基于全基因组学的非人灵长类适应性进化的研究进展

开展非人灵长类的基因组学研究不仅能够深入探究其演化与适应的分子机制,同时有助于非人灵长类遗传资源的开发和利用.近年来,由于研究方法和技术手段的不断发展和完善,非人灵长类基因组学的相关研究,特别是有关其适应性演化方面的研究也得到了极大的发展.为此,本文对非人灵长类基因组研究现状进行了概述,分析和探讨了目前非人灵长类适应性演化及其在生物医学研究方面的主要研究进展,并对本领域的研究进行了展望,旨在为非人灵长类的基因组学研究及其遗传资源的可持续开发与利用提供参考.     

非人灵长类声音通讯的研究进展

声音通讯是非人灵长类研究一个重要的研究领域,有助于了解非人灵长类的社会行为、个体关系、行为进化和社会演化等,甚至对探究人类语言起源和进化等方面也具有十分重要的意义。本文通过对非人灵长类声音通讯的研究内容、影响因素和研究方法等进行了梳理,探讨非人灵长类声音通讯研究的前景和展望,旨在进一步推动国内非人灵长类声音通讯研究的深入,同时为相关研究提供借鉴和参考。     

非人灵长类肠道菌群组成及影响因素

与其他哺乳动物一样,非人灵长类肠道内含有复杂的细菌群落,与其营养和健康密切相关。非人灵长类肠道菌群研究具有生态和保护的双重意义。近十几年来,得益于分子生物学研究方法的成熟和应用,非人灵长类肠道菌群研究发展迅速。本文总结了非人灵长类肠道菌群组成及其四个主要影响因素的最新研究成果。研究表明,非人灵长类肠道菌群基本上是由来自12个门的细菌组成的,其中,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是优势菌门。这些菌门包括数目繁杂的下级阶元,总体上,不同非人灵长类的肠道菌群组成在科和属水平上的相似度比在门水平上低得多。有些菌科和菌属在某些非人灵长类的肠道菌群中所占比例特别高,这些细菌往往与宿主的食物消化紧密相关。非人灵长类肠道菌群组成受到宿主种类及其系统发育关系、食性、年龄与性别、社会互动等因素的重要影响。最后,针对相关研究现状,本文提出了有待于深入探讨的研究问题。我国非人灵长类肠道菌群研究相对滞后,希望本文对推进国内相关研究有所贡献。     

黄连山自然保护区非人灵长类现状和生存威胁因素

介绍了黄连山自然保护区非人灵长类的现状。利用现有统计资料中隐含的生态信息对自然保护区中的非人灵长类的生存威胁因素作了分析。农村人口与农民收入、粮食面积、粮食产量、茶叶产量、水果产量和紫胶产量呈正相关 ;农民收入与粮食产量、茶叶产量、水果产量、紫胶产量和橡胶面积呈正相关。农村人口、农业发展和偷猎行为是保护区非人灵长类的威胁因素 ;提高农业生产效率和加强保护区管理是改善非人灵长类现状的关键     

非人灵长类性打搅行为研究进展

性打搅行为是指非人灵长类社群内非交配个体对正在发生性行为个体的干扰行为,该行为在非人灵长类中普遍存在,通过综述目前已知的36种非灵长类的性打搅行为的报道,探讨性打搅行为的功能和意义。性打搅行为具有更高度的种间和种内差异,种间的性打搅的方式不同、同时受到社会结构和婚配制度的影响;在种内受到性别、年龄、等级等因素的影响。结合川金丝猴性打搅的研究结果,从性打搅的类型、被打搅的反应、性打搅的功能以及相关假说等方面入手,对非人灵长类性打搅行为进行系统总结,旨在为我国相关领域的研究提供参考,为生殖行为学研究者启发思路,推动本领域的发展。     

关于举办“实验用非人灵长类动物专业技术交流会暨非人灵长类实验动物医师岗位培训班”的通知

正非人灵长类实验动物资源是推动生命科学发展、攻克人类重大疾病,保障生命健康的重要战略资源。在引领和支撑生命科学研究、生物技术创新和生物医药产业发展中发挥着不可或缺的重要作用,其战略地位受到了世界各国的普遍重视。为了进一步加强我国非人灵长类实验动物资源培育,开发特色实验动物模型,增强相关工作人员的职业技能。以满足重大科学研究和医药产业发展的需求,提高我国科学技术创新能力。     

非人灵长类基因修饰模型构建技术研究进展

随着以CRISPR-Cas9为代表的新型基因编辑技术的出现及发展应用,科学家们在构建非人灵长类基因修饰模型方面取得了很多重要进展。然而,首建动物嵌合、复杂基因修饰低效、传代周期长以及遗传背景复杂等多方面因素极大地限制了非人灵长类基因修饰模型的开发和应用。现对目前非人灵长类基因编辑模型构建的进展进行综述,并重点对基因编辑技术结合体细胞核移植、精原干细胞、胚胎干细胞及单倍体干细胞等技术手段在非人灵长类基因修饰模型构建中的进展进行综述和展望。     

非人灵长类的体外受精和胚胎移植

非人灵长类的体外受精和胚胎移植是了解人类生殖机制,如卵的成熟调控,受精卵的成熟与分化,胚胎着床,控制某些遗传疾病以及保护珍稀灵长类和提高实验灵长类质量的有效途径。本文从非人灵长类卵的获取(包括超数排卵,非激素刺激动物取卵),精子处理(精液采集,冻存和精子获能),体外受精和胚胎移植、胚胎的冻存等方面介绍了有关研究概况和发展动态。     

非人灵长类肠道微生物研究进展与展望

肠道微生物组被誉为动物的“第二套基因组”,与动物的个体发育、营养获取、生理功能、免疫调节等重要活动密切相关。非人灵长类在生态位、社会结构、地理分布以及进化上与人类相近,开展其肠道微生物研究不仅有助于了解灵长类的生态、保护和进化,而且对深入了解肠道微生物在人类进化中所发挥的作用也具有重要的参考价值。本文总结了影响非人灵长类肠道微生物变化的因素,包括系统发育、觅食、栖息地破碎化、年龄和性别、圈养方式以及社群生活,并探讨了肠道微生物研究在非人灵长类生态、行为、保护以及适应性进化方面的应用。未来,非人灵长类肠道微生物研究将为灵长类生态、进化和人类健康的研究提供新的视角,为灵长类的保护提供新的理论基础和研究方法。     

基于基因编辑技术的非人灵长类动物模型构建

非人灵长类疾病模型在生命科学和生物医药领域具有非常重要的地位。近年来,随着经典的靶向核酸酶(ZFNs、TALENs和CRISPR/Cas9)基因编辑技术的出现,科学家已经成功获得了多种人类疾病相关的非人灵长类模型。该文首先介绍了经典基因编辑技术和以此为基础开发的单碱基编辑(base editing, BE)以及先导编辑(prime editing, PE)技术的研究进展,随后对近年来通过不同基因编辑技术获得的非人灵长类疾病模型进行了综述,最后对目前已获得的和正在构建的非人灵长类模型的管理、保种以及动物伦理和福利等方面进行了展望。     

非人灵长类饲养与管理过程中的福利保障

实验动物饲养管理和福利保障的问题已越来越被国际社会所关注.与发达国家相比,中国对实验动物福利的研究及大众化意识则相对滞后.中国作为世界上最大的实验灵长类动物的饲养与出口国,每年遭受的国际贸易损失始终位居全球首位.为此,本文引入了实验灵长类福利的"5个自由"理论:1)动物有避免干渴、饥饿和营养不良等不利因素影响的自由;2)动物有获得舒适生活条件的自由;3)动物有脱离痛苦、受伤和疾病骚扰的自由;4)动物有表达自然行为的自由;5)动物有脱离恐惧和心理压力的自由.在上述理论的基础上,提高实验动物福利应具体从饲养的物理环境、营养供给、饲养管理、繁殖管理及饲养环境的多样性等几方面着手.通过总结国际与此相关的研究进展,旨为中国相关研究提供素材和为完善国内现行的法规及标准提出一些思路.     

Detection of early secretory antigenic target-6 antibody for diagnosis of tuberculosis in non-human primates

Tuberculosis is one of the most economically devastating, zoonotic infections of captive non-human primates. The limitations of the tuberculin skin test, which is currently used to diagnose tuberculosis in living non-human primates, make it necessary to find new, simple, and economical diagnostic methods. We describe use of an enzyme-linked immunoassay to detect IgG antibodies against early secretory antigenic target (ESAT)-6, a small protein secreted by virulent tubercle bacilli, in paired (pre- and post-outbreak) sera from 57 non-human primates involved in an outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a research colony. Of 25 animals with tuberculosis lesions at necropsy, 22 (88%) had high serum levels of the ESAT-6 antibody. The ESAT-6 antibody was found in 16% (5/32) of post-outbreak sera from animals in which tuberculosis could not be confirmed at necropsy. The strong association between the ESAT-6 antibody and tuberculosis in non-human primates documented in this study, together with the robustness of the serologic assay, make the ESAT-6 ELISA a valuable tool for diagnosis of tuberculosis in captive non-human primates.     

A preliminary study on the function of food begging in Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana): challenge to begging for nutritional gain

Several hypotheses have been developed to explain what benefits a donor may gain from sharing food with another individual, with nutritional gain assumed to be the sole benefit for the beggar. Recently, it has been proposed that begging behaviour serves a social function in non-human primates. In this study, the nutritional-gain assumption was again challenged based on observations on a captive group of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana), or golden snub-nosed monkeys. The major findings from this study are that (1) beggars sometimes left their own branches or passed by available branches to beg for similar food from other individuals, (2) beggars occasionally ignored branches that were acquired by begging and (3) food begging occurred more frequently in the all-male unit after the social rank had changed between 2 individuals in this unit. Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that some begging behaviours in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys were not driven by nutritional gain only; instead, we propose that these begging behaviours could be interpreted as attempts at deriving social benefits.     

Frequencies of oral pathologies in a sample of 767 non-human primates

In this work 767 skulls of both wild caught and captive non-human primates were studied and the following characteristics were analyzed: frequency of caries and osteolytic phenomena, presence of apical or radicular cysts, degree of bone atrophy and parodontal tissue alterations, neoplasies, supernumerary teeth, and cusps. Caries and osteolytic phenomena were more frequent in captive animals because of their “anthropic” diet, while frequency of dental fractures was higher in wild primates because of their higher environmental stress. The most frequent pathologies observed in non-human primates were tartar, parodontopathies, and condylar wear, while caries and osteolytic phenomena were minimal. Condylar wear was very frequent but not very marked and possibly due to “physiological” responses and not, as in humans, to a force unbalance which occurs in masticatory dynamics of the temporomandibular joint.     

A survey for helminth parasites in feral New World non-human primate populations and its comparison with parasitological data from man in the region

A survey for helminth parasites in feral New World non-human primates was conducted and compared with parasitological data from man in the region. A total of 835 fecal samples were collected from feral Aotus nancymae, A. vociferans, Saguinus labiatus, S. mystax, Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis, S. sciureus macrodon, Lagothrix lagotricha and Cacajao calvus rubicundus. In addition, adult parasites were collected from necropsies performed on monkeys that died during quarantine and in captivity. Helminth parasites shared by non-human primates and man in Peru were Ancylostoma braziliensis and Ascaris lumbricoides, found in a captive L. lagotricha; Necator americanus, found in a captive C. calvus rubicundus; Hymenolepis diminuta, found in feral Aotus spp. and S. mystax; and a single Trichuris spp. specimen found in a feral S. sciureus macrodon.     

Brunner’s gland hyperplasia in a geriatric chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), an infrequently reported lesion

Benign duodenal tumours have very rarely been reported in captive non-human primates and are also rare in human beings. Brunner's gland hyperplasia has not been fully described in a non-human primate. Here, we report Brunner's gland hyperplasia in a geriatric chimpanzee, which was an incidental finding during post-mortem examination.     

关于非人灵长类的公正行为的研究

人类关注公正, 非人灵长类也表现出公正行为。本文先以现有研究资料为基础, 以理毛为例分析后认为, 非人灵长类关注投入—收益的对称性, 说明它们可能具备不公正规避这一心理特质; 关于非人灵长类公正行为的实验也表明, 它们不仅比较自身的投入—收益对称性, 而且能在社会比较过程中与其它个体相比。有实验得出期望假设和挫折效应能更好地解释被试的行为, 本文认为, 这些实验结论不一致的主要原因, 是研究者未充分考虑"投入"对被试行为的影响。文章在最后进行了总结并提出了三点研究展望。     

促进人工饲养实验猕猴心理康乐

目的促进实验猕猴心理康乐,既能减少动物异常行为的发生、获得可靠的科学数据,同时也是实现这一珍贵非人灵长类实验动物福利的重要内容。实验猕猴社会化集群、环境优化、婴猴饲养方式是影响动物心理康乐几个较大的因素,本文对其研究进展进行了综述,对推进我国灵长类实验动物福利具有积极作用。     

Extensive diversity of intestinal trichomonads of non-human primates

Despite the fact that the non-human primates are our closest relatives and represent a species-rich mammalian group, little is known about their intestinal protistan parasites/commensals. Particularly, the intestinal trichomonads represent a neglected part of the fauna of the primate digestive system. We have established 30 trichomonad strains isolated from feces of 11 primate species kept in 3 Czech zoos and performed an analysis of their SSU rDNA and ITS1-5·8S rDNA-ITS2. Our results showed that intestinal trichomonads are rather common among non-human primates. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains are unexpectedly diversified, belonging to 8 or 9 distinct species. Interestingly, the vast majority of the strains from non-human primates belonged to the genus Tetratrichomonas while no member of this genus has been found in the human intestine so far. In addition, hominoid and non-hominoid primates differed in their intestinal trichomonads. Our results suggest that captive primates possibly may be infected by intestinal trichomonads of other vertebrates such as pigs, cattle, birds, tortoises and lizards.     

The nutritional consequences of foraging in primates: the relationship of nutrient intakes to nutrient requirements.

Many studies have examined the proportion of time that primates devote to feeding on various types of food, but relatively little is known about the intake rates associated with each food. However, the nutritional consequences of foraging can only be interpreted by comparing nutrient intakes with estimated nutrient requirements. The energy available to primates from ingested foods will depend both on the composition of the food and the extent to which various constituents, including fibre fractions, are digested. Both human and non-human primates have relatively low requirements for protein as a consequence of slow growth rates, small milk yields and relatively dilute milk. Because the nutrient demands of growth and reproduction are spread out over time, it appears that primates do not need to seek out foods of particularly high nutrient density, except perhaps during weaning. Although food selection in some species of primates appears to be correlated with the protein concentration of foods, it is unlikely that high dietary protein levels are required, at least when foods of balanced amino acid composition (such as leaves) are included in the diet.