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1.
The appearance of competence for phytochrome-mediated anthocyanin synthesis in the cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Summary It is demonstrated that phytochrome-mediated anthocyanin synthesis in the epidermal cells of mustard seedling cotyledons takes place only 27 h after sowing onwards (at 25°C). This starting point cannot be shifted by light treatments or by nutrients. The late appearance of competence for P
fr (P
r and P
fr, red- and far-red absorbing forms of phytochrome, respectively) with regard to anthocyanin synthesis is not related to the phytochrome system per se (P
rP
fr) as this is fully functional immediately after sowing of the seed; nor is it related to the primary reaction of phytochrome: P
fr+XP
fr
XP
fr
X (X, X, two forms of a receptor for P
fr) or to the initial action of P
fr
X:P
fr
X+KY (K, coupling element, leading to the product Y, which is no longer photoreversible). Rather, the starting point is determined by internal factors only and is thus not accessible to any specific control by external factors. On the other hand, however, the beginning of the initial action of P
fr
X (coupling point) can be shifted by light via phytochrome under high irradiance conditions. Moreover, it is shown that there is no phytochrome-independent effect of blue light on photomorphogenesis in the young mustard seedling and that there is no rapid dark reversion of P
fr which can be detected by physiological means, at least duringAbbreviations
P
r
red-absorbing forms of phytochrome
-
P
fr
far-red-absorbing forms of phytochrome
-
P
1
total spectrophotometrically detectable phytochrome
- HS
Hoagland's nutrient solution
- HIR
high irradiance response 相似文献
2.
J. W. S. Brown Y. Ma F. A. Bliss T. C. Hall 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1981,59(2):83-88
Summary Charge and molecular weight heterogeneity of globulin-1 (G1) polypeptides of the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Different bean cultivars were classified into three groups: Tendergreen, Sanilac, and Contender on the basis of their protein subunit composition. Nine distinct major bands: 51,49, 48.5,48T, 48S, 47, 45.5, 45S, and 45C, and two minor bands: 46T and 46S were found to account for the three profiles seen on one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Two-dimensional analysis revealed these eleven protein bands to be composed of a minimum of fourteen distinct protein subunits. The Tendergreen and Sanilac types differ in their G1 polypeptide composition. The protein patterns of the Contender types are intermediate, containing many protein subunits found in the patterns of the Tendergreen and Sanilac types suggesting a genetic and evolutionary relationship. 相似文献
3.
The karyotype of three species of South American grasshoppers are studied in this paper. Leiotettix sanguineus has two chromosome races, one of them with 2n=23 and an XO sex mechanism and the other, as far as we know limited to the Cerro Chato population, with 2n=22 and an XY sex mechanism. Leiotettix politus has two kinds of individuals, one with 2n=14 and XY sex chromosomes and the other 2n=13 and an X1X2Y mechanism. Dichroplus dubius presents 2n=21 and an X1X2Y sex chromosomes. One of the three specimens studied shows aberrant behaviour in the meiotic process. 相似文献
4.
In Fuji, the production of ethylene was increased with the addition of AgNO3 and inhibited with the addition of 10 M aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). The addition of 80 M AgNO3 to transformed explants of Fuji cultured on selection medium resulted in increased ethylene production (20 l l–1) at 3 weeks. Under examining the effect of AgNO3 in Fuji, the 40 M AgNO3 showed with higher 33.8% and 6.5% in the efficiency of regeneration and transformation. However, ethylene production in Gala explants treated with 10M AgNO3 (3 l l–1) decreased after 2 weeks compared with the control (5 l l–1). Although the regeneration efficiency of Gala with 10 M AgNO3 was higher (41.1%) than the control (20.1%), there was no significant difference in the transformation efficiency at the same concentration. Shoot regeneration of Fuji and Gala was completely inhibited with 10 M AVG. These results suggest that the addition of AgNO3 affects the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in Fuji.Eun Soo Seong, Ill Min Chung- These two Authors Contributed equally to this work 相似文献
5.
Hiroyuki Noji Toyoki Amano Masasuke Yoshida 《Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes》1996,28(5):451-457
Exchange-out of amide tritium from labeled -subunit of 33 complex of F0F1-ATP synthase was not accelerated by ATP, suggesting that hemagglutinin-type transition of coiled-coil structure did not occur in -subunit. Local topology of nucleotide binding site and switch II region of G-protein resemble those of F1- subunit and other proteins which catalyze ATP-triggered reactions. Probably, binding of nucleotide to F0F1-ATP synthase induces conformational change of the switch II-like region with transforming subunit structure from open to closed form and this transformation results in loss of hydrogen bonds with the subunit, thus enabling the subunit to move. 相似文献
6.
An approach for parameter estimators design of biotechnological processes (BTP) is presented in case of lack of real time information about state variables. It is based on general reaction rate models and measurements of at least one reaction rate. A general parameter estimator of BTP is designed with the help of which specific rate estimators are synthesized. Stability and convergence of an estimator of specific growth rate for a class of aerobic batch processes are proved. Its effectiveness is illustrated by simulation results. The proposed on-line parameter estimation approach can be used for design of BTP on-line variable estimation algorithms (variable observers of BTP).List of Symbols
X, S, P g/l
biomass, substrate and product concentrations
-
C g/l
oxygen concentration in the culture broth
-
C
sg/l
saturation concentration of oxygen in the culture broth
-
C
in, Coutg/l
oxygen concentrations in the input air flow and in the outlet gasphase
-
F
in, Foutl/h
the input air flow in the fermenter and output air flow
-
OUR g/(lh)
oxygen consumption rate
-
OUR
mg/(lh)
measured values of OUR
-
V l
volume
-
, , l/h
specific growth, consumption and synthesis rates
-
K
La(o) l/h
specific volumetric mass transfer coefficient
-
D l/h
dilution rate
-
R
X, RS, RPg/(lh)
biomass growth, substrate consumption and product synthesis rates
- K
b
matrix of yield coefficients
- Hb(), H()
matrices of known functions of
- H(R)
matrix of known functions of R
-
and
gain matrices
-
a vector of the state variables
-
()
a reactions rates vector, describing qualitative relations among the components
-
R()
a reactions rates vector, describing qualitative and quantitative relations among the components
-
F
a feed rates vector
-
Q
a gaseous outflow rates vector
-
b
()
a vector of unknown functions of
-
1()
a vector of functions
-
(t)
a vector of unknown time-varying parameters
-
2(, )
an auxiliary vector-function of and
-
Y
X/S, YX/C, YX/P
substrate, oxygen and product yield coefficients
-
b
maintenence coefficient
-
k
i(i=1...6)
kinetic coefficients
-
C
i(i=1,2)
design parameters estimate 相似文献
7.
Wayne Paul Maddison 《Chromosoma》1982,85(1):23-37
Observations of male meiosis and female chromosome number indicate that eight species of Pellenes have the X1X2O male, X1X1X2X2 female sex chromosome system typical of salticids, four species have an X1X2X3Y male, X1X1X2X3X3X3 female system, and one species has both X1X2O and X1X2X3Y males. This is the first report of a Y chromosome in spiders. It is hypothesized that the X1X2X2Y system was derived from an X1X2O system by a tandem X-autosome fusion which yielded the X2 and a centric autosome-autosome fusion which yielded the Y. Data on heteropycnosis, chiasmata, segregation, chromosome number and arm length support this hypothesis. The distribution of the X1X2X3Y system within the genus is phylogenetically confusing and suggests that the two sex chromosome systems have been maintained together as a polymorphism in some lineages for long periods of time or that there have been repeated derivations of the X1X2X3Y or X1X2O systems. 相似文献
8.
Anton F. Post 《Archives of microbiology》1986,145(4):353-357
Transitions in growth irradiance level from 92 to 7 Em-2 s-1 and vice versa caused changes in the pigment contents and photosynthesis of Oscillatoria agardhii. The changes in chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin contents during the transition from high to low irradiance (HL) were reflected in photosynthetic parameters. In the LH transition light utilization efficiencies of the cells changed faster than pigment contents. This appeared to be related to the lowering of light utilization efficiencies of photosynthesis. As a possible explanation it was hypothesized that excess photosynthate production led to feed back inhibition of photosynthesis. Time-scales of changes in the maximal rate of O2 evolution were discussed as changes in the number of reaction centers of photosystem II in relation to photosynthetic electron transport. Parameters that were subject to change during irradiance transitions obeyed first order kinetics, but hysteresis occurred when comparing HL with LH transients. Interpretation of first order kinetic analysis was discussed in terms of adaptive response vs changes in growth rate.Non-standard abbreviations Chla
chlorophyll a
- CPC
C-phycocyanin
- PS II
photosystem II
- PS I
photosystem I
- RC II
reaction center of photosystem II
- P
photosynthetic O2-evolution
- I
irradiance, Em-2 s-1
-
light utilization efficiency of cells, mmol O2·mg dry wt-1·h-1/Em-2 s-1
-
light utilization efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus, mol O2·mol Chla
-1·h-1/Em-2 s-1
- Pmax
maximal rate of O2 evolution by cells, mol O2·mg dry wt-1·h-1
- Pmax
maximal rate of O2 evolution by photosynthetic apparatus, mol O2·mol·Chla
-1·h-1
- LL
low light, E m-2 s-1
- HL
high light, E m-2 s-1
- LH
low to high light transition
- HL
high to low light transition
-
k
specific rate of adaptation, h-1
-
specific growth rate, h-1
-
Q
pool size of cell constituent, mol·mg dry wt-1
-
q
net synthesis rate of cell constituent, mol·mg dry wt-1·h-1 相似文献
9.
Natural abundance of 15N ( 15N) of leaves harvested from tropical plants in Brazil and Thailand was analyzed. The 15N values of non-N2-fixing trees in Brazil were +4.5±1.9, which is lower than those of soil nitrogen (+8.0±2.2). In contrast, mimosa and kudzu had very low 15N values (–1.4+0.5). The 15N values of Panicum maximum and leguminous trees, except Leucaena leucocephala, were similar to those of non-N2-fixing trees, suggesting that the contribution of fixed N in these plants is negligible. The 15N values of non-N2-fixing trees in Thailand were +4.9±2.0. Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania grandiflora, Casuarina spp. and Cycas spp. had low 15N values, close to the value of atmospheric N2 (0), pointing to a major contribution of N2 fixation in these plants. Cassia spp. and Tamarindus indica had high 15N values, which confirms that these species are non-nodulating legumes. The 15N values of Acacia spp. and Gliricidia sepium and other potentially nodulating tree legumes were, on average, slightly lower than those of non-N2-fixing trees, indicating a small contribution of N2 fixation in these legumes. 相似文献
10.
Jui H. Wang 《Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes》1988,20(4):407-422
Recent studies of chemically modified F1-ATPases have provided new information that requires a revision of our thinking on their catalytic mechanism. One of the subunits in F1-ATPase is distinguishable from the other two both structurally and functionally. The catalytic site and regulatory site of the same subunit are probably sufficiently close to each other, and the interaction between the various catalytic and regulatory sites are probably sufficiently strong to raise the uni-site rate of ATP hydrolysis by several orders of magnitude to that of promoted (multi-site) ATP hydrolysis. Although all three subunits in F1 possess weak uni-site ATPase activity, only one of them () catalyzes promoted ATP hydrolysis. But all three subunits catalyze ATP synthesis driven by the proton flux. Internal rotation of the 33 or 3 moiety relative to the remainder of the F0F1 complex did not occur during oxidative phosphorylation by reconstituted submitochondrial particles. 相似文献
11.
The velocity with which Aedes aegypti (L.) reacted to odors from a human arm was the same with and without additional carbon dioxide, and was found to increase asymptotically. The derivative dy/dx=–bXln described the velocity of response and was not different from the derivatives of the actual data. CO2 may exert its main effect within the central nervous system.
Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit, mit der Aedes aegypti auf den Geruch eines menschlichen Armes reagierte, war mit und ohne Kohlendioxyd-Zusatz die gleiche und nahm asymptotisch zu. Die Ableitung dy/dx=–bXln beschreibt die Geschwindigket der Reaktion und weicht von der Ableitung der aktuellen Versuchsdaten nicht ab. CO2 mag seine Hauptwirkung innerhalb des Zentralnervensystems entfalten.相似文献
12.
Jacques Raymond Brahim Mimouni Jean-Louis Azanza 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》1994,193(1-4):69-79
The seed storage globulins from sixHelianthus and four hybrids were studied using mono and bidimensional gel SDS electrophoresis (+ 2 mercaptoethanol). The polypeptide composition of each subunit was determined. Different pairs are specifically expressed according to the species studied. Three typical patterns were discriminated. All the studied species exhibit five subunits: two of them are expressed in all the species (11 and 22). The subunit corresponding to the 11 pair is present inH. petiolaris and in the three populations ofH. annuus studied. The 2b2 pair is common toH. annuus andH. argophyllus. H. petiolaris presents two specific 2a2 and 44 pairs andH. annuus a specific 33 pair. InH. argophyllus 11 33 or 44 are never observed but are replaced by 13 and 31 pairs. Some globulins, poorly represented, are of forms but present chains of higher molecular weights (in the range 54–56 kDa). Expressing variations in the banding patterns between these species by the use of a similarity index reveals complete identity between the three populations ofH. annuus. Identity between the twoH. petiolaris studied is also observed.H. annuus andH. argophyllus appear to be closer to each other thanH. petiolaris concerning the seed storage globulins. 相似文献
13.
,-Dehydroamino acids are useful peptide modifiers. However, their stereoelectronic properties still remain insufficiently recognized. Based on FTIR experiments in the range of s(N-H), AI, AII and s(C=C) and ab initio calculations with B3LYP/6-31G*, we studied the solution conformational preferences and the amide electron density perturbation of Ac-Xaa-NHMe, where Xaa = Ala, (E)-Abu, (Z)-Abu, (Z)-Leu, (Z)-Phe and Val. Each of these dehydroamides adopts a C5 structure, which in Ac-Ala-NHMe is fully extended and accompanied by the strong C5 hydrogen bond. Interaction with bond C=C lessens the amidic resonance within the flanking amide groups. The N-terminal C=O bond is noticeably shorter, both amide bonds are longer than the corresponding bonds in the saturated entities and the N-terminal amide system is distorted. Ac-Ala-NHMe constitutes an exception. Its C-terminal amide bond is shorter than the standard one and both amide systems are ideally planar. Ac-(E)-Abu-NHMe shares stereoelectronic features with both Ac-Ala-NHMe and (Z)-dehydroamides. 相似文献
14.
Ping Z. Ding Kunio Kawamura James P. Ferris 《Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere》1996,26(2):151-171
The 5-phosphorimidazolide of uridine reacts on Na+-montmorillonite 22A in aqueous solution to give oligomers as long as 7 mers. The maximum chain length increases to 9 mers and the overall oligomer yield increases when 9:1 ImpU, A5 ppA mixtures react under the same conditions. The oligomer yield and maximum chain length decreases with the structure of the added pyrophosphate in the order A5 ppA>A5 ppU>U5 ppU. Structure analysis of individual oligomer fractions was performed by selective enzymatic hydrolyses followed by HPLC analysis of the products. The regioselectivity for 3,5-bond formation is 80–90% in the 9:1 ImpU, A5 ppA reaction, a percentage comparable to that observed in the 9:1 ImpA, A5 ppA reaction. Oligomerization of ImpU is inhibited by addition of dA5 ppdA, and MeppA. No oligomers containing A5 ppU were products of the 9:1 ImpU, A5 ppA reaction, a finding consistent with the simple addition of the ImpU to the A5 ppA and not the rearrangement of an ImpU-A5 ppA adduct. Concentrations of lysine or arginine which were close to that of the ImpU did not inhibit oligomer formation. Treatment of Na+-montmorillonite with 1 M arginine yielded arginine-montmorillonite, an amino acid-mineral adduct which did not catalyze ImpU oligomerization. Neither the 4–9 mers formed in the 9:1 ImpU, A5 ppA reaction nor the 4–9 mers formed by the base hydrolysis of poly(U) served as templates for the formation of oligo(A)s. 相似文献
15.
Robert Matthey 《Genetica》1969,40(1):517-526
The conclusions ofRaicu, Kirillova & Hamar (1969), according to whichMicrotus arvalis has multiple sex chromosomes (X
1
X
2
Y
1
Y
2, X
1
X
1
X
2
X
2), are in contradiction to the earlier work ofRenaud (1938) andMatthey (1953) who have reported heterogamety of the XY, XX type for this species as is the situation in the majority of mammals. The mechanism proposed byRaicu and his coauthors in unknown in mammals where only cases of multiple sex-chromosome mechanisms XY
1
Y
2, XX and X
1
X
2
Y, X
1
X
1
X
2
X
2 have been described. It was necessary therefore to reexamine the situation in this vole. The author is of the opinion that the conclusions ofRaicu and his coauthors cannot be substantiated and that in this case we have indeed the common type of sex determination. 相似文献
16.
Kim SG Gao ZG Soltysiak KA Chang TS Brodie C Jacobson KA 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2003,23(3):401-418
1. We recently reported that the activation by UDP of rat P2Y6 nucleotide receptors expressed in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells protected them from TNF-induced apoptosis by suppressing activation of caspase 3 and 8. This study aims to characterize the involvement of intracellular signaling pathways, including kinases, involved in the antiapoptotic effect of UDP.2. Cell death was induced in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells permanently expressing the rat P2Y6 receptor by exposure to TNF in the presence of cycloheximide. The apoptotic fraction was analyzed using flow cytometry.3. The activation of P2Y6 receptors by UDP both protected the astrocytes from TNF- induced apoptosis and activated protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes. The phorbol ester PMA also activated PKC and protected the cells from TNF-induced cell death. The - and -isotypes of PKC were both activated in a persistent fashion upon 5-min exposure to either UDP (10 M) or the phorbol ester PMA (100 nM). The PKC isotype was markedly activated upon UDP treatment.4. The addition of PKC inhibitors, GF109203X or Gö6976, partially antagonized the protective effect of UDP and reduced the UDP-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (Erk). The inhibitors of Erk, PD98,059 or U0126, antagonized UDP-induced protection.5. The antiapoptotic protein, Akt, was not affected by P2Y6 receptor activation. Incubation of the astrocytes with calcium modifiers, BAPTA-AM or dantrolene, did not affect the UDP-induced protection from apoptosis.6. The addition of phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors, D609 or U73122, partially antagonized both UDP-induced protection and PKC activation.7. Therefore, it is suggested that P2Y6 receptors in 1321N1 cells, through coupling to PC-PLC and PI-PLC, activate PKC to protect against TNF -induced apoptosis, in which the activation of Erk is involved in part. 相似文献
17.
Shafer FE Dropulic B Ely C Schaefer CA Freas D Witkowska HE Schechter AN Noguchi CT Dewey M Karlsson S 《Journal of biomedical science》1994,1(3):147-153
Two transgenic lines of mice were produced which contained the S
Antilles- and 2-hemoglobin genes trandemly coupled to the micro locus control region (LCR). The LCRS
Antilles2-hemoglobin transgenic mice expressed high levels of 2-hemoglobin while S
Antilles-hemoglobin expression was virtually undetectable. Abundant 2-hemoglobin protein was observed in the blood of transgenic mice, while S
Antilles-hemoglobin chains could not be detected. Transgenic red blood cells had substantially decreased sensitivity to osmotic lysis. Attempts to produce homozygotes containing the transgene were unsuccessful. The phenotype of these mice closely resembles that of -thalassemic mice. The LCRS
Antilles2 transgenic mice demonstrate that if the LCR is coupled to the S
Antilles- and 2-hemoglobin genes in tandem, only the distal 2-hemoglobin gene is selected for expression to significant levels in adult mice. These results support a reciprocally competitive model for LCR-hemoglobin developmental switching. 相似文献
18.
The diversity of isoforms of retinoic acid (RA) receptors (RARs) and of DNA sequences of retinoic acid-responsive elements (RAREs) suggests the existence of selectivities in the RAR/RARE recognition or in the subsequent gene modulation. Such selectivities might be particularly important for RAREs involved in positive feedback, eg. the RAR RARE. In the present work we found that in several epithelial cell lines, reporter constructs containing the RAR RARE linked to the HSV-tk promoter were transactivated in the presence of RA by endogenous RARs and co-transfected RAR1 and RAR2 isoforms, but not by RAR1. On the contrary, this latter isoform behaved towards the RAR RARE as an inhibitor of the transactivation produced by endogenous RARs and by cotransfected RAR1 and RAR2. RAR1 also behaved as an antagonist of the transactivation produced by cotransfected RXR. The natural RAR gene promoter or RAR RARE tk constructs were not activated by the endogenous receptors of normal human keratinocytes (NHK), which are known to contain predominantly RAR1. It was, however, possible to activate to a certain extent RAR RARE-reporter constructs in NHK by co-transfecting RAR1, RAR2 or RXR. The antagonist behavior of RAR1 towards the RAR RARE may explain why in certain cell types such as keratinocytes, RAR is neither expressed nor induced by RA.Abbreviations DMEM
Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DMSO
dimethyl sulfoxide
- FCS
fetal calf serum
- MEM
minimal Eagle medium
- NHK
normal human keratinocyte
- RA
retinoic acid
- RAR
retinoic acid receptor
- RARE
retinoic acid responsive element
- TRE
thyroid responsive element
- VDRE
vitamin D response element
- RXR
retinoid X receptor 相似文献
19.
The disruption of a typical filamentous fungus, a native strain of Neurospora sitophila, was studied using a glass bead mill of novel design (the Sulzer Annu Mill 01). Cell concentration (in the range of 2.5–5 g dry weight/L) had little influence on the disruption attained. Disruption increased with increasing rotor speed (1000 –4000 r.p.m.) and number of passes (up to six passes) through the Annu Mill. Disruption was observed to follow traditional first-order kinetics for bead mills possessing predominantly plug flow characteristics. It was concluded that in general the Annu Mill would be applicable for the disruption of filamentous organisms.Nomenclature CP
aqueous-phase soluble protein concentration of disrupted sample (g/mL)
- CP,MAX
aqueous-phase soluble protein concentration of a completely disrupted sample (g/mL)
- CPO
aqueous-phase soluble protein concentration of undisrupted sample (g/mL)
- N
number of passes though the bead mill (–)
- R
total fraction of cells disrupted (–)
Greek Letters C
internal moisture volume fraction of undisrupted cells (–)
- L
aqueous phase volume fraction of disrupted cell suspension (–)
- LO
aqueous phase volume fraction of undisrupted cell suspension (–)
- L,MAX
aqueous phase volume fraction at complete disruption (R=1) (–)
-
fluid density (kg/m3)
- C
density of the microorganism (kg/m3)
- L
density of the suspending aqueous phase (kg/m3)
-
suspension batch residence time in the Annu Mill 01 (min.)
Abbreviations DW
dry weight 相似文献
20.
L. Mario Amzel 《Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes》1981,13(3-4):109-121
F1-ATPases are large multimeric proteins that can be isolated from the membrane bound system that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP by inorganic phosphate in bacteria, plants, and mitochondria. They can be visualized in electron micrographs of the inner mitochondrial membranes where they appear as large protruding spheres 90 Å in diameter. The purified F1-ATPases have a molecular weight of 320,000 to 400,000 daltons and are composed of five non-identical subunits (, , , and ). The stoichiometry of these subunits in the complex is still unknown but compositions of the type 33 and 22222 were found to be consistent with some of the available experimental data. This review discusses the recent data and the experimental approaches utilized for the structural characterization of F1-ATPases. 相似文献