复合菌对十溴联苯醚的降解特性研究

【目的】利用6株十溴联苯醚(decabromodiphenyl ether, BDE-209)降解细菌，探究复合菌对BDE-209的降解特性和降解路径，为BDE-209污染环境的生物修复提供科学依据。【方法】利用高效液相色谱法测定BDE-209的浓度，通过液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析鉴定BDE-209降解产物。【结果】短芽孢杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.) M1和无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.) M2的组合对BDE-209的降解效果最好，在30 ℃、pH值7.0、接种量15%的条件下，120 h后10 mg/L BDE-209的降解效率可达87.7%。相比于单一菌株，复合菌M(1+2)可以更有效、更快地降解BDE-209。在0.5-10 mg/L范围内，复合菌M(1+2)对BDE-209的降解率随着BDE-209初始浓度的增大而增大。通过液相色谱-质谱联用仪(liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer, LC-MS)检测到11种BDE-209微生物降解产物，复合菌M(1+2)通过脱溴、羟基化、去质子化、醚键断裂和开环等反应对BDE-209进行降解。【结论】复合菌M(1+2)对BDE-209具有良好的降解能力，研究结果为进一步提高微生物对BDE-209污染环境的生物修复能力提供了良好的微生物资源。     

Pseudonomas sp.W2双酚A代谢途径的研究*

利用气相色谱质谱联用技术(GC-MS)、液相色谱紫外检测技术(LC-UV)和基因比对分析对Pseudonomassp.W 2菌株双酚A(Bpa)代谢途径进行了初步研究,发现对羟基苯甲醛、对羟基苯甲酸、对羟基苯乙酮,为中间代谢产物;并发现该菌株具有原儿茶酸双加氧酶基因(pcaG)。     

十溴联苯醚降解菌的分离鉴定、降解特性及降解机理

【背景】十溴联苯醚(decabromodiphenyl ether,BDE-209)是应用最广泛的溴代阻燃剂之一,其持久性毒性给生态环境和生物体带来了严重危害。【目的】分离出一株能有效降解BDE-209的好氧细菌并研究其降解特性及机理,以探究BDE-209的微生物降解规律。【方法】以BDE-209为唯一碳源,通过富集、分离和纯化,从活性污泥中筛选出BDE-209好氧降解细菌。采用高效液相色谱(high-performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)和液相色谱-质谱联用仪(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)分别检测BDE-209的浓度和中间产物。【结果】筛选得到一株BDE-209好氧降解细菌F,经鉴定初步判定为硝基还原假单胞菌(Pseudomonas nitroreducens)。在30℃、pH7.0、接种量为10%(体积分数)、葡萄糖浓度为250mg/L的优化降解条件下,对初始浓度为10mg/L的BDE-209的降解率可达76.2%。低浓度的Cd²⁺(≤5mg/L)未对BDE-209的微生物降解和菌体生长产生显著影响,而高浓度的Cd²⁺(≥15mg/L)对BDE-209的微生物降解和菌体生长则产生显著影响。BDE-209对细胞表面疏水性(cell surface hydrophobicity,CSH)具有一定的影响。BDE-209的微生物降解机理主要包括脱溴、羟基化、二苯醚键断裂和开环等过程。【结论】菌株F对BDE-209具有很好的降解能力,研究结果对BDE-209的好氧微生物降解及BDE-209污染环境的生物修复具有较好的科学意义。     

降解吡啶复合菌系MD1的筛选、降解特性及代谢途径

【目的】为筛选吡啶高效降解复合菌系，促进高浓度吡啶废水的降解。本研究围绕吡啶降解复合菌系的筛选、降解特性及代谢途径，旨在获得吡啶高效降解复合菌系，为高浓度吡啶废水微生物降解及完全矿化提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以吡啶为唯一碳氮源从某农药废水处理系统好氧活性污泥中筛选得到一个吡啶高效降解复合菌系MD1。采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术探究了MD1的群落结构及多样性，通过单因素实验考察了MD1的降解特性，利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对MD1降解吡啶的代谢产物进行了初步检测与鉴定，推测吡啶可能的降解途径。【结果】结果显示，在温度30 ℃、pH 8.0、NaCl浓度0.1%的最佳条件下培养72 h，MD1对初始浓度1 400 mg/L的吡啶降解率为98.44%±0.27%。在属水平上，MD1主要由副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)、布鲁氏菌属(unclassified_Brucellaceae)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)等组成。由代谢产物检测结果初步推测MD1对吡啶的代谢途径为吡啶→烟酸→6-羟基烟酸→2,5-二羟基吡啶→N-甲酰基马来酰胺酸→马来酰胺酸→马来酸→CO₂+H₂O。【结论】研究筛选得到一个可高效降解吡啶、降解性能稳定的复合菌系MD1。解析了MD1的微生物组成多样性和群落结构，推测了MD1可能的代谢途径，研究结果丰富了吡啶降解微生物资源。     

泸型酒窖泥中梭菌的分离及代谢产物分析

[目的] 分离窖泥中的梭菌微生物并对其代谢产物进行评估。[方法] 对窖泥中梭菌群落的16S rRNA基因进行高通量测序;利用高丰度的梭菌OTU序列在KOMODO数据库进行培养基的预测,定向分离窖泥中梭菌菌株;采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用仪对窖泥和代表性梭菌菌株的挥发性代谢产物进行检测。[结果] 利用KOMODO数据库预测的梭菌培养基共计筛选到31株梭菌微生物,分属于梭菌属的14个种;根据风味代谢特性,这些菌株主要分为两大类,一是C.carboxidivorans、C.sporogenes和C.tyrobutyricum等产酸为主的梭菌,二是C.beijerinckii、C.butyricum和C.sphenoides等产醇为主的梭菌。[结论] 利用测序序列预测培养基有助于从窖泥中分离获得丰富的梭菌菌株,其物种和代谢能力的多样性对解析白酒复杂风味形成机理奠定了一定的基础。     

复合菌系降解玉米秸秆过程中群落演替与秸秆降解的关系

[目的] 为了获得木质素降解复合菌系LDC降解玉米秸秆的适宜条件,明确秸秆降解过程中可能发挥重要作用的功能微生物类群。[方法] 以培养温度、pH、培养基装液量和接菌量等单因素试验结果为依据,采用响应面法优化复合菌系降解玉米秸秆的培养条件,利用Miseq高通量测序技术,分析不同降解时期复合菌系的群落结构变化规律。[结果] 复合菌系对秸秆最佳降解条件为：培养温度32℃、初始pH为8.2、装液量为40%,接菌量为10%。此条件下木质素最大降解率为44.5%,相比未优化处理提高13.3%。在门水平上,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）是复合菌系LDC的优势菌门。在玉米秸秆降解过程中,降解初期的优势菌属为Proteiniphilum（11.9%）、Sphaerochaeta（8.4%）、Ruminofilibacter（8.4%）、Pannonibacter（6.7%）、Pseudomonas（6.1%）和Rhizobium（5.7%）;在降解高峰期时,Anaerocolumna（24.0%）、Caenispirillum（9.2%）和Thauera（7.0%）的丰度显著上升,分别是其在降解初期的16.5倍、3.0倍和5.9倍,而Ruminofilibacter（10.9%）的丰度仍然很高且排在第二位。在降解末期的优势菌属为Ruminofilibacter（25.4%）、Pseudomonas（9.7%）、Sphaerochaeta（8.8%）、Caenispirillum（8.4%）、Pannonibacter（4.3%）、Thauera（4.0%）以及Desulfomicrobium（3.4%）。[结论] 明确了玉米秸秆降解复合菌系的最佳培养条件以及在不同降解时期微生物群落结构变化规律,在玉米秸秆降解过程中发挥重要作用的微生物类群为Pseudomonas、Pannonibacter、Thauera、Ruminofilibacter和Anaerocolumna。     

小白链霉菌ε-聚赖氨酸降解酶生理功能分析

[目的] 研究小白链霉菌（Streptomyces albulus）中ε-聚赖氨酸降解酶（Pld）的分布特征和生理功能。[方法] 利用生物信息学手段对已报道的ε-聚赖氨酸（ε-PL）产生菌的Pld进行挖掘和分析,再通过遗传学方法对小白链霉菌M-Z18基因组中存在的两种pld进行敲除、回补和过表达,最后研究重组菌降解ε-PL能力、最小ε-PL抑制浓度（MIC）及其合成ε-PL情况。[结果] PldⅠ和PldⅡ广泛且同时分布于小白链霉菌中,蛋白序列高度保守;PldⅠ、PldⅡ在小白链霉菌M-Z18中均能行使降解ε-PL的功能,但PldⅡ降解活性占主导地位且PldⅠ和PldⅡ对降解ε-PL具有协同作用;pldⅠ、pldⅡ过表达重组菌对ε-PL的MIC值显著提高,其中双过表达pldⅠ和pldⅡ菌株对ε-PL的MIC值是出发菌株的2.19倍。构建的pld重组菌与出发菌株相比,在考察pH值范围内（pH 3.0-5.5）的ε-PL产量未表现出显著差异。[结论] 小白链霉菌中广泛分布PldⅠ和PldⅡ且序列高度保守,主要生理功能是保护小白链霉菌在中性环境中免受自身产物ε-PL的抑制。     

河南卢氏和江西宜春两处锂矿山地表微生物群落分布特征差异及成因分析

[目的] 揭示地表锂矿石表面和风化产物中细菌群落多样性特征。[方法] 针对细菌16S rRNA片段扩增进行高通量测序,分析不同锂矿石表面及其风化产物中细菌群落组成、多样性及功能属性等信息。[结果] 河南卢氏南阳山伟晶岩型锂矿石和江西宜春花岗岩型锂矿石表面及其风化产物的细菌群落多样性有差异。南阳山伟晶岩矿石与其风化产物、宜春花岗岩矿石表面和风化产物（NK-1、NK-1F、YK-1、YK-1F、YK-2、YK-2F、YK-3）的OTUs分别是1010、540、835、828、1117、974和604,其差异与不同的矿物组成显著关联。两矿山均有其优势微生物,在门水平上,两矿山均以放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌门。同时两矿区微生物群落组成具有显著差异性（P<0.05）,不同地理位置风化产物样本之间差异尤为显著（P<0.001）;在属水平上,NK-1中相对丰度大于5%的属为鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）、马赛菌属（Massilia）;NK-1F为类芽孢杆菌属（Paenibacillus）、杆状细菌属（Bacillus）、马赛菌属（Massilia）;YK-1F为芽球菌属（Blastococcus）、念珠菌固体杆菌属（Candidatus-Solibacter）、Noviherbaspirillum属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属（Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia）,YK-2为unidentified-Chloroplast属,YK-2F为北里孢菌属（Kitasatospora）,YK-3为1174-901-12属、甲基杆菌属（Methylobacterium）。不同地理位置的矿石及其风化物样本的功能注释均涉及代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理等6个代谢通路。[结论] 16S rRNA高通量测序揭示不同地区锂矿石及其风化产物的细菌多样性存在差异,各具优势类群,样本间菌落组成、多样性及功能属性的差异与锂矿石化学组成、风化程度和地理分布密切相关。这项研究揭示了优势微生物类群的元素地球化学功能与含锂矿物地表风化的潜在联系,可为微生物生态分布研究及相关微生物资源开发提供新数据。     

窖泥优势拟杆菌纲微生物Petrimonas sulfuriphila的分离及其功能解析

[目的]筛选窖泥中尚未被纯培养的高丰度拟杆菌纲微生物,并在纯培养菌株层面和共培养层面探究其生理代谢特征及生态学功能。[方法]采用传代培养提高窖泥拟杆菌纲微生物的相对丰度,在此基础上进行筛菌实验,并通过发酵实验解析主体拟杆菌的代谢特征及其与主体己酸菌的相互作用关系。[结果]成功筛选到Petrimonas sulfuriphila LBM11005,该菌的主要代谢产物为乙酸和丙酸,且葡萄糖能促进该菌的生长。无论是否存在底物竞争效应,P. sulfuriphila LBM11005均能与窖泥主体己酸菌Caproicibacterium sp. LBM19010在代谢物水平上发生相互作用,表现为后者可以利用前者的代谢产物丙酸进行碳链延伸,产生新的奇数碳脂肪酸——戊酸和庚酸。[结论]探明了窖泥主体拟杆菌纲微生物P. sulfuriphila LBM11005的基本生理代谢特征,且该菌与主体己酸菌相互作用,贡献于更长碳链奇数碳脂肪酸的合成。     

奥利万星中间体A82846B产生菌拟孢囊菌CCTCC M2020063全基因组序列分析与mbtH类基因的验证

[目的] 分析荒漠拟孢囊菌CCTCC M2020063中A82846B合成的代谢途径和关键基因。[方法] 使用Illumina二代测序和PacBio三代测序技术对荒漠拟孢囊菌CCTCC M2020063进行全基因组测序,利用Glimmer预测编码序列,使用HPLC和LCMS鉴定次级代谢产物,使用antiSMASH 5.0软件预测次级代谢产物合成基因簇。利用Geneious软件对A82846B合成相关基因进行分析,对其中的mbtH类基因着重分析。[结果] 本实验菌株鉴定为荒漠拟孢囊菌（Kibdelosporangium aridum）,基因组中有一条线性染色体,无质粒,序列全长12475688 bp,GC含量为66.27%,有11900个开放阅读框,共有47个基因簇。该菌株具有合成A82846B的能力,且生物合成相关基因位于Cluster32,包含33个基因,mbtH类基因gene07864的过表达促进A82846的合成,提升了26.42%,卤化酶基因为gene07859,与万古霉素、巴利霉素的卤化酶相似度较高。[结论] 本研究对荒漠拟孢囊菌CCTCC M2020063进行了基因组序列分析,获得了A82846B生物合成相关的功能基因信息,为A82846B的代谢途径和工程改造提供了强有力的基础。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.