骨近支较细弱,显著向腹面弯曲,远支粗大且较长。采用单因素方差分析发现,川西白腹鼠与社鼠在眶间宽、上齿列长和下齿列长等方面差异显著;社鼠和针毛鼠在后头宽、眶间宽和听泡长等方面差异显著;安氏白腹鼠与其他3个种均具有显著的差异。     

三种啮齿动物的消化道形态特征

对棕背(Clethrionomys rufocanus)、林姬鼠(Apodemus speciosus)和黑线姬鼠(A.agrarius)夏季的消化道形态进行了比较。3种啮齿动物总消化道的长度及重量(含内容物重和总干组织重),各器官的长度,胃、小肠和盲肠等长度,小肠和盲肠含内容物重,盲肠和大肠去内容物重,小肠、盲肠和大肠总干组织重等均存在明显的种间差异。以植物为食的棕背的总消化道、小肠、盲肠和大肠的长度或重量明显长于或重于其他两种鼠类。后肠可作为衡量草食性动物食物质量的指标。3种啮齿动物可通过消化道形态改变以适应不同的食性。     

横断山区高山姬鼠消化道形态的季节动态

为探讨栖息于横断山地区高山姬鼠的消化道特征与环境之间的适应关系,对野外条件下高山姬鼠消化道各项指标进行了测定.实验分别测定了不同季节高山姬鼠胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠的长度、含内容物重、去内容物重、干组织重.结果表明:高山姬鼠消化道特征存在季节性变化,胃、小肠、大肠的各项指标及盲肠去内容物重、干重均于食物质量较好的6月、9月份较高;盲肠长度和含内容物重于3月、11月份较高.高山姬鼠在低温、食物质量下降、繁殖等胁迫因子影响下,通过增加食物摄入、调节消化道形态来满足能量需求的增加,维持正常的生理机能.高山姬鼠的消化道在不同季节中表现出的变化模式说明其有能力适应低纬度高海拔,年平均温度较低的生存环境.     

根田鼠消化道长度和重量的变化及其适应意义

动物消化道的形态与食性、食物质量以及动物量的需求密切相关。本文对青海高原地区的根田鼠在自然环境中消化道各器官的长度及重量进行了测定,结果显示总消化道及各器官（胃、小肠、大肠和盲肠）的长度,含内容物重（鲜重和干重）在各物侯期间具显著的变化,各项指标均于环境条件较好的植物生长盛期最低,于条件较差（食物纤维素含量高及低温）的植物枯黄期或返青期较高。各器官所反应程度不同,其中小肠的反应最为强烈,表明消化道     

食物限制对高山姬鼠能量代谢和内脏器官形态的影响

为探讨栖息于横断山区高山姬鼠对食物匮乏的适应策略,在实验室条件下,以每日能量需求为标准,测定了饲喂食量为130%每日能量需求(DER)和70%DER两组高山姬鼠的体重、体温、基础代谢率(BMR)、非颤抖性产热(NST)等的变化,并在限食28d后,测定了肝脏鲜重和消化道形态的变化。结果显示:限食组高山姬鼠的体温、体重、BMR、NST显著降低,比0d分别下降了4.4%、23.6%、38.6%、20.3%。肝脏鲜重显著下降,小肠长度和小肠含内容物重显著增加。在限食条件下,高山姬鼠主要通过降低体重、体温、减少肝脏重量和能量代谢水平及消化器官适应性变化来减少能量支出,以适应食物资源短缺的外部环境。     

唐家河自然保护区小兽调查简报

1989年3—11月,我们用铗日法,网格式取样对唐家河自然保护区小兽进行了全面调查,总面积为286800平方米,共捕获小兽标本846只,隶属8科16属21种。它们是四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes),鼩鼹(Uropsilus soricipes),灰麝鼩(Crocidura attenuata),社鼠(Niviventer niviventer),高山姬鼠(Apodemus chevrieri),中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco),大足鼠(Rattus nitidus),安氏白腹鼠(Niviventer andersoni),藏鼠兔(Ochatona thibetana),针毛鼠(Niviventer fulvescens),洮州绒鼠(Eothenomys eva),黑腹绒鼠(Eothenomys melanogaster),川鼩(Blarinell…     

嫩江下游人工林中黑线姬鼠与黑线仓鼠的消化道形态及其取食策略

对嫩江下游流域人工林区两同域共存优势种黑线姬鼠东北亚种(Apodemus agrarius mantchuricus)与黑线仓鼠三江平原亚种(Cricetulus barabensis manchuricus)夏季主要食物组成及消化道形态结构的适应性变化进行了比较分析.二者均以当年生植物嫩茎、叶、种子及昆虫为主要取食对象,但黑线姬鼠对茎和叶的采食频次小于黑线仓鼠,而种子、根和昆虫类在黑线姬鼠的食物中出现的频次则相对较高.与食物组成相适应,黑线仓鼠的胃、盲肠和大肠在长度及重量上均显著大于黑线姬鼠,这是黑线仓鼠对高纤维和低蛋白食物的适应性调整.研究结果表明,两种啮齿动物在长期的进化中产生了不同的食物资源利用模式,而其消化道形态结构的变化则可能是其在长期的种间竞争和进化压力下进行食物资源分享的一种功能性反应.     

不同森林类型中社鼠食性和消化道形态变化

能量的获取能力、分配速率和效率对动物的生存繁衍起着至关重要的作用(王德华和王祖望,2000;刘艳华等,2004),消化道作为储藏和处理食物及吸收能量的场所,其形态学和生理学决定着动物对营养物质和能量的吸收(汪晓琳等,2007;朱万龙等,2009).在面对外界环境变化带来的各种压力和胁迫下,小型哺乳动物的消化道各器官常常会产生不同程度的响应(Derting and Noakes,1995;张志强和王德华,2009).     

洞庭湖区社鼠消化道长度和质量的季节变化

对洞庭湖区社鼠（Niviventer confucianus）自然种群四季的消化道各器官的长度和质量进行了测定。结果表明。消化道指标季节变化明显。总体消化道含内容鲜质量、净鲜质量与干质量均具有显著的季节变化。以冬、春季较高。夏、秋季较低。消化道各器官的变化与总消化道不尽相同。其中,以胃的变化相对比较稳定。仅长度的变化达显著水平,以冬季最短,夏、秋季较长。这是动物为适应繁殖季节能量需求而增加摄食量的反应,也与夏秋季食物丰富度有关。小肠、盲肠、大肠的长度和质量指标（内容鲜质量、净鲜质量和干质量）以冬、春季较高。夏、秋季较低。这是该鼠对冬、春季低温和食物匮乏的适应性反应。总体来说。洞庭湖区社鼠为适应夏、秋季繁殖盛期能量需求增加的主要对策是增加摄食量;而为适应冬、春季低温环境和食物数量和质量减少的主要对策是增大消化道。提高消化效率。     

禁食和重喂食对大绒鼠消化道长度与重量的影响

为探讨禁食和重喂食对栖息于横断山地区大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)消化道形态的影响,对禁食和重喂食条件下大绒鼠消化道各项指标进行了测定.实验分别测定了大绒鼠禁食12h、24 h、36 h和重喂食12 h、48 h、7d后的总消化道、胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠的长度及其含内容物重、去内容物重、干重.结果表明:禁食后,总消化道含内容物重、胃含内容物重和胃去内容物重增加,重喂食7d后均恢复到对照组水平.小肠含内容物重在禁食12h时最大,在重喂食12h时最小,重喂食48 h后恢复到对照组水平.禁食和重喂食条件下,大绒鼠的大肠和盲肠各指标均没有显著变化.以上结果表明,大绒鼠在食物受到限制、饥饿等胁迫因子作用下,可能通过调节消化道形态来满足部分能量需求,维持正常的生理机能.大绒鼠的消化道在禁食和重喂食中表现出的变化模式,可能与其食物资源时常波动的野外生存环境有关,从一方面反映了该物种在食物胁迫下的生存机制和适应对策.     

The phylogeny of the Anderson's White‐bellied Rat (Niviventer andersoni) based on complete mitochondrial genomes

The phylogenetic structure of the genus Niviventer has been studied based on several individual mitochondrial and nuclear genes, but the results seem to be inconsistent. In order to clarify the phylogeny of Niviventer, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of white‐bellied rat (Niviventer andersoni of the family Muridae) by next‐generation sequencing. The 16,291 bp mitochondrial genome consists of 22 transfer RNA genes, 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, and one noncoding control region (D‐Loop). Phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences of all 13 PCGs, PCGs minus ND6, and the entire mitogenome sequence except for the D‐loop revealed well‐resolved topologies supporting that N. andersoni was clustered with N. excelsior forming a sister division with N. confucianus, which statistically rejected the hypothesis based on the tree of cytochrome b (cytb) gene that N. confucianus is sister to N. fulvescens. Our research provides the first annotated complete mitochondrial genome of N. andersoni, extending the understanding about taxonomy and mitogenomic evolution of the genus Niviventer.     

蜂桶寨自然保护区中华姬鼠及社鼠肥满度的年龄和季节变化

肥满度被广泛用于动物生长状况与环境、生存、繁殖等方面的研究。为揭示横断山脉森林环境中中华姬鼠（Apodemus draco）和社鼠（Niviventer confucianus）肥满度的变化规律及影响原因,我们于2008年4~11月对四川省蜂桶寨国家级自然保护区内中华姬鼠和社鼠肥满度在各年龄组及不同季节中的变化进行了研究。结果显示,中华姬鼠肥满度在各年龄组间的差异显著,其变化趋势为老年组>成年组>亚成年组>幼年组;亚成年组及老年组肥满度在各季节间无显著差异,而在成年组则差异明显,以春季中最高。社鼠肥满度在各年龄组间无显著性差异;亚成年组肥满度在各季节间差异显著,在夏秋季中最低,同时成年组及老年组肥满度在季节间无显著差异。中华姬鼠和社鼠亚成年组、成年组及老年组肥满度与海拔无显著的线性关系。分析认为,中华姬鼠老年组个体可能在应对外界环境方面要强于幼年个体而具有最高的肥满度,成年个体肥满度的季节变化可能受食物资源季节差异和繁殖能量需求的影响;社鼠成年及老年个体能通过相应的季节性调节维持肥满度的稳定,而亚成年个体在调节方面较弱,故其肥满度在夏秋季最低。     

Contribution to the taxonomic status of the Chinese rats Niviventer confucianus and N. fulvescens

The status of Niviventer confucianus and N. fulvescens as separate species or color variants of the same species has been debated for a long time. A detailed study of 157 specimens (119 N. confucianus and 34 N. fulvescens) collected 1937/1938 in Fukien, South East China, was conducted in order to shed more light on the taxonomic status of the two taxa. Because all measured skull parameters strongly correlate with age, age classes were formed on the basis of tooth wear. Student's t-tests for differences between N. confucianus and N. fulvescens were performed using age-independent unstandardized residuals. These were derived from linear regressions of each measured parameter against age class. Statistical significant differences between the taxa were revealed in residuals based on interorbital constriction, length and width of incisive foramen, length of bulla, diastema, width of rostrum and width of nasal. Discriminant analysis using the unstandardized residuals shows a clear separation between N. confucianus and N. fulvescens on the basis of the first discriminant function mainly influenced by interorbital width and length of incisive foramen. Additionally, qualitative morphological differences in the skulls are described, concerning the anterior rim of the zygomatic plate, the mandible and the maxillary teeth. The differences in outer morphology including the brighter, more reddish and more shiny pelage of N. fulvescens, white tail tip occurring in N. confucianus only, the relatively longer tail in N. confucianus, and the higher frequency of a fulvous marking on the chest in N. confucianus are supported.     

Interrelation between size of body and of digestive tract organs in some myomorpha: Isometry or allometry?

Using nonparametric tests, we analyzed the weights of the digestive tract organs of 198 rodent individuals belonging to 11 species of Arvicolinae (family Cricetidae) and Murinae (family Muridae), using both fresh and fixed material, the weight characteristics of which were identical. It has been shown that no unique dependence exists between the body weight and the entire digestive tract one in Arvicolinae rodents weighing 8–73 g. It was also shown that interspecific differences in the relative mass of such a dynamic system of organs as the digestive system cannot always be regarded as a function of the body size alone.     

Intra- and interspecific predation on four life stage groups by the adult females of Metaseiulus occidentalis, Typhlodromus pyri, Neoseiulus fallacis and Amblyseius andersoni

Do adult females of oligophagous species such as Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) show less intra- and interspecific predation on phytoseiids when other foods are scarce than polyphagous species such as Amblyseius andersoni Chant and Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten? We caged single adult females of each species without food with ten of their own eggs or larvae, with ten eggs or larvae of the other species or with ten nymphs or adult females of M. occidentalis (T. pyri for M. occidentalis). We assessed the ambulatory activity, survival time, egg levels and prey loss in each test. Polyphages (in particular T. pyri) lived longer than oligophages (in particular N. fallacis) without food. The small T. pyri detected its own stages and benefited most by feeding on small active stages of other species. Amblyseius andersoni, the largest mite, fed and gained the most of any species when held with nymphs and female adults. Metaseiulus occidentalis fed on eggs of all four species to enhance survival. The large hyperactive N. fallacis gained the least from these behaviours. Each mite seemed uniquely adapted to survive conditions of scarce prey and these behaviours may explain their roles in phytoseiid mite complexes. Overall, oligophagous adult females fed less and gained less by feeding on phytoseiids than did polyphagous adult females.     

Does diet variation determine the digestive tract length of Capoeta banarescui Turan,Kottelat, Ekmekci and Imamoglu, 2006?

This study tested the spatial variations in the digestive/intestine tract length of Capoeta banarescui, with regard to their diets in different habitats. Highly varied diets observed in a previous study within the same river system posed the question whether this flexibility is reflected in the digestive tract and intestine length of the species in the Ye?il?rmak River, Turkey. Totals of 382 specimens (standard length 4.6–19.1 cm) were captured by electro‐fishing along the river in September 2012 at 11 locations spanning elevations from 34 to 992 m. The stomach, intestine and total digestive tract lengths were measured, and stomach contents analysed from 196 specimens. For statistical analyses, the stomach, intestine and total digestive tract length were expressed as percentages of total weight and standard length. The data provided evidence that the digestive tract and intestine lengths varied significantly among locations in association with the diet. Fish having dominantly carnivorous diets (e.g. chironomid larvae/invertebrates) in two locations had significantly shorter intestines and digestive tracts than those with diets dominated by benthic algae and other plants. The data indicated that C. banarescui showed broad flexibility in their feeding habits. Feeding heavily on plant materials might lead to the development of longer digestive tracts, increasing the active surface area for digestion; alternatively, there may be less invested in development of the digestive tract when feeding primarily on carnivorous diets where the respective digestive enzymes are readily available. The data suggest that phenotypic plasticity in the digestive tract length of C. banarescui is associated more with the abundant protein‐rich carnivorous food sources in the studied habitats. Whether this digestive tract plasticity has a genetic background remains to be verified in future studies.     

Food deprivation induces differential changes in contents and microstructures of digestive tract and appendages in bluegill fish,Lepomis macrochirus

• 1.1. The digestive tract was compared with the tract appendages (caeca) in bluegill fish, Lepomis macrochirus in their response to short and long term food deprivation.
• 2.2. Fasting for 7 days resulted in 80% reduction of food content in the main tract, but only 40% reduction in appendages (caeca).
• 3.3. The intestine exhibited two different patterns of food distribution under fed and food deprived conditions.
• 4.4. The histopathological impact of starvation was more prominent on the intestine than on caeca.
• 5.5. These results suggest that digestive tract and appendages concommitantly conserve food during food scarcity, but appendages may offer advantages in retaining food longer, and in their greater resistance to starvation-induced effects.