Blood volume recovery in hemorrhaged japanese quail

• 1.1. Blood volume and plasma biochemical changes and feed and water consumption in response to a hemorrhage by phlebotomy of 30% of the calculated total blood volume with and without replacement of blood volume with physiological saline were determined in juvenile male Coturnix coturnix japonica.
• 2.2. Plasma protein and osmolality decreased rapidly posthemorrhage and did not recover by 72 hr posthemorrhage.
• 3.3. Plasma glucose, Na⁺ and K⁺ increased within Ihr postphlebotomy. Plasma Na⁺ returned to nonphlebotomized levels within 6 hr postphlebotomy.
• 4.4. Saline replacement of blood volume resulted in hypervolemia within 3–5 min postphlebotomy.
• 5.5. Phlebotomized quail receiving no saline recovered blood volume to 0 hr (nonphlebotomized) levels within l hr postphlebotomy.

     

Response of Japanese quail to hemorrhagic stress after exposure to microwave radiation during embryogeny

Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, hematologic changes in response to an acute hemorrhage were measured in exposed and nonexposed (control) juveniles and adults of both sexes. Reticulocyte numbers and percentages were depressed below control numbers at 24 hr postphlebotomy in exposed adult females. Lymphocyte numbers were depressed below control levels at 24 hr postphlebotomy in exposed juvenile and adult males. At 72 hr heterophil numbers were depressed in exposed juvenile and adult males. These data suggest that microwave irradiation during embryogeny affects the ability of Japanese quail to recover from an acute and voluminous hemorrhage and that these radiation effects are small.     

Hematological response of Japanese quail to acute hemorrhagic stress

Hematological and serum biochemical changes in response to hemorrhagic stress were determined in both sexes of juvenile and adult Coturnix coturnix japonica over 3 day period following a mechanical hemorrhage of 30% of the calculated total blood volume. There was an initial shift posthemorrhage towards greater numbers of more mature erythrocytes and fewer circulating reticulocytes. Reticulocytosis was indicated 48-72 hr posthemorrhage. Glucose and lactic acid dehydrogenase levels increased after hemorrhage. Serum beta-glucuronidase was elevated only in adults. Japanese quail seemed to recover from hemorrhage more rapidly than had been reported for chickens, other birds and mammals.     

Population kinetic study on the origin of guinea pig monocyte heterogeneity

Population kinetic studies were performed on guinea pig peripheral blood monocyte fractions isolated by counter-flow centrifugation elutriation following a single in vivo pulse of tritiated thymidine. Labeled large monocytes (volume 317 micron3; relative distribution 49%; circulating half-life 5.7 hr; and production rate 17,000 cells/ml blood/hr) accumulated in the circulation more rapidly, had a faster turnover time, and were produced in greater numbers than small monocytes (volume 283 micron3; relative distribution 34%; circulating half-life 10.8 hr; and production rate of 6100 cells/ml blood/hr). The kinetic data do not support a maturational sequence of small into large monocytes. Intermediate monocytes (volume 300 micron3; relative distribution 11%; circulating half-life 18.2 hr) and very large monocytes (volume 354 micron3; relative distribution 6%; circulating half-life 36.5 hr) had production rates, respectively, of only 1200 and 320 cells/ml blood/hr. Maxima in the labeling index curve for small and large monocytes suggested a generation time of 24 hr while grain count analysis revealed that these two cell fractions were derived from a precursor population with similar numbers of reductive divisions. Grain count analysis of intermediate and very large monocytes revealed that these cells differed from both small and large monocytes. Our data support the concept that monocyte subsets exist in guinea pig peripheral blood with different kinetics of production and survival.     

Genetic regulation of CFA expression in interspecific avian hybrids and somatic cell hybrids

Chicken fetal-leukemic antigen (CFA) is an oncodevelopmental antigen present on embryonic and neonatal chicken peripheral red blood cells (RBCs) but is not restricted to fetal stages of development in other avian species. Crosses between white Leghorn chickens and Japanese quail resulted in adult hybrids whose peripheral RBCs were positive for CFA. Of the four CFA determinants normally found in adult quail RBCs, only two were present on quail-chicken hybrid RBCs. Adult quail--chicken hybrid RBCs also possessed on CFA determinant associated with early development in both quail and chicken and one chicken-specific CFA determinant. Evidence is presented for the possible association of CFA-positive adult peripheral RBCs and the level of circulating reticulocytes. Crosses between pheasant and turkey (both with CFA-positive adult RBCs) resulted in hybrid adult RBCs expressing only a portion of the parental CFA determinants. Through the formation of somatic cell hybrids between adult chicken and embryonic Japanese quail RBCs, it was possible to induce the appearance of CFA determinants normally restricted to embryonic chicken RBCs. Approximately 50% of the hybrid cells showed reexpression of CFA, and this induction was both time and temperature dependent. Hybridization between RBCs of adult chicken and those of either adult Japanese quail or adult turkey failed to elicit the reexpression of chicken-specific CFA.     

Iron mobilization in estrogenized male quail

A single diethylstilbestrol (DES) injection (5 mg DES/100 g body wt) was administrated to several lots (three specimens each) of adult male quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The birds were sacrificed 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr after the DES injection. A significant increase in liver weight and a clear drop in the hemoglobin concentration were observed after 24 hr. Later, a progressive rise was observed in plasma iron, total iron binding capacity, plasma copper and the phosphoprotein (vitellogenin), which reached highest values after 96 hr. In the liver, the iron showed an initial increase (24 hr), due to a rise in non-ferritin iron followed by a progressive decrease. Ferritin iron increased slowly but was significantly higher after 96 hr. This experimental model on male quail suggests an estrogen response in birds that could be more general and uniform than in mammals.     

Plasma corticosterone in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo

1. Sexually immature male and female Japanese quail were divided within each sex into three treatment groups: hemorrhaged by jugular puncture; immobilized for 2 min, but not hemorrhaged (shams); and neither immobilized nor hemorrhaged (controls). 2. Hemorrhage resulted in increased plasma corticosterone levels in both sexes. Corticosterone levels in shams were higher than in controls. 3. In another experiment, Japanese quail eggs were irradiated during incubation with 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation. Nonirradiated eggs were incubated under identical conditions without irradiation. After hatching, juvenile males and females were hemorrhaged. 4. After hemorrhage, irradiated males had higher plasma corticosterone levels than nonirradiated males. No effect of irradiation on females was found. 5. The results of these two experiments indicate that male quail respond to blood loss with increased adrenocortical activity and that this response is modified in male quail after irradiation with microwaves during embryogeny.     

Serum enzymes in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation during embryogeny

1. Japanese quail eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate of 4.03 mW/g during the first 12 days of embryogeny. 2. After hatching, serum biochemical changes in response to hemorrhagic stress were measured following a hemorrhage of 30% of the calculated total blood volume. 3. Lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, glucose and protein were not affected by microwave irradiation during embryogeny either before or after hemorrhage. 4. Microwave irradiation in ovo affected the response of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity to hemorrhagic stress in Japanese quail.     

Potent stimuli for vasopressin release,hypertonic saline and hemorrhage,cause antipyresis in the rat

Two potent stimuli for AVP release into the blood, hemorrhage and hypertonic saline, were evaluated for their antipyretic effects in the rat. Hemorrhage of 20% of estimated blood volume reduced brain temperature of febrile but not afebrile rats confirming earlier research in the sheep. Hypertonic saline was also antipyretic in the rat. Hypertonic urea was somewhat less antipyretic whereas hypertonic glucose had no effect on febrile temperatures. AVP release into the peripheral circulation showed the relationship saline > urea > glucose and parallelled the antipyretic effectiveness of these solutes. The antipyresis caused by hypertonic saline was not significantly different in rats passively immunized intravenously with AVP antiserum than in rats which received hypertonic saline alone. These results provide indirect evidence that endogenous AVP is released in the brain following hemorrhage or hypertonic challenge and that this endogenous AVP can affect central febrile pathways.     

Genotoxicity of paraquat: micronuclei induced in bone marrow and peripheral blood are inhibited by melatonin

The ability of melatonin to influence paraquat-induced genotoxicity was tested using micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes as an index of damage in both bone marrow and peripheral blood cells of mice. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) or an equal volume of saline were administered intraperitoneally (ip) to mice 30 min prior to an ip injection of paraquat (20 mg/kgx2), and thereafter at 6-h intervals until the conclusion of the study (72 h). The number of the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes increased after paraquat administration both in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells. Melatonin administration to paraquat-treated mice significantly reduced micronuclei formation in both peripheral blood and bone marrow cells; these differences were apparent at 24, 48 and 72 h after paraquat administration. The induction of micronuclei was time-dependent with peak values occurring at 24 and 48 h. The reduction in paraquat-related genotoxicity by melatonin is likely due in part to the antioxidant activity of the indole. We did not observe effects of melatonin over paraquat in paraquat+melatonin groups incubated at 0, 60 and 120 min. Mitomycin C, which was used as a positive control, also caused the expected large rises in micronuclei in both bone marrow and peripheral blood cells at 24, 48 and 72 h after its administration.     

Alterations in antigen-induced DNA synthesis by specifically localizing cells and other lymphoid cells as a function of immunological memory

The effect of prior immunological experience on the antigen-induced DNA synthesis by specifically localizing cells (SLC) and other cells capable of migrating into lymph nodes (nonspecific cells, NSC) has been studied. Prior immunization with a homologous red cell antigen (sheep red blood cells, SRBC) results in enhanced DNA synthesis, relative to controls pretreated with saline, by NSC but not SLC for the first 48 hr following secondary immunization. By 72 hr both SLC and NSC show markedly reduced DNA synthesis, the SLC showing the greater reduction. Prior immunization with the strongly cross-reacting antigen, ox red blood cells (ORBC), shows a similar but milder effect; prior immunization with the non-cross-reacting antigen chicken red blood cells (CRBC) is without effect, though a similar depression of DNA synthesis by both SLC and NSC occurs 72 hr after secondary immunization with CRBC. In the presence of a concomitant secondary reaction to a non-cross-reacting (CRBC) or very weakly cross-reacting (horse red blood cells, HRBC) antigen, DNA syntheses by SLC-SRBC and NSC are depressed to approximately the same extent, suggesting that the greater depression of DNA synthesis by SLC seen in homologous secondary reactions reflects the additive effects of clonally specific and nonspecific suppressive factors. A comparison of the DNA synthesis by cross-reacting (ORBC) and non-cross-reacting (SRBC) SLC in mice given SRBC following preimmunization with ORBC suggests that “educated” SLC are considerably more resistant to the effects of nonspecific suppressors than “naive” SLC. Passively administered antibody, in concentrations that markedly reduced the numbers of direct plaque-forming cells appearing 72 hr after primary immunization, had no significant effect on DNA synthesis by SLC or NSC.     

Hematology of neonatal Japanese quail.

The hematologic development of Japanese quail was studied as a function of time through the first 49 hr post-hatching. Packed cell volumes, hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers, as well as differential percentages of lymphocytes, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes were determined. Additionally, the mean corpuscular volumes, mean corpuscular hemoglobins, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations were calculated. Of particular interest are the increasing mean corpuscular volume and the increasing number of erythrocytes which were observed as the birds aged. Between the 13th and 19th hr after hatching, an almost 2-fold increase in the erythrocyte number was detected with a concomitant decrease in the mean corpuscular volume. These findings indicate that the state of the hematologic system in quail is highly dependent on the stage of post-embryonic maturation.     

An isotonic saline for the adult blowfly, Phormia regina, and its application to perfusion experiments

Measurements have been made of Na (119 mM), K (5·6 mM), and Ca (2·4 mM) concentrations and total osmotic pressure (487 mOs/kg) of blood of adult Phormia regina. From these data an isotonic saline has been constructed which can be coupled successfully with a newly described total perfusion technique. Using this method it has been shown that adult male Phormia 5 days after emergence recover 50 per cent of their blood trehalose within 12 hr after total perfusion, and are back to normal with reference to this carbohydrate between 24 and 48 hr.     

Oesophagostomum radiatum in calves: intestinal hemorrhage associated with larval emergence

Intestinal blood loss in calves infected with various numbers of Oesophagostomum radiatum was measured using ⁵¹Cr-labeled erythrocytes, and compared with the subsequent changes in the packed cell volume of jugular blood. Emergence of histotropic fourth-stage larvae from the submucosal cysts was associated with intestinal hemorrhage in all infected calves but only in the calves given a near lethal dose of larvae was the bleeding sufficient to cause anemia. At the lower infection rates the hemorrhage caused by larvae was considerably less than that produced by the ensuing adult population. The proportion of adult worms recovered from the infecting dose diminished as the dose increased.     

Chronic methylphenidate administration alters antioxidant defenses and butyrylcholinesterase activity in blood of juvenile rats

Methylphenidate (MPH), a psychostimulant that affects both dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems, is one of the most frequently prescribed treatments for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The present study investigated the effects of chronic administration of MPH on some parameters of oxidative stress, as well as on butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in blood of young rats. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) once a day, from the 15th to the 45th day of age or an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution (controls). Two hours after the last injection, animals were euthanized, and blood was collected. Results demonstrated that MPH did not alter the dichlorofluorescein formed, decreased both thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and total non-enzymatic radical-trapping antioxidant, and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, suggesting that this psychostimulant may alter antioxidant defenses. BuChE activity was increased in blood of juvenile rats subjected to chronic MPH administration. These findings suggest that MPH may promote peripheral oxidative adaptations and cholinergic changes.     

PTERYLOGRAPHY, PLUMAGE DEVELOPMENT AND MOULT OF JAPANESE QUAIL COTURNIX C. JAPONICA IN CAPTIVITY

Japanese Quail were kept in small cages under controlled conditions of temperature and light, and their pterylography and moult are described. There are 10 primaries, 14 secondaries and corresponding numbers of greater upper and lower wing coverts. The alula has four feathers and the tail from five to six pairs of feathers. There is an apterium in the dorso-pelvic tract similar to that in other quail genera. The arrangement of feathers in the ventral and cervical tracts appears to differ from that described for some North American quail.
The chicks hatch with a covering of natal down. Pre-juvenile moult can be seen when the chicks are three days old. Juvenile body plumage is complete in about 30 days; the sides of the face, around the eyes, are the last places to acquire feathers. The tenth and last juvenile primary to grow is mature when the chicks are 41 days old.
The moult in which the juvenile plumage is replaced overlaps the post-natal moult and in part of the ventral tract natal down is replaced by the first adult feathers. This makes it possible to sex the quail at 14 days old. The first adult moult is complete, in the body tracts, by the time the birds are five to six weeks old. The dropping of juvenile primaries commences at about three weeks old and ceases when about eight weeks old. Only from three to six primaries are replaced; most birds studied replaced five. The significance of this difference from other Galliformes is discussed; it is thought to be associated with the species' migratory behaviour. Quail which remained in the controlled laboratory environment did not undergo any further moult. All birds moulted when both temperature and light period were reduced and most birds moulted when the light period alone was reduced. Adult birds housed in small cages in an unheated, unlit shed underwent a complete moult between August and December in which all primaries were replaced. This moult took 8–14 weeks to complete.     

The developing neurovascular anatomy of the embryo: a technique of simultaneous evaluation using fluorescent labeling, confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstruction.

The close spatial relationship between peripheral nerves and blood vessels in the adult is well known. However, evidence supporting the congruent development of these structures in embryos remains anecdotal. Neurovascular relationships also have been shown to be conserved in other vertebrates. This homology suggests that either peripheral nerves or blood vessels, or both, might have fundamental morphogenetic roles during embryologic development. Both peripheral nerves and blood vessels have been independently implicated as etiologic agents in the pathogenesis of congenital disabilities, and several congenital anomalies fit their distribution patterns. This article presents a technique for the simultaneous visualization of peripheral nerves and blood vessels at different stages in the developing embryo. The forelimbs of 310 quail embryos were dissected over a 1-year period. Peripheral nerves were labeled with the neural crest and axon antibody, HNK-1, followed by fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies. Blood vessels were labeled by a perfusion technique using the fluorescent dye, dioctadecyl-tetramethylindocarbocyanine. Specimens were processed and imaged in whole-mount with confocal microscopy, and images were reconstructed using three-dimensional modeling software. Both nerves and blood vessels seem to undergo a highly stereotypic sequence of development in the embryonic quail forelimb. Furthermore, the existence of a close spatial relationship between nerves and blood vessels suggests either a high degree of developmental interdependence or shared patterning mechanisms. This technique permits further evaluation of the possible role peripheral nerves and blood vessels might play in the pathogenesis of congenital disabilities and provides a starting point for further studies aimed at elucidating the means by which peripheral nerves and blood vessels are patterned in the forelimb of the avian embryo.     

Lymphocyte ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in infancy: increasing activity in peripheral blood B cells precedes their ability to synthesize IgG in vitro

Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from serial specimens from nine healthy full-term infants and two premature infants at 0, 2, 4, and 6 mo of age. The postnatal nadir in activity was 7.1 +/- 2.0 nmol/hr/10(6) cells, which is the same as the activity in cord blood lymphocytes (7.0 +/- 2 nmol/hr/10(6) cells). The activity rose twofold to 13.2 +/- 3.8 nmol/hr/10(6) cells at 6 mo of age (p less than 0.001, paired t-test), which is similar to the activity in adult peripheral blood lymphocytes (14.1 +/- 6.3 nmol/hr/10(6) cells). This increased activity in total lymphocytes reflects increased activity in the B cell population. B cell ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in two infants at 12 to 13 mo of age was 19.3 and 25.2 nmol/hr/10(6) cells, values that are four-to fivefold higher than for cord blood B cells (5.6 +/- 2.8 nmol/hr/10(6) cells) and within the normal range for adult B cells (27.9 +/- 12 nmol/hr/10(6) cells). In spite of a greatly expanded peripheral blood B cell population, studies of immunoglobulin biosynthesis in vitro demonstrated that infant peripheral blood B cells are functionally immature with no synthesis of IgG in response to Epstein Barr virus. Thus, the increase in peripheral blood B lymphocyte ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in infants precedes their acquisition of a capacity for IgG synthesis in vitro. Data from a hypogammaglobulinemic infant revealed a persistently low ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity over a 10-mo period until at 14 mo of age the activity was 8.8 nmol/hr/10(6) cells in total lymphocytes and 13.0 nmol/hr/10(6) cells in B cells, which correlated with in vivo and in vitro evidence of delayed B cell maturation. Thus, ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity may be a useful cell surface marker in studies of human postnatal B cell maturation.     

Placental transfer of vigabatrin (gamma-vinyl GABA) and its effect on concentration of amino acids in the embryo of TO mice

BACKGROUND: The mechanism of the teratogenicity of vigabatrin (VGB) is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the placental transfer of VGB and to evaluate the effect of VGB on maternal, placental, and fetal concentrations of amino acids. METHODS: A single dose of 400 mg/kg VGB in physiological saline was administered intraperitoneally to a group of Theiler outbred (TO) mice on gestational day (GD) 10. The controls received a proportionate volume of saline. Maternal blood samples, embryos, and placentas were collected at 3.5, 6.0, and 9.0 hr after treatment and their total amino acid concentrations determined in an ion-exchange amino acid analyzer. RESULTS: At 3.5 hr, there was a decrease in concentrations of some amino acids in the blood, placenta, and embryos of VGB-treated mice, but the decrease in methionine was most marked. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was significantly higher in the VGB group in both the embryos and the placentas at 3.5 hr but at 6.0 and 9.0 hr the differences were not significant. Vigabatrin levels were higher in the placenta than in the embryo at 3.5 hr, but at 6.0 hr there was an overlap of the VGB peak with that of tryptophan with very much lower levels than at 3.5 hr. At 9.0 hr, there was no vigabatrin peak in either the placenta or the embryo. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to VGB results in peak levels of the drug after 3.5 hr in the placenta and embryo. Methionine concentration is most severely affected in VGB-treated mothers, placentas, and fetuses. We speculate that this deficiency could be a possible mechanism for the teratogenic effects of vigabatrin.     

Leukocyte numbers in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo

1. Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (and a specific rate of 4 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, hematological changes in response to an acute hemorrhage were measured in exposed and nonexposed (control) juveniles of both sexes. 2. Exposure did not affect erythroid cell numbers either before or after hemorrhage. 3. Exposure affected the recovery of lymphocyte and heterophil numbers after hemorrhage, but the effect was sex-limited. 4. These data indicate that microwave irradiation during embryogeny in ovo affects the ability of Japanese quail to recover from an acute and voluminous hemorrhage and that these radiation effects are sex-limited and consistent with a previous report.