拟南芥花分生组织决定基因AGL24对花发育的影响

AGAMOUS-LIKE 24(AGL24)基因编码MADS蛋白,在植物花发育的不同时期发挥着重要的作用。综述了AGL24如何通过和其他花分生组织决定基因的相互作用来影响拟南芥花的发育,调节开花时间,这将有助于人们对开花基因调控网络有更进一步的认识,能够在生产上有效的调控开花时间,从而为植物育种提供借鉴。     

矮牵牛PMADS9基因启动子的克隆及分析

矮牵牛PMADS9基因是MADS-box基因AGL15亚家族的成员。该亚家族基因可能具有调控开花时间、抑制花器官衰老脱落和促进体胚形成等功能。本文应用YADE和hiTAIL-PCR等方法,克隆了PMADS9基因5′端翻译起始位点上游1853bp的启动子区域序列(FJ798977);RACE分析发现该基因至少有4个转录起始位点,2个位于编码区第一外显子内。启动子调控元件分析显示,PMADS9启动子富集花粉和种子发育过程中特异表达元件和与环境应答相关的元件;AGL15同源基因启动子存在非常保守的RY-repeat元件,启动子的保守性与物种的遗传距离不一致;推测PMADS9启动子翻译起始位点上游200～400bp和800～1000bp区域具重要功能。     

甘蓝型油菜MADS-box基因家族的鉴定与系统进化分析

MADS-box基因家族参与调控开花时间、花器官分化、根系生长、分生组织分化、子房和配子发育、果实膨大及衰老等植物生长发育的重要过程。基于甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)基因组测序数据,利用生物信息学方法对甘蓝型油菜MADS-box基因家族进行鉴定和注释及基因结构与系统进化分析。结果显示,在甘蓝型油菜中鉴定出307个MADS-box基因家族成员,根据进化关系可将其分为两大类型,I型(M-type)包含α、β、γ三个亚家族,II型(MIKC-type)包括MIKCC和MIKC*两个亚家族,MIKCC可进一步分为13个小类;甘蓝型油菜A基因组染色体上分布的MADS-box基因多于C基因组。在基因结构上,MIKC-type亚家族基因序列普遍比M-type长且含有较多的外显子;M-type亚家族蛋白序列中的motif数量为2–5个,MIKC-type亚家族蛋白序列中平均含有7个motif。拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)与甘蓝型油菜MADS-box基因共线性分析结果显示,全基因组复制事件对MADS-box基因家族尤其是MIKC亚家族的扩张起重要作用;MIKC亚家族基因在进化过程中受到的选择压力约为M-type的2倍,这表明MIKC-type亚家族在进化过程中被选择性保留。     

利用酵母双杂系统筛选与春兰CgSEP1相互作用的蛋白

兰花形态优雅,花香馥郁,花形奇特,具有高度特化的花器官,观赏价值较高。有关兰花花器官形成分子机理以及基因组测序正在不断研究中。为了探讨兰花基因间相互作用情况,本研究以春兰为材料进行基因克隆,获得了18个花发育相关基因的编码序列,经测序鉴定分别属于ABCDE类MADS-box家族基因。再以其中春兰AP/AGL9组的CgSEP1为诱饵蛋白,亚克隆至pGBKT7质粒,构建诱饵载体,将18个蛋白编码亚克隆至pGADT7质粒。通过酵母双杂系统筛选到了3个与其互作的蛋白:pGADT7-AG1、p GADT7-SEP2、pGADT7-AGL6-3。结果表明,C类AG-like和E类SEP-like、AGL-like家族基因参与SEP1基因春兰花发育过程,并形成多种蛋白混合物,共同调控花瓣和萼片的形成,进一步揭示了春兰的成花机理。     

文冠果XsSCL6基因的克隆及表达分析

GRAS家族HAM亚家族（Scarecrow-like 6,SCL6）是一类植物特有的转录因子,在植物生长发育中具有关键作用。文冠果（Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge）是我国特有的重要林木能源植物,雄花的雌蕊败育是造成产量低的主要原因。为解析XsSCL6基因在文冠果（Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge）雌蕊发育中的调控作用,采用RT-PCR方法克隆文冠果4个XsSCL6同源基因,并对关键XsSCL6a蛋白进行亚细胞定位;对XsSCL6基因进行生物信息学分析,利用qRT-PCR分析XsSCL6基因在文冠果雌蕊败育过程中的表达模式。结果表明：（1）获得文冠果XsSCL6a、XsSCL6b、XsSCL6c和XsSCL6d基因ORF全长,分别编码751、669、717和717个氨基酸,均属于亲水不稳定蛋白。（2）文冠果XsSCL6蛋白主要由无规则卷曲和α-螺旋构成,定位于细胞核。（3）XsSCL6a、XsSCL6c和XsSCL6d均包含GRAS保守结构域, 文冠果XsSCL6蛋白和克莱门柚及甜橙的亲缘关系最近。（4）文冠果XsSCL6基因启动子中包含多种激素响应元件、植物发育相关元件。（5）qRT-PCR结果显示XsSCL6基因各个时期在雄花中的表达量显著高于雌花,表达量的趋势和转录组FPKM值一致。（6）xso-miR171和XsSCL6基因均存在裂解方式的靶向关系,TPM值和FPKM值为负相关关系。XsSCL6基因可能受到xso-miR171调控,共同参与文冠果雌蕊发育过程,对文冠果花发育具有重要作用。本研究为今后研究进一步文冠果中XsSCL6基因的功能和雌蕊败育机制提供了参考,为采用分子育种方法提高种子产量提供了理论依据。     

春兰AGL6-3基因的克隆及实时定量表达分析

该研究以春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)正常花及其2枚侧瓣突变成唇瓣样的花瓣(简称:蝶花)为实验材料,采用RT-PCR结合RACE技术从春兰中分离出AGL6-3基因。序列分析表明,AGL6-3基因在春兰正常花和蝶花中序列相同,该基因含有1个720bp长的开放阅读框(ORF),共编码239个氨基酸。系统进化树进行分析表明,该基因属于MADS-box基因中AP1/AGL9组的AGL6同源基因,命名为CgAGL6-3(基因登录号为KU058679)。实时荧光定量表达分析表明,CgAGL6-3在春兰正常花和蝶花各花器官中表达存在差异。在正常春兰中CgAGL6-3基因在唇瓣中强烈表达,在主萼、侧萼及蕊柱中表达量较低,在侧瓣中则微乎其微;而在蝶花中CgAGL6-3基因在唇瓣中强表达,侧瓣中的表达量次之,在主萼、侧萼和蕊柱中的表达量相近且均较低。研究说明,CgAGL6-3基因可能在春兰蝶花侧瓣唇瓣化的过程中扮演重要角色。     

牡丹PsAGL6基因克隆与表达分析

该研究在转录组数据分析基础上,通过RT-PCR方法从牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa.L)品种‘洛阳红’中克隆AGL6基因,并分析了其在不同组织和花型中的表达模式。结果显示:(1)AGL6开放阅读框长度732bp,编码244个氨基酸;结构域分析显示,该基因具有高度保守的MADS MEF2区、K区、AGL6I与AGL6II基序,归类于MADS-box基因家族,命名为PsAGL6,GenBank登录号为MF563611。(2)同源比对分析显示,牡丹PsAGL6与葡萄VvAGL6氨基酸序列相似度最高,达79%。(3)qRT-PCR分析结果显示,PsAGL6在牡丹各器官中均有表达,但营养器官中表达量较低,花器官中表达量较高,其中以萼片最高,花瓣与雌蕊次之;对4种牡丹花型花瓣的表达分析显示,PsAGL6基因在不同花型花瓣中的表达量差异明显,且蔷薇型牡丹花瓣相对表达量最高。研究表明,AGL6基因参与牡丹花器官的形成,为深入研究花器官发育的分子机制提供了帮助。     

中华猕猴桃GRAS基因家族鉴定及低温胁迫表达分析

GRAS基因家族广泛参与植物生长和逆境响应，而低温是制约猕猴桃生产和分布的重要因素之一，鉴定猕猴桃GRAS基因家族，分析其在低温胁迫中的表达情况，为猕猴桃的抗寒研究和品种选育提供理论依据。以中华猕猴桃‘红阳’基因组为参考进行GRAS家族保守结构域比对，通过对鉴定到的家族成员进行系统进化树、蛋白理化性质、基因结构、蛋白三级结构、蛋白质motif、顺式作用元件、共线性、密码子偏好性和基因表达模式等进行分析。结果表明，猕猴桃基因组共存在79个GRAS家族成员，分属于8个亚家族，且各亚家族基因、蛋白结构有所差异。顺式作用原件分析显示该家族基因参与多种植物激素、生长发育以及胁迫响应。密码子偏好性分析发现，该家族密码子第3位碱基更偏好使用嘧啶类碱基（G/T）。鉴定到6个基因可能参与猕猴桃低温胁迫过程，并进行荧光定量PCR验证了该猜测。该研究补充了猕猴桃GRAS基因家族鉴定分析的空白，为猕猴桃抗寒研究奠定分子基础。     

蜻蜓凤梨开花相关基因AfFPF1初步研究

FPF1 (flowering-promoting factor 1)是参与植物开花期遗传控制的重要家族之一。迄今为止,人们对蜻蜓凤梨中FPF1家族了解有限。本研究以热带花卉蜻蜓凤梨为材料,基于转录组测序数据,克隆获得AfFPF1基因。该基因编码的蛋白含103个氨基酸,分子质量为12.06 kD。AfFPF1转录本在蜻蜓凤梨的根中显著高表达,此外其表达量受外源乙烯强诱导,且响应赤霉素。AfFPF1基因在拟南芥中异位表达使其开花时间提前,莲座叶数目减少,促进其根系生长。对转基因拟南芥内源开花基因进行表达量检测,发现转基因植株中,一些开花促进基因如AtFT、AtAP1、AtLFY、AtFUL、AtSOC1表达量显著升高,而抑制开花基因AtFLC表达量下调,进一步证实AfFPF1能正调控拟南芥的开花时间,且可能与这些基因相互作用。研究结果初步证实AfFPF1可能参与调控蜻蜓凤梨开花过程,为进一步研究AfFPF1功能、通过基因工程调控蜻蜓凤梨开花以及乙烯诱导蜻蜓凤梨开花分子机制提供了理论依据。     

TRPC6在中枢神经系统的作用

TRPC6（Thetransientreceptorpotentialcanonical6）为瞬时受体电位（TRP）超家族的成员之一,编码钙可通透的非选择性阳离子通道。其具有六次跨膜结构。TRPC6同型或异型四聚体通道由TRPC6蛋白相互结合形成或与同在一个亚家族的TRPC3,TRPC7形成。TRPC6通道可被G蛋白耦联受体（GPCR）和受体酪氨酸激酶（receptortyrosinekinasesRTK）通过激活磷脂酶C（PLC）激活。其还可直接被第二信使DAG（diacylglycer01）激活。已有研究证实该通道通过激活上述信号传导通路参与了多种生理过程。TRPC6基因编码的蛋白在人体多个部位均有表达。TRPC6在中枢神经系统广泛表达。其在不同部位的表达量不同,并与TRPC家族的其他成员一起参与了多种生理过程。TRPC6引起的细胞阳离子浓度的变化可能参与了多种神经系统疾病的发生发展过程。因此。研究TRPC6在中枢神经系统中的作用对疾病发病机制的了解及治疗变得更有意义。本文就TRPC6在中枢神经系统中的作用进行综述,并主要介绍其在树突发育,神经元保护及细胞生长方面的作用。     

The petunia AGL6 gene has a SEPALLATA-like function in floral patterning

SEPALLATA ( SEP ) MADS-box genes are required for the regulation of floral meristem determinacy and the specification of sepals, petals, stamens, carpels and ovules, specifically in angiosperms. The SEP subfamily is closely related to the AGAMOUS LIKE6 ( AGL6 ) and SQUAMOSA ( SQUA ) subfamilies. So far, of these three groups only AGL6 -like genes have been found in extant gymnosperms. AGL6 genes are more similar to SEP than to SQUA genes, both in sequence and in expression pattern. Despite the ancestry and wide distribution of AGL6 -like MADS-box genes, not a single loss-of-function mutant exhibiting a clear phenotype has yet been reported; consequently the function of AGL6 -like genes has remained elusive. Here, we characterize the Petunia hybrida AGL6 ( PhAGL6 , formerly called PETUNIA MADS BOX GENE4 / pMADS4 ) gene, and show that it functions redundantly with the SEP genes FLORAL BINDING PROTEIN2 ( FBP2 ) and FBP5 in petal and anther development. Moreover, expression analysis suggests a function for PhAGL6 in ovary and ovule development. The PhAGL6 and FBP2 proteins interact in in vitro experiments overall with the same partners, indicating that the two proteins are biochemically quite similar. It will be interesting to determine the functions of AGL6 -like genes of other species, especially those of gymnosperms.     

The wheat AGL6-like MADS-box gene is a master regulator for floral organ identity and a target for spikelet meristem development manipulation

The AGAMOUS-LIKE6 (AGL6)-like genes are ancient MADS-box genes and are functionally studied in a few model plants. The knowledge of these genes in wheat remains limited. Here, by studying a ‘double homoeolog mutant’ of the AGL6 gene in tetraploid wheat, we showed that AGL6 was required for the development of all four whorls of floral organs with dosage-dependent effect on floret fertility. Yeast two-hybrid analyses detected interactions of AGL6 with all classes of MADS-box proteins in the ABCDE model for floral organ development. AGL6 was found to interact with several additional proteins, including the G protein β and γ (DEP1) subunits. Analysis of the DEP1-B mutant showed a significant reduction in spikelet number per spike in tetraploid wheat, while overexpression of AGL6 in common wheat increased the spikelet number per spike and hence the grain number per spike. RNA-seq analysis identified the regulation of several meristem activity genes by AGL6, such as FUL2 and TaMADS55. Our work therefore extensively updated the wheat ABCDE model and proposed an alternative approach to improve wheat grain yield by manipulating the AGL6 gene.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">AOM3</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> AOM4</Emphasis>: two MADS box genes expressed in reproductive structures of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Asparagus officinalis</Emphasis>

The MADS box genes participate in different steps of vegetative and reproductive plant development, including the most important phases of the reproductive process. Here we describe the isolation and characterisation of two Asparagus officinalis MADS box genes, AOM3 and AOM4. The deduced AOM3 protein shows the highest degree of similarity with ZAG3 and ZAG5 of maize, OsMADS6 of rice and AGL6 of Arabidopsis thaliana. The deduced AOM4 protein shows the highest degree of similarity with AOM1 of asparagus, the SEP proteins of Arabidopsis and the rice proteins OsMADS8, OsMADS45 and OsMADS7. The high level of identity between AOM1 and AOM4 made impossible the preparation of probes specific for one single gene, so the hybridisation signal previously described for AOM1 is probably due to the expression of both genes. The expression profile of AOM3 and AOM1/AOM4 during flower development is identical, and similar to that of the SEP genes. Asparagus genes, however, are expressed not only in flower organs, but also in the different meristem present on the apical region of the shoot during the flowering season: the apical meristem and the three lateral meristems emerging from the leaf axillary region that will give rise to flowers and lateral inflorescences during flowering season, and to phylloclades and branches during the subsequent vegetative phase. The expression of AOM3 and AOM1/AOM4 in these meristems appears to be correlated with the reproductive function of the apex as the hybridisation signal disappears when the apex switches to vegetative function.     

Transgenic Medicago truncatula plants obtained from Agrobacterium tumefaciens -transformed roots and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed hairy roots

Medicago truncatula, barrel medic, is a forage crop that has been developed into a model legume. The development of new transformation methods is important for functional genomic studies in this species. Based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of root explants, we developed an effective system for producing M. truncatula (genotype R108) transgenic plants. Among the four A. tumefaciens strains (AGL1, C58C1, EHA105 and LBA4404) tested, EHA105 and AGL1 were most effective in regenerating transgenics. Callus induction frequency from root explants was 69.8%, and plantlet/shoot regeneration frequency was 41.3% when EHA105 was used. Transgenic nature of the regenerated plants was confirmed by PCR and Southern hybridization analyses. Progeny analysis revealed stable Mendelian meiotic transmission of transgenes. Because M. truncatula is particularly useful for the study of root endosymbiotic associations, we further developed a plant regeneration system from A. rhizogenes-transformed hairy roots of M. truncatula. Fertile true transgenic plants were regenerated from the hairy roots, thus allowing the assessment of gene functions at the whole plant level. Segregation analysis revealed that the hairy root genes could be segregated out in the progenies. By coupling A. rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation and the regeneration system reported here, once potential genes of interest are identified, the transformed hairy roots carrying such genes could be directly regenerated into plants for more detailed characterization of the genes.     

Overexpression of AGAMOUS-LIKE 28 (AGL28) promotes flowering by upregulating expression of floral promoters within the autonomous pathway

MADS box genes are known to perform important functions in the development of various plant organs. Although the functions of many MADS box genes have previously been elucidated, the biological function of the type I MADS box genes remains poorly understood. In order to understand the function and regulation of the type I MADS box genes, we conducted molecular genetic analyses of AGL28, a member of the Malpha class of type I genes. AGL28 was expressed in vegetative tissues in a photoperiod-independent manner, but not within the reproductive apex. This indicates that AGL28 plays a role in the vegetative phase. Overexpression of AGL28 caused precocious flowering via the upregulation of the expression of FCA and LUMINIDEPENDENS (LD), both floral promoters within the autonomous pathway. However, the loss of AGL28 function did not result in any obvious flowering time phenotype, which suggests that AGL28 may perform a redundant function. Collectively, our data suggest that AGL28 is a positive regulator of known floral promoters within the autonomous pathway in Arabidopsis.