不同启动子控制下Ac转座酶基因的表达对玉米Ds因子在水稻中切离频率的影响

用水稻愈伤组织比较了Ac启动子、35S启动子与Ubi启动子控制下Ac转座酶基因（Ts）的表达对Ds因子切离频率的影响。结果表明Ubi启动子与Ac转座酶编码区嵌合基因（Ubipro-Ts)反式激活Ds因子的切离频率最高,达到了72．9％。通过杂交将Ubipro-Ts基因导入Ds因子转化植株,得到9株Ubipro-Ts基因与Ds因子共存的F1代杂交水稻植株,其中有8株Ds因子发生了切离。用Inverse-PCR的方法从其中一株杂交植株中克隆到Ds因子的旁邻序列,其DNA顺序与亲本中Ds因子原插入位点的序列不同,表明Ds因子转座到了新的基因组位点。     

不同启动子控制下Ac转座酶基因的表达对玉米Ds因子在水稻中切离频率的影响

用水稻愈伤组织比较了Ac启动子、35S启动子与Ubi启动子控制下Ac转座酶基因（Ts）的表达对Ds因子切离频率的影响。结果表明Ubi启动子与Ac转座酶编码区嵌合基因（Ubipro-Ts）反式激活Ds因子的切离频率最高,达到了72.9%。通过杂交将Ubipro-Ts基因导入Ds因子转化植株,得到9株Ubipro-Ts基因与Ds因子共存的F1代杂交水稻植株,其中有8株Ds因子发生了切离。用Inverse-PCR的方法从其中一株杂交植株中克隆到Ds因子的旁邻序列,其DNA顺序与亲本中Ds因子原插入位点的序列不同,表明Ds因子转座到了新的基因组位点。     

Ac/Ds转座系统在水稻转化群体中的转座活性及转座子插入位点旁侧序列的分析

利用本实验室构建的转Ac(AcTPase)及Ds(Dissociation)的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)转化群体,配置了Ac×Ds的杂交组合354个.检测了转基因植株的T-DNA插入位点右侧旁邻序列,研究了Ac/Ds转座系统在水稻转化群体中的转座活性.结果表明,有些转化植株T-DNA插入位点相同或相距很近,插入位点互不相同的占65.4%.检测到T-DNA可插入到编码蛋白的基因中.在Ac×Ds的F2代中,Ds因子的转座频率为22.7%.对Ac×Ds杂交子代中Ds因子旁侧序列的分析,进一步表明了Ds因子在水稻基因组中的转座活性,除了从原插入位点解离并转座到新的位点之外,还有复制--转座和不完全切离等现象.获得的旁侧序列中,有些序列与GenBank中的数据没有同源性,目前有2个DNA片段在GenBank登录.探讨了构建转座子水稻突变体库进行水稻功能基因组学研究的策略.     

Ac／Ds转座系统在水稻转化群体中的转座活性及转座子插入位点旁侧序列的分析

利用本实验室构建的转Ac(Ac TPase)及Ds(Dissociation)的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)转化群体,配置了Ae×Ds的杂交组合354个。检测了转基因植株的T-DNA插入位点右侧旁邻序列,研究了Ac/Ds转座系统在水稻转化群体中的转座活性。结果表明,有些转化植株T-DNA插入位点相同或相距很近,插入位点互不相同的占65.4％。检测到T-DNA可插入到编码蛋白的基因中。在Ac×Ds的F2代中,Ds因子的转座频率为22.7％。对Ac×Ds杂交子代中Ds因子旁侧序列的分析,进一步表明了Ds因子在水稻基因组中的转座活性,除了从原插入位点解离并转座到新的位点之外,还有复制——转座和小完全切离等现象。获得的旁侧序列中,有些序列与GenBank中的数据没有同源性,目前有2个DNA片段在GenBank登录。探讨了构建转座子水稻突变体库进行水稻功能基因组学研究的策略。     

水稻基因组上一个Ds切离及其双位点插入行为的分子鉴定

玉米转座元件Ac/Ds是hAT转座子家族的成员, 导入水稻基因组后具有转座活性, 尽管转座机制还不完全清楚, 但它们通常经保守的非复制型“剪切-粘贴”过程转座。研究表明, 在Ac编码的转座酶作用下, Ds从原位点切离后常优先重新插入到连锁位点。文章利用TAIL-PCR技术从水稻一个Ds插入突变体及其回复突变体中分离Ds侧翼序列, 结合生物信息学分析方法, 对Ds在突变体上插入位点、回复突变体内切离足迹和重新插入位点进行了分子鉴定。结果显示, 突变体中Ds从3号染色体切离后, 在原插入位点残留了8 bp足迹序列(CATCATGA), 引起Ds标记基因外显子和内含子数目增加, 从而影响基因结构。切离后的Ds重新插入回复突变体第2和第6号染色体上, 分别编码烟草胺氨基转移酶和衰老相关蛋白的2个基因的编码区。因此, 典型的“剪切-粘贴”机制不能完全解释Ds的转座行为, Ds转座存在“剪切-复制-粘贴”的特点。     

含Ds转座因子的T-DNA在水稻染色体上的分布研究

应用农杆菌介导的方法获得了有Ds因子插入的3000多株水稻转化群体, 用Inverse PCR方法, 从部分独立转化植株中分离了590条含Ds因子的T-DNA插入位点处的右侧旁邻水稻染色体序列. 根据旁邻序列中T-DNA右边界与侧翼水稻序列之间的插入序列的特征可分成6个主要类别, 其中类型Ⅰ是主要类型, 为通常的T-DNA整合, 即T-DNA右边界序列与水稻染色体序列相连, 或者其间插入小于50 bp的序列片段; 类型Ⅱ为T-DNA右边界旁先接T-DNA载体序列, 再与水稻序列相接的重组类型. 340个类型Ⅰ和Ⅱ的旁邻序列通过与已知的水稻染色体序列数据库一致性比较分析, 确定了它们在水稻染色体上的分布位置, 构建了一个Ds因子在水稻12条染色体插入的框架结构. 这340个有Ds因子插入的位点在整个染色体上平均相距0.8 Mb. 分析在第1条染色体上T-DNA(Ds)插入情况显示有21％的频率插入到预测基因的外显子中. T-DNA(Ds)在染色体上分布位置的确定, 使我们可以选择合适的Ds因子插入株作为起始株系, 导入Ac转座酶基因后, 使Ds发生转座, 从而获得新的Ds插入突变株, 为进一步利用Ds转座标签法分离水稻基因创造了条件.     

利用Ac/Ds转座子系统在水稻中获得无选择标记转基因植株的方法

获得无选择标记转基因植株是进行重复转基因及消除转基因植株中标记基因潜在危害性的关键。实验采用了Ac／Ds转座子系统在水稻(Oryza sativa,L．)中进行无hpt选择标记的转基因。将含有目的基因bar的Ds元件和hpt标记基因置于同一个T-DNA中,通过农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)EHAl05介导将Ac-T-DNA及Ds-T-DNA分别转入到不同的水稻植株,再将单拷贝的Ac-T-DNA植株与单拷贝的Ds-T-DNA植株杂交得到同时含有Ac和Ds元件的F1植株,Fl自交产生F2后代,F2植株中转座后的Ds元件与T-DNA独立分离,在总共100株F2水稻植株中筛选得到2株只含有Ds元件插入而无hpt标记基因的转基因水稻植株。结果表明,利用Ac／Ds转座子系统在水稻中获得无选择标记的转基因植株是可行的。     

插入玉米Ds转座因子的水稻转化群体及其分子分析

转座子标签法是一种利用转座因子插入高等植物基因组中造成基因突变,然后通过分离转座因子插入的旁邻顺序,进而克隆出突变基因的策略。这种策略在高等植物功能基因组学的研究中是十分有用的。为此目的,将玉米的Ds因子及bar基因连接至载体pCAMBIA1300的T-DNA区域中,构建成重组Ti质粒pDsBar1300。pDsBar1300中T-DNA区域中的潮霉素抗性基因可在转化过程中用作水稻转化植株的选择标记。插入在Ds因子中的bar基因可追踪转化后代的Ds因子。pDsBar1300通过根瘤农杆茵介导引入水稻品种中花11号的幼胚组织。从各转化愈伤组织中获得了1400株独立的Ds水稻转化植株。通过PPT抗性检测和PCR分析证明了水稻转化植株中Ds因子的整合。Southernblot分析了转化植株基因组中Ds因子的插入拷贝数,其中单拷贝插入比率约占70％。这些插有Ds因子的水稻转化植株,当引入自主型的Ac因子反式活化Ds因子后,可使Ds因子跳跃到不同位点上,就可得到更多的突变植株。     

玉米Ac双因子转座标签系统的构建及其转化烟草后代的遗传分析

用使质粒pKU3所携带的玉米Ac因子的5'末端和中间编码转座酶的基因片段分别发生缺失的方法构建成质粒pKU3（△B）和pKU3（△H）。质粒所携带缺失的Ac因子单独存在时都无自主转座能力,但当Ac（△H）和Ac（△B）共存于一个细胞时,由于Ac（△B）产生转座酶的互补作用促使Ac（△H）恢复转座能力,而当Ac（△B）和Ac（△H）因子被分离后即获得Ac（△H）因子的稳定插入突变株,它可克服因突变不稳定而给用转座因子标签法分离基因所造成的困难。将双因子系统导入烟草原生质体并获得再生植株,从而选得卡那霉素抗性植株,显示Ac（△H）因子已经从原质粒上的NPTⅡ前导顺序中切离。Sortharnblot和PCR分析表明：Ac（△H）和Ac（△B）因子已经整合在转化烟草的基因组并能遗传至F1和F2代植株中;有些植株后代中已检测不到Ac（△B）因子的存在,说明它们的Ac（△B）因子已与Ac（△H）因子相分离;各转化植株中Ac（△H）因子在基因组中的插入拷贝数从一个到几个不等;初步显示Ac（△H）因子多数插入或转座在基因组的结构基因中。     

水稻Ac×Ds后代基因组DNA中Ds侧翼序列的扩增及其Ds插入分析

采用TAIL-PCR技术从经鉴定含Ac/Ds双元件的材料中扩增Ds侧翼序列并测序, 对水稻Ac×Ds后代基因组DNA进行Ac和Ds插入的PCR分析。利用NCBI的BLAST软件, 以Ds侧翼序列为待查询序列进行GenBank在线搜索比对, 获得Ds插入相关基因的染色体定位和功能注释等信息。对扩增的93个有效Ds侧翼序列进行分析, 结果显示, 有21个水稻杂交后代中Ds插入于基因编码区, 其余72个插入在基因间序列, 其中12个插入在特定基因的上游3 kb以内的间隔区。本研究强调了提高Ds侧翼序列扩增和Ac/Ds植株筛选效率的技术关键。     

Frequency and pattern of transposition of the maize transposable element Ds in transgenic rice plants

Two kinds of T-DNA constructs, I-RS/dAc-I-RS and Hm(R)Ds, carrying a non-autonomous transposable element of Ac of maize were introduced into rice plants by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Six transgenic rice plants identified as containing a single copy of the element were crossed with two transgenic rice plants carrying a gene for Ac transposase under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. In F2 progenies, excision of the element was detected by PCR analysis and re-integration of the element was investigated by Southern blot analysis. The frequency of the excision of the element was found to vary from 0 to 70% depending on the crossing combination. The frequency of the number of individual transposition events out of the total number of F2 plants with germinal excision was 44% in one crossing combination and 38% in the other. In the most efficient case, 10 plants with independent transposition were obtained out of the 49 F2 plants tested. Linkage analysis of the empty donor site and the transposed Ds-insertion site in F3 plants demonstrated that one of five Ds-insertion sites was not linked to the empty donor site. The transgenic rice obtained in this study can be used for functional genomics of rice.     

A hyperactive transposase of the maize transposable element activator (Ac)

Activator/Dissociation (Ac/Ds) transposable elements from maize are widely used as insertional mutagenesis and gene isolation tools in plants and more recently also in medaka and zebrafish. They are particularly valuable for plant species that are transformation-recalcitrant and have long generation cycles or large genomes with low gene densities. Ac/Ds transposition frequencies vary widely, however, and in some species they are too low for large-scale mutagenesis. We discovered a hyperactive Ac transposase derivative, AcTPase(4x), that catalyzes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 100-fold more frequent Ds excisions than the wild-type transposase, whereas the reintegration frequency of excised Ds elements is unchanged (57%). Comparable to the wild-type transposase in plants, AcTPase(4x) catalyzes Ds insertion preferentially into coding regions and to genetically linked sites, but the mutant protein apparently has lost the weak bias of the wild-type protein for insertion sites with elevated guanine-cytosine content and nonrandom protein-DNA twist. AcTPase(4x) exhibits hyperactivity also in Arabidopsis thaliana where it effects a more than sixfold increase in Ds excision relative to wild-type AcTPase and thus may be useful to facilitate Ac/Ds-based insertion mutagenesis approaches.     

Ac/Ds(GUS)结构介导的水稻启动子捕获系统的建立

构建了基于Activator/Dissociation(β-glucuronidase)[简称Ac/Ds(GUS)]结构的捕获质粒p13B,用于分离水稻基因启动子.以此质粒用衣杆菌介导的方法转化粳稻品种中花11的胚性愈伤组织,对获得的18个独立转化株的T2代植株进行了抗除草剂筛选,从141个抗除草剂转基因植株中用PCR方法检测到其中37株是Ds因子发生了转座的植株,而且这种转座到新位置上的Ds因子是遗传的.初步观察到其中5株的GUS染色呈阳性.     

Characterization and mapping of Ds—GUS-T-DNA lines for targeted insertional mutagenesis

The transposition patterns of the Ds —GUS transposon T-DNA in 23 independent single-copy lines have been characterized and the map positions of 10 of them on three of the five Arabidopsis chromosomes are reported. Using overexpressed Activator ( Ac ) elements as a transposase source, it was found that the primary determinant of transposition frequency is the insertion site of the Ac -T-DNA. Neither the structure of the transposon T-DNA nor, in most cases, its insertion site have a significant effect on transposition frequency. Both the frequency and timing of transposition are influenced by the parent through which the transposon and transposase T-DNAs are transmitted. Overall, nearly 75% of plants in which excision has occurred bear a reinserted element and very short-range transpositions predominate, underlining the advantage of using mapped transposons for insertional mutagenesis.     

用无启动子的GUS报告基因捕获水稻基因启动子

构建了嵌合质粒p13DGUTs,它是在Ds转座子中插入了无启动子的B．葡萄糖醛酸酶报告基因(GUS),用于分离水稻基因启动子。将p13DGUTs转化粳稻品种中花11的胚性愈伤组织,获得了496个转基因植株。抗性愈伤组织与转基因植株的GUS染色与PCR分析表明整合在水稻染色体上的Ds因子都发生了随机跳跃。转基因植株T0代与部分T1代的GUS染色结果表明,M92转基因植株中Ds转座子整合位置上游的水稻基因启动子指导GUS基因的表达及表达的特性是可遗传的。文章对此方法在分离水稻基因启动子与基因上的应用进行了讨论。     

Excision of Ds1 from the genome of maize streak virus in response to different transposase-encoding genes

We have previously established a reverse genetic system for studying excision of the transposable element Ds1 in maize plants. Ds1 carried by the genome of maize streak virus (MSV) is introduced into maize plants by agroinfection. Excision of Ds1 from the MSV genome depends on the presence of an active Ac element in the recipient maize plants. With the purpose of exploiting MSV-Ds1 as vector for maize transformation, we studied different genes encoding the transposase (TPase) for their efficiency of activating Ds1 excision. These genes were inserted in the same T-DNA carrying MSV-Ds1 and introduced into maize plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. We showed that the wild-type TPase transcribed by the 2 promoter produced much higher efficiency of Ds1 excision than that transcribed by the Ac promoter. In contrast to what had been observed in tobacco and petunia, the truncated TPase (103–807) lacking the amino-terminal 102 amino acids gave a much more reduced Ds1 excision efficiency than the wild-type TPase when both genes were transcribed by the 2 promoter.     

Gametophyte-specific transposition of the maize Ds element in transgenic tobacco

To assess the potential advantages of a transposon-tagging system based on gametophyte-specific transposition a fusion between the anther-specific Arabidopsis thaliana apg promoter and the maize Ac transposase gene was constructed and introduced into tobacco. The ability of this transposase source to activate Ds transposition in a developmentally controlled manner was monitored by crossing to plants harbouring the cell autonomous excision marker gene construct, Ds —SPT. A number of fully green, streptomycin-resistant seedlings resulting from germinal transposition events were observed in the progeny of apg -TPase x Ds —SPT F1 plants. Streptomycin-resistant sectors were not observed in either F₁ seedlings or F₂ progeny, indicating a complete lack of somatic excision. Further crosses of apg —TPase sources to plants containing Ds—bar herbicide selection excision marker constructs gave reproducible gametophytic excision frequencies of up to 0.3%. Sequencing of Ds excision sites from F₂ seedlings derived from single F₁ plants revealed various sequence alterations in the original Ds insertion 'footprint' indicative of independent Ds excision events. Independent re-insertion was confirmed by Southern analysis of F₂ siblings. It is concluded that apg -controlled Ac transposase expression activates male gametophyte-specific Ds transposition.