纳豆激酶基因的表达及纯化

利用PCR方法从分泌纳豆激酶的枯草杆菌基因组DNA中扩增得到纳豆激酶基因(NK),利用基因重组技术构建了纳豆激酶基因的表达载体pETNK。在诱导下,实现了在大肠杆菌中高效表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳分析和薄层扫描结果显示,表达的目的蛋白占菌体蛋白的21．5％。将表达产物经过DEAE-Cellulos-DE52和Sephedax-G100两个柱分离纯化,得到纯的纳豆激酶蛋白干粉,经琼脂糖-纤维蛋白平板法测出纳豆激酶干粉的溶栓活性相当于200u尿激酶。从基因工程角度研究纳豆激酶基因的克隆、表达及纯化,为用基因工程菌生产纳豆激酶奠定了基础。     

纳豆激酶基因的克隆与表达

利用ＰＣＲ方法从分泌纳豆激酶的枯草杆菌基因组ＤＮＡ 中扩增得到了纳豆激酶基因,并测定其核苷酸序列．利用基因重组技术构建了纳豆激酶基因的表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达．ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表明,表达蛋白占菌体蛋白的１５．２％ ,琼脂糖－纤维蛋白平板法测出表达产物具有溶解血栓活性．     

纳豆激酶基因在E.coli HB101中的初步表达研究

利用PCR技术以纳豆杆菌染色体DNA为模板扩增纳豆激酶基因,将该基因克隆到温度诱导型表达形体pVB220上,转化E．coliHB101,获得转豆激酶基因重组菌。在确定了其最佳培养时间与诱导时间后,SDS－PAGE分析结果表明基因表达产物为分泌型,蛋白表达量占菌体蛋白的12％左右,液体发酵后纳豆激酶产量可达120U／ml菌液,对重组菌中重组质粒的稳定性进行研究,结果表明该质粒在宿主菌中具有良好的分离稳定性,而结构稳定性较差。     

纳豆激酶基因在大肠杆菌中活性表达的比较研究

实现纳豆激酶基因 (nattokinasegene)在大肠杆菌中高活性表达 ,并说明前肽 ( pro序列 )对纳豆激酶的活性表达必不可少。以纳豆芽孢杆菌基因组DNA为模板 ,采用PCR方法分别扩增编码信号肽、前肽及成熟肽的序列 ( pre pro NK)和编码前肽、成熟肽的序列 (pro NK) ,构建了大肠杆菌表达质粒 pTYB1 0 1 ,pTYB1 0 2 ,转化大肠杆菌ER2 5 66。在IPTG诱导下 ,分别在 1 5℃ ( 1 4h) ,3 0℃ ( 3h)和 3 7℃ ( 2h)培养。结果可见 ,pTYB1 0 2能表达有活性的纳豆激酶。SDS PAGE表明 ,1 5℃表达杂蛋白更少。薄层扫描显示表达的纳豆激酶占菌体总蛋白的 3 0 %以上。成功制备了表达纳豆激酶的工程菌。     

纳豆激酶基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

纳豆激酶纳是从日本传统食品纳豆中发现的一类具有溶栓效果的蛋白酶,由于其具有安全,高效,作用时间长,易吸收,廉价等优点,现在正成为一个开发治疗血栓类疾病药物的研究热点。从本实验室保存的一株高溶栓的纳豆杆菌N07出发,提取总基因组DNA,利用PCR手段扩增获得了纳豆激酶长为825bp的成熟肽基因片段。构建重组表达质粒pPICZaA-NK,经EcoR I、Xba I双酶切、PCR、测序验证得出重组表达质粒上的外源基因即为825bp的目的片段;将重组质粒pPICZaA-NK用内切酶Sac I线性化后电击导入毕赤酵母X33,通过含Zeocin的YPDS平板筛选获得重组酵母。重组酵母在BMMY培养基中发酵培养,用1%甲醇诱导目的蛋白表达。用纤维蛋白平板法检测发现发酵上清具有纤溶活性,经硫酸铵盐析、透析、Sephadex-G50过柱等步骤分离得到纳豆激酶蛋白,进行SDS-PAGE鉴定表明,表达的纳豆激酶蛋白分子量为27KD。以尿激酶为标准,实验所得纳豆激酶发酵上清液溶栓活性约为195U/mL。成功的将纳豆激酶成熟肽基因在毕赤酵母X33中表达,为纳豆激酶基因工程进一步研究奠定基础。     

枯草杆菌DC-2纳豆激酶基因的克隆及其融合蛋白在E.coli中的表达

纳豆激酶是一种纤维蛋白溶解酶 ,有望开发成为新型的溶栓药物 .从中国豆豉中分离的具有较强纤溶活性的枯草杆菌DC 2中提取总DNA ,根据纳豆激酶 (NK)基因序列设计引物 ,用PCR法扩增NK基因 .序列分析表明 ,NK基因成熟肽编码区含有 82 5bp ,编码 2 75个氨基酸残基 ,与文献报道的序列分别有 93 4 %和 94 5 %同源性 .将NK基因插入载体pGEX 4T1构建表达质粒pGEX NK ,转化大肠杆菌JM10 9后 ,经 1mmol LIPTG诱导 4h ,发现大量NK融合蛋白表达 ,并形成包涵体 .SDS PAGE分析表明 ,NK融合蛋白作为包涵体的分子量为 5 3kD .凝胶自动扫描结果显示 ,NK融合蛋白约占菌体可溶性蛋白的 2 6 % .     

纳豆激酶基因在E.coli HB101中的初步表达研究*

利用PCR技术以纳豆杆菌染色体DNA为模板扩增纳豆激酶基因 ,将该基因克隆到温度诱导型表达载体pBV2 2 0上 ,转化_{E .coli}HB1 0 1 ,获得转纳豆激酶基因重组菌。在确定了其最佳培养时间与诱导时间后 ,SDS PAGE分析结果表明基因表达产物为分泌型 ,蛋白表达量占菌体蛋白的12%左右 ,液体发酵后纳豆激酶产量可达 120U/mL菌液。对重组菌中重组质粒的稳定性进行研究 ,结果表明该质粒在宿主菌中具有良好的分离稳定性 ,而结构稳定性较差。     

纳豆激酶酶原基因和纳豆激酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中表达

目的：构建可高效生产有活性的纳豆激酶的大肠杆菌工程菌。方法：将纳豆激酶酶原（pro-nattokinase,pro-NK)基因和纳豆激酶（natokinase,NK)基因,并分别克隆到表达融合蛋白的高效表达载体pJN上,构建出表达质粒pJNK1和pJNK2,并转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）。结果：IPTG诱导下,两个融合蛋白的表达量均达到30%,活性检测显示表达纳豆激酶酶原融合蛋白的菌株pJNK-1(BL)诱导后菌体破碎上清的溶栓活性比表达纳豆激酶融合蛋白的菌株pJNK-2(BL)高2-3倍,结论：纳豆激酶酶原融合蛋白部分自减切产生纳豆激酶成熟肽。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌菌种纯化及不同氮源对其产纳豆激酶的影响

纳豆激酶(nattokinase, NK)是一种由纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵产生的丝氨酸蛋白酶,具有良好的纤溶活性。本研究从wako Nattokinase中分离纯化出高品质的纳豆芽孢杆菌,旨在探究最适宜该菌产纳豆激酶的发酵培养基氮源。研究人员选择了6种氮源对其进行发酵实验,通过连续测定发酵液的菌量、pH和纤溶活性以观察不同氮源对纳豆芽孢杆菌产纳豆激酶的影响。研究结果表明:最优氮源为乳清蛋白,在以此为氮源的培养基中发酵培养120 h后,纳豆激酶的纤溶活性高达1 757.79 U/mL。以乳清蛋白发酵培养基对纳豆芽孢杆菌进行发酵,不仅可以得到高活性的纳豆激酶,还可为纳豆激酶应用于食品、保健品领域提供思路。     

重组纳豆激酶的研究进展

纳豆激酶是一种碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶,具有较强的直接溶解血纤维蛋白的特性,与当前的溶栓药物相比具有诸多优点,已成为新型溶栓药物开发的焦点。本文首先简要介绍了纳豆激酶基因及纳豆激酶分子的理化特性和生物学功能,对当前国内外采用基因工程技术（密码子优化、点突变、高效表达系统构建等）重组表达纳豆激酶的研究进展进行了综述,分析了其中存在的主要问题和不足以及商业化生产重组纳豆激酶的可能性,对纳豆激酶在医药、食品等行业中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Medium optimization for the production of recombinant nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis using response surface methodology

Nattokinase is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme with the potential for fighting cardiovascular diseases. Most recently, a new Bacillus subtilis/Escherichia coli (B. subtilis/E. coli) shuttle vector has been developed to achieve stable production of recombinant nattokinase in B. subtilis (Chen; et al. 2007, 23, 808-813). With this developed B. subtilis strain, the design of an optimum but cost-effective medium for high-level production of recombinant nattokinase was attempted by using response surface methodology. On the basis of the Plackett-Burman design, three critical medium components were selected. Subsequently, the optimum combination of selected factors was investigated by the Box-Behnken design. As a result, it gave the predicted maximum production of recombinant nattokinase with 71 500 CU/mL for shake-flask cultures when the concentrations of soybean hydrolysate, potassium phosphate, and calcium chloride in medium were at 6.100, 0.415, and 0.015%, respectively. This was further verified by a duplicated experiment. Moreover, the production scheme based on the optimum medium was scaled up in a fermenter. The batch fermentation of 3 L was carried out by controlling the condition at 37 degrees C and dissolved oxygen reaching 20% of air saturation level while the fermentation pH was initially set at 8.5. Without the need for controlling the broth pH, recombinant nattokinase production with a yield of 77 400 CU/mL (corresponding to 560 mg/L) could be obtained in the culture broth within 24 h. In particular, the recombinant B. subtilis strain was found fully stable at the end of fermentation when grown on the optimum medium. Overall, it indicates the success of this experimental design approach in formulating a simple and cost-effective medium, which provides the developed strain with sufficient nutrient supplements for stable and high-level production of recombinant nattokinase in a fermenter.     

Identification of two novel fibrinolytic enzymes from Bacillus subtilis QK02

Two fibrinolytic enzymes (QK-1 and QK-2) purified from the supernatant of Bacillus subtilis QK02 culture broth had molecular masses of 42,000 Da and 28,000 Da, respectively. The first 20 amino acids of the N-terminal sequence are AQSVPYGISQ IKAPALHSQG. The deduced protein sequence and its restriction enzyme map of the enzyme QK-2 are different from those of other proteases. The enzyme QK-2 digested not only fibrin but also a subtilisin substrate, and PMSF inhibited its fibrinolytic and amidolytic activities completely; while QK-1 hydrolyzed fibrin and a plasmin substrate, and PMSF as well as aprotinin inhibited its fibrinolytic activity. These results indicated QK-1 was a plasmin-like serine protease and QK-2 a subtilisin family serine protease. Therefore, these enzymes were designated subtilisin QK. The sequence of a DNA fragment encoding subtilisin QK contained an open reading frame of 1149 base pairs encoding 106 amino acids for signal peptide and 257 amino acids for subtilisin QK, which is highly similar with that of a fibrinolytic enzyme, subtilisin NAT (identities 96.8%). Asp32, His64 and Ser221 in the amino acid sequence deduced from the QK gene are identical to the active site of nattokinase (NK) produced by B. subtilis natto.     

Strategy to approach stable production of recombinant nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is widely accepted as an excellent host cell for the secretory production of recombinant proteins. In this study, a shuttle vector was constructed by fusion of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) plasmid pUB110 with Escherichia coli (E. coli) plasmid pUC18 and used for the expression of nattokinase in B. subtilis. The pUB110/pUC-based plasmid was found to exhibit high structural instability with the identification of a DNA deletion between two repeated regions. An initial attempt was made to eliminate the homologous site in the plasmid, whereas the stability of the resulting plasmid was not improved. In an alternative way, the pUC18-derived region in this hybrid vector was replaced by the suicidal R6K plasmid origin of E. coli. As a consequence, the pUB110/R6K-based plasmid displayed full structural stability, leading to a high-level production of recombinant nattokinase in the culture broth. This was mirrored by the detection of a very low level of high molecular weight DNAs generated by the plasmid. Moreover, 2-fold higher nattokinase production was obtained by B. subtilis strain carrying the pUB110/R6K-based plasmid as compared to the cell with the pAMbeta1-derived vector, a plasmid known to have high structural stability. Overall, it indicates the feasibility of the approach by fusing two compatible plasmid origins for stable and efficient production of recombinant nattokinase in B. subtilis.     

Molecular cloning of a Bacillus subtilis xylanase gene in Escherichia coli

A gene coding for xylanase synthesis in Bacillus subtilis was isolated by direct shotgun cloning using Escherichia coli as a host. Following partial digestion of B. subtilis chromosomal DNA with PstI or EcoRI restriction enzymes, fragments ranging from 3 to 7 kb were introduced into the PstI or EcoRI sites of pBR325. Transformed colonies having lost either the ampicillin or chloramphenicol resistance markers were screened directly on 1% xylan plates. Out of 8000 transformants, ten xylanase-positive clones were identified by the clearing zone around lysozyme-treated colonies. Further characterization of one of the clones showed that the xylanase gene was present in a 3.9-kb insert within the PstI site of the plasmid pBR325. Retransformation of E. coli strain with the xylanase-positive hybrid plasmid pRH271 showed 100% transformation to xylanase production. The intracellular xylanase produced by the transformed E. coli was purified by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The electrophoretic mobility of the purified xylanase indicated an Mr of 22 000.     

Secretory Expression of Nattokinase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> YF38 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Nattokinase producing bacterium, B. subtilis YF38, was isolated from douchi, using the fibrin plate method. The gene encoding this enzyme was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cytoplasmic expression of this enzyme in E. coli resulted in inactive inclusion bodies. But with the help of two different signal peptides, the native signal peptide of nattokinase and the signal peptide of PelB, active nattokinase was successfully expressed in E. coli with periplasmic secretion, and the nattokinase in culture medium displayed high fibrinolytic activity. The fibrinolytic activity of the expressed enzyme in the culture was determined to reach 260 urokinase units per micro-liter when the recombinant strain was induced by 0.7 mmol l⁻¹ isopropyl-β-D- thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 20°C for 20 h, resulting 49.3 mg active enzyme per liter culture. The characteristic of this recombinant nattokinase is comparable to the native nattokinase from B. subtilis YF38. Secretory expression of nattokinase in E. coli would facilitate the development of this enzyme into a therapeutic product for the control and prevention of thrombosis diseases.     

Production of PHA depolymerase A (PhaZ5) from Paucimonas lemoignei in Bacillus subtilis

Purification of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase (EC 3.1.1.75) from Paucimonas lemoignei is complicated because the bacterium produces several isoenzymes which are difficult to separate from each other. The phaZ5 gene of P. lemoignei encoding extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase A was functionally expressed from the constitutive P43 promoter of pWB980 in a multiple protease-negative mutant of Bacillus subtilis (strain WB800) and secreted to the culture medium. The depolymerase (apparent M(r), 42 kDa; 1.9 mg purified protein per liter culture) was purified from cell-free culture fluid to homogenity by applying only one chromatography step in comparison to at least two necessary steps if poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerases are purified from P. lemoignei. The recombinant depolymerase lacked any carbohydrate content in contrast to the glycosylated depolymerase of the wild-type. Glycosylation was not essential for activity but enhanced the thermal stability of the enzyme at high temperature. Overexpression of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in B. subtilis is more efficient than in Escherichia coli.     

粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达、纯化及其性质

利用PCR技术克隆了粪产碱杆菌 (Alcaligenesfaecalis,CICCAS1.76 7)青霉素G酰化酶 (pencillinGacylase ,PGA)基因 (GenBank登录号AF4 5 5 35 6 )。通过构建工程菌E .coli(pETAPGA) ,该酶在大肠杆菌中获得了表达 ,表达产物分泌到周质空间。进一步构建的工程菌B .subtilis (pMAPGA)和B .subtilis(pBAPGA)实现了该酶的胞外分泌表达。分泌表达的最高表达量为 6 5 3u/L ,比野生型A .faecalis表达量高 10 9倍。表达产物经硫酸铵分级沉淀和DEAE SepharoseCL 6B两步纯化 ,纯度提高 86倍 ,活力回收率达到 81% ,纯化后的PGA活力为 1.4 6 9u/mg。研究表明 ,PGA家族成员中只有粪产碱杆菌PGA和巨大芽孢杆菌PGA可以在枯草芽孢杆菌中分泌表达。与巨大芽孢杆菌PGA相比 ,粪产碱杆菌PGA的最适pH值为 8.0 ,最适温度为 6 0°C ,而且在有机溶剂中具有更强的稳定性。该酶在水相中具有较低的头孢氨苄合成活力。本研究为粪产碱杆菌PGA的获得提供了新的途径。     

A novel nattokinase produced by Pseudomonas sp. TKU015 using shrimp shells as substrate

A nattokinase was purified from the culture supernatant of Pseudomonas sp. TKU015 with shrimp shell wastes as the sole carbon/nitrogen source. The molecular masses of TKU015 nattokinase determined by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration were approximately 21 and 24 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability, and thermal stability of TKU015 nattokinase were 7, 50 °C, pH 4–11, and less than 50 °C, respectively. TKU015 nattokinase was inhibited completely by PMSF, indicating that the TKU015 nattokinase was serine protease. The results of peptide mass mapping showed that two tryptic peptides of the nattokinase were identical to a chitin binding protein from Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 (GenBank accession number gi30020946) with 23% sequence coverage. With this method, Pseudomonas sp. TKU015 produces a nattokinase/fibrinolytic enzyme and may be considered as a new source for thrombolytic agents.     

Cloning and expression of subtilisin amylosacchariticus gene

The gene encoding subtilisin Amylosacchariticus from Bacillus subtilis var. amylosacchariticus was isolated and the entire nucleotide sequence of the coding sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed an N-terminal signal peptide and pro-peptide of 106 residues followed by the mature protein comprising 275 residues. There were discrepancies in 10 amino acids between the sequence elucidated from the nucleotide sequence and the published protein sequence (Kurihara et al. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 5619-5631). The nucleotide sequence was highly homologous to that of subtilisin E gene from B. subtilis 168, with discrepancies at 12 nucleotides out of 1,426 nucleotides we sequenced. Ten of them were found in mature subtilisin coding sequence, which resulted in two amino acid changes and another one was in the putative promoter region between two genes. The productivity of subtilisin in culture broth of B. subtilis var. amylosacchariticus was much higher than that of B. subtilis 168. The enzyme gene was inserted in a shuttle vector pHY300PLK, with which B. subtilis ISW1214 was transformed. The proteolytic activity found in the culture broth of the transformed bacterium was 20- and 4-fold higher than those of the host strain and B. subtilis var. amylosacchariticus, respectively. Subtilisin Amylosacchariticus was easily purified to a crystalline form from culture filtrate of cloned B. subtilis, after a single step of chromatography on CM-cellulose.