生长素代谢、运输及信号转导调控水稻粒型研究进展

水稻(Oryza sativa)是世界主要粮食作物。随着我国经济飞速发展, 耕地面积逐年减少, 提高水稻总产量唯有依靠单产的增加。粒重是决定水稻产量的重要因素之一, 其遗传稳定, 受外界环境因素影响较小。粒重由粒型和灌浆程度决定, 而粒型性状包括粒长、粒宽、粒厚和长宽比。水稻种子颖壳和胚乳发育决定了粒型和粒重, 颖壳细胞的增殖和扩张限制籽粒发育, 胚乳占据成熟种子的大部分体积。而生长素调控受精后颖壳和胚乳的发育, 是调控种子发育和影响水稻产量的重要植物激素。生长素的时空分布受生长素代谢、运输和信号转导的动态调节, 以维持生长素在种子发育中的最适水平。该文综述了生长素代谢、运输和信号转导调控水稻粒型的研究进展, 以期为深入探究生长素调控水稻粒型发育机制和提高水稻产量提供线索。     

根表铁锰氧化物胶膜对不同品种水稻吸镉的影响

采用土培方法,研究了不同品种水稻吸镉的差异及其与根表铁锰氧化物胶膜的关系,结果表明：不同品种水稻其根膜,根部及地上部含镉量均存在显著性差异,且镉在不同水稻植株体内运输转移能力不同,不同水稻其根表淀积的铁锰氧化物数量也存在显著性差异,根膜及地上部的含镉量与极膜的含铁量均未达到显著性相关,但与根膜的含锰量相关性显著。     

水稻苗期吸收积累硅素的品种差异研究

为探讨水稻品种间苗期对硅素吸收积累的差异,筛选高效吸收积累硅素的材料,2002、2003年利用28个常规水稻品种,采用水培试验方法,研究了在较低硅素浓度条件下不同水稻品种间茎蘖数、根系和地上部的干物质重量、硅素含量和吸硅量的差异.结果表明,水稻品种间对硅素的吸收积累存在显著或极显著差异.初步确定TN1、白香粳、早大穗、IR36和特青为硅素高效吸收积累品种,Lemont、中平选、一目惚、武运粳7号和卷叶粳为硅素低效吸收积累品种.     

锰对植物毒害及植物耐锰机理研究进展

含锰矿渣的排放造成了严重的土壤锰污染。揭示锰毒害和植物的耐锰机制对于污染土壤治理具有重要意义。研究表明,高浓度的Mn2＋能够抑制根系Ca2＋、Fe2＋和Mg2＋等元素的吸收及活性,引起氧化性胁迫导致氧化损伤,使叶绿素和Rubisco含量下降、叶绿体超微结构破坏和光合速率降低。而锰超累积植物则具有多种解毒或耐性机制,如区域化、有机酸螯合、外排作用、抗氧化作用和离子交互作用等。根系主要通过有机酸的螯合作用促进植物对Mn^2＋的转运解毒,同时能够将过量的Mn^2＋区域化在根细胞壁中;叶片可通过酚类物质或有机酸螯合Mn^2＋,并将其区域化在叶片表皮细胞和叶肉细胞的液泡中（或通过表皮毛将Mn^2＋排出体外）。其中,金属转运蛋白在植物对Mn^2＋的吸收、转运、累积和解毒过程中发挥着重要作用。     

黄腐酸对水稻幼苗根系生长的影响及其与生长素的关系北大核心CSCD

该研究以水稻品种‘宁粳6号’为材料,通过外源使用黄腐酸(FA)与生长素抑制剂共同处理水稻,探究FA对水稻根系生长的影响及其与生长素之间的关系。结果表明:(1)50~800 mg·L^(-1) FA处理水稻幼苗6 d后,当FA浓度超过100 mg·L^(-1)时显著促进水稻种子根的伸长生长;FA浓度超过400 mg·L^(-1)时,与对照组相比水稻的平均侧根长和侧根密度显著增加。(2)与对照相比,低浓度FA处理对水稻幼苗根尖生长素的含量无显著影响,但400 mg·L^(-1) FA处理后显著提高了内源生长素的含量。(3)3μmol·L^(-1)生长素合成抑制剂4-联苯硼酸(BBo)、4-苯氧基苯基硼酸(PPBo)或30μmol·L^(-1)生长素信号转导抑制剂2-(对-氯苯氧)-异丁酸(PCIB)处理均可显著抑制水稻根和侧根的发生;1μmol·L^(-1)生长素极性运输抑制剂三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)可显著抑制水稻种子根的伸长生长与侧根发生,但对侧根长度无显著作用。(4)FA与BBo或PPBo共同处理可显著抑制FA对水稻根系伸长生长与侧根发生的促进作用;TIBA和PCIB分别和FA共同处理水稻,可显著抑制FA对种子根伸长生长的促进作用,且PCIB可显著抑制FA对侧根发生的促进作用,但TIBA对此没有显著影响。研究发现,外源FA可能通过调控植物内源生长素的合成、极性运输或信号转导来调控水稻根的伸长生长和侧根的发育。     

生长素极性运输在水稻根发育中的作用

生长素极性运输(PAT)在植物生长发育尤其是极性发育和模式建成中起重要作用.采用2种PAT抑制剂TIBA(2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid)和HFCA(9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid)处理水稻(Oryza sativa L. cv.Zhonghua)幼苗,结果表明:PAT影响水稻根发育包括主根的伸长、侧根的起始和伸长以及不定根的发育.PAT的抑制导致主根变短、侧根和不定根数目减少.外源附加生长素(NAA)可以部分恢复不定根的形成但不能恢复侧根的形成,表明在侧根和不定根的形成上可能具有不同的机制.切片结果表明,30μmol/TIBA处理后并不完全抑制侧根原基的形成,进一步研究表明生长素由胚芽鞘向基部的运输在水稻不定根的起始和伸长中起关键作用.     

花药中生长素的积累与过氧化物酶活性的关系

花药中IAA随着花粉发育不断积累。成熟花药中高水平的IAA不是由于POX所引起的分解降低所致;花粉育性低的花药中低水平的IAA也非由于POX所引起的分解增强所致。POX不是控制花药IAA水平的关键酶。     

水分胁迫对水稻籽粒蛋白质积累及营养品质的影响

以生产上广泛使用的水稻(Oryza sativa)品种‘汕优63’、‘扬稻6号’和‘武育粳3号’为材料,研究了水分胁迫对结实期水稻籽粒蛋白质积累及营养品质的影响。结果表明:正常施氮水平下,花后10~20 d的水分胁迫提高了谷氨酰胺合成酶(Glutamine synthetase,GS)和谷氨酸合酶(Glutamate synthase,GOGAT)活性,提高了籽粒自身利用无机氮合成氨基酸的能力,从而利于籽粒内蛋白质的积累,而高氮水平下,水分胁迫降低了籽粒自身合成氨基酸的能力。以重量为基数的蛋白质含有率在整个灌浆过程中呈“V”型消长,正常施氮水平下,水分胁迫明显提高了花后15 d至成熟期蛋白质含有率,而高氮水平下,水分胁迫处理的蛋白质含有率明显低于水层灌溉。与水层灌溉相比,水分胁迫提高了正常施氮水平下精米中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,但却明显降低了高氮水平下精米中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量。水分胁迫对稻米中赖氨酸含量的影响因品种、植株的氮营养水平的不同而不同,水分胁迫显著降低了两种氮肥水平下‘汕优63’中赖氨酸含量,但却明显提高‘扬稻6号’中赖氨酸含量;而‘武育粳3号’于两种氮肥水平下表现恰好相反,正常施氮水平下赖氨酸含量略有升高;而高氮水平下赖氨酸含量明显降低。     

水稻对硒吸收,分布及硒与硅共施效应

水稻幼苗根吸收的＾７５Ｓｅ在顶叶分布较多,以下各叶依次减少,但根内积累更多,当Ｙｏｓｈｉｄａ营养液加入０．１和０．３μｇ／ｍｌ亚硒酸钠,根吸收＾３２Ｐ,幼苗长高并生根;但经０．６μｇ／ｍｌ处理后幼苗生长受抑制,叶片失绿。     

螯合剂对重金属超量积累植物Thlaspicaerulescens的锌,铜,锰？…

由螯合剂ＥＤＴＡ和ＤＴＰＡ对重金属超量积累植物Ｔｈａｓｐｉｃａｅｒｕｌｅｓｃｅｎｓ吸收Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ和Ｐ的影响表明：营养液含Ｚｎ１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ条件下,植株地上部全Ｚｎ含量和根系吸Ｚｎ速率分别达到１６８１ｍｇｋｇ＾－１干重和４４８ｍｇｋｇ＾－１根干重ｄ＾－１;４３．２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＥＤＴＡ或ＤＴＰＡ处理显著抑制植株的生长,也减少植株单位根重吸收的Ｚｎ量,降低地上部和根系全Ｚｎ全Ｃｕ、全Ｍｎ     

硅素分期施用对镉污染水稻光合特性及物质积累的影响

硅(Si)可有效提高水稻对镉(Cd)的抗性,但关于优化硅肥管理对水稻耐Cd性、光合及物质积累等响应机制尚不明晰。采用受污染的农田土壤,通过盆栽试验研究移栽期施Si(T)、拔节期施Si(J)、移栽和拔节期等量分期施Si(TJ)对Cd污染水稻光合作用及物质积累的影响,以不施Si(CK)为对照。结果表明：施Si可明显提高Cd污染下水稻净光合速率,延长叶片光合功能,促进叶片Si沉积,增加Cd在叶中的固定,减少其向籽粒转移。与CK相比,TJ处理在全生育期具有较高的光合速率,产量显著高于其他处理。T、TJ、J处理叶片细胞壁Cd的固持量分别增加11.45%、24.16%和30.15%,且叶片Cd更多以惰性形态(包括果胶和蛋白质结合态Cd、不溶解性磷酸Cd和残渣态Cd)存在,导致叶片Cd转移系数降低,T、TJ、J较CK分别降低33.91%、56.67%和52.16%。此外,主成分分析结果表明,3种Si处理对水稻耐Cd性和光合特性的综合影响大小为TJ>J>T。综合考虑Si调控光合作用、产量、叶片和籽粒Cd浓度的效应,推荐Si素于移栽期与拔节期分期施用。     

OsmiR167a‐targeted auxin response factors modulate tiller angle via fine‐tuning auxin distribution in rice

Rice tiller angle determines plant growth density and further contributes grain production. Although a few genes have been characterized to regulate tiller angle in rice, the molecular mechanism underlying the control of tiller angle via microRNA is poorly understood. Here, we report that rice tiller angle is controlled by OsmiR167a‐targeted auxin response factors OsARF12, OsARF17 and OsARF25. In the overexpression of OsMIR167a plants, the expression of OsARF12, OsARF17 and OsARF25 was severely repressed and displayed larger tiller angle as well as the osarf12/osarf17 and osarf12/ osarf25 plants. In addition, those plants showed compromised abnormal auxin distribution and less sensitive to gravity. We also demonstrate that OsARF12, OsARF17 and OsARF25 function redundantly and might be involved in HSFA2D and LAZY1‐dependent asymmetric auxin distribution pathway to control rice tiller angle. Our results reveal that OsmiR167a represses its targets, OsARF12, OsARF17 and OsARF25, to control rice tiller angle by fine‐tuning auxin asymmetric distribution in shoots.     

机插秧水稻物质生产与养分积累特性研究

为明确机插水稻的物质生产与养分积累特性,该研究以早季和晚季水稻常规品种(珍桂矮和新香粘)为材料进行大田试验,设置机插秧(行距30 cm×株距12 cm)、手插秧(行距30 cm×株距12 cm)、手抛秧(27.75万蔸·hm~(-2))三种栽培方式。在水稻抽穗期测定各处理叶面积指数,在分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期分别测定各处理干物质积累量,氮、磷、钾养分积累量及成熟期稻谷产量。结果表明:在同一单位面积栽植密度条件下,早晚两季、机插秧水稻在抽穗期的叶面积指数与手插秧水稻、手抛秧水稻间并无显著差异,机插秧水稻成熟期干物质,氮、磷、钾养分积累量等方面与手插秧、手抛秧水稻无显著差异,但其前期积累的干物质及养分积累量较少,后期积累量较大。早晚两季机插秧水稻、手插秧水稻和手抛秧水稻的产量分别是7.73、7.62、6.70 t·hm~(-2)和5.91、5.97、5.90 t·hm~(-2),都未表现出显著差异。这表明机插秧水稻的产量潜力、干物质和养分积累潜力与手插秧、手抛秧水稻的差异较小,但其物质积累过程与手插秧、手抛秧水稻存在明显差异。     

TAC4 controls tiller angle by regulating the endogenous auxin content and distribution in rice

Tiller angle, an important component of plant architecture, greatly influences the grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we identified Tiller Angle Control 4 (TAC4) as a novel regulator of rice tiller angle. TAC4 encodes a plant‐specific, highly conserved nuclear protein. The loss of TAC4 function leads to a significant increase in the tiller angle. TAC4 can regulate rice shoot gravitropism by increasing the indole acetic acid content and affecting the auxin distribution. A sequence analysis revealed that TAC4 has undergone a bottleneck and become fixed in indica cultivars during domestication and improvement. Our findings facilitate an increased understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of tiller angle and also provide a potential gene resource for the improvement of rice plant architecture.     

RNA N6-methyladenosine modification promotes auxin biosynthesis required for male meiosis in rice

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Suppression of auxin signalling promotes rice susceptibility to Rice black streaked dwarf virus infection

Auxin plays a fundamental role in plant growth and development, and also influences plant defence against various pathogens. Previous studies have examined the different roles of the auxin pathway during infection by biotrophic bacteria and necrotrophic fungi. We now show that the auxin signalling pathway was markedly down-regulated following infection of rice by Rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), a dsRNA virus. Repression of the auxin receptor TIR1 by a mutant overexpressing miR393 increased rice susceptibility to RBSDV. Mutants overexpressing the auxin signalling repressors OsIAA20 and OsIAA31 were also more susceptible to RBSDV. The induction of jasmonic acid (JA) pathway genes in response to RBSDV was supressed in auxin signalling mutants, suggesting that activation of the JA pathway may be part of the auxin signalling-mediated rice defence against RBSDV. More importantly, our results also revealed that OsRboh-mediated reactive oxygen species levels played important roles in this defence. The results offer novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of auxin signalling in the rice–RBSDV interaction.     

OsABCB14 functions in auxin transport and iron homeostasis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Members of the ATP Binding Cassette B/Multidrug‐Resistance/P–glyco‐protein (ABCB/MDR/PGP) subfamily were shown to function primarily in Oryza sativa (rice) auxin transport; however, none of the rice ABCB transporters have been functionally characterized. Here, we describe that a knock‐down of OsABCB14 confers decreased auxin concentrations and polar auxin transport rates, conferring insensitivity to 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4–D) and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). OsABCB14 displays enhanced specific auxin influx activity in yeast and protoplasts prepared from rice knock‐down alleles. OsABCB14 is localized at the plasma membrane, pointing to an important directionality under physiological conditions. osabcb14 mutants were surprisingly found to be insensitive to iron deficiency treatment (–Fe). Their Fe concentration is higher and upregulation of Fe deficiency‐responsive genes is lower in osabcb14 mutants than in wild‐type rice (Nipponbare, NIP). Taken together, our results strongly support the role of OsABCB14 as an auxin influx transporter involved in Fe homeostasis. The functional characterization of OsABCB14 provides insights in monocot auxin transport and its relationship to Fe nutrition.