北京市8种常绿阔叶树种滞尘能力

为筛选适用于北京地区的具有优良滞尘能力的常绿阔叶型绿化树种,提高城市植被滞尘能力,选取北京地区园林绿化应用广泛的8种常绿(含半常绿)阔叶绿化树种,应用洗脱-质量差值法,于2014年冬、春季节对其单位叶面积滞尘量进行测定,计算单叶滞尘量和单株滞尘量,并对树种综合滞尘能力进行聚类分析.结果表明: 小叶黄杨、冬青卫矛、小叶女贞、金叶女贞、胶东卫矛、箬竹、早园竹和黄槽竹8种主要常绿(含半常绿)阔叶树种的滞尘能力存在较大差异,冬青卫矛具有最大的单位叶面积与单株滞尘能力,为1.36 g·m^-2和59.63 g·plant^-1,而箬竹的单叶滞尘能力最强(1.62 mg·leaf^-1).选择不同的滞尘量计量单位,树种滞尘量排序会发生变化.对8种常绿(含半常绿)阔叶树种做基于多指标综合滞尘能力的聚类分析可得到相应的分类,各类别代表不同级别的综合滞尘能力水平.其中,冬青卫矛、早园竹的综合滞尘能力较优良,而小叶黄杨、金叶女贞和黄槽竹的综合滞尘能力较弱.     

武汉市15种阔叶乔木滞尘能力与叶表微形态特征

以武汉市15种常见的阔叶乔木为研究对象,通过3级滤膜过滤法测定了各乔木单位叶面积滞留不同粒径颗粒物(TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))的质量,并通过扫描电镜观察比较了15种乔木的叶表面微形态结构,分析了微形态对植物滞尘能力的影响。结果表明:15种乔木单位叶面积的滞尘量存在显著差异(P0.05),综合滞尘能力最强的植物为二球悬铃木、桂花和石楠,除以上3者外,女贞和广玉兰分别具有较强的滞留PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的能力;加杨滞留TSP和PM_(10)的能力最弱,玉兰滞留PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的能力最弱。各乔木单位叶面积滞留PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的质量分别占总粉尘量的0.7%—8.9%和3.6%—33.9%。叶表面微结构观察表明,叶表面粗糙、褶皱较多,或被有蜡质层的植物有利于粉尘颗粒物的附着。相关性分析表明,植物单位叶面积的滞尘量与叶表面沟槽的宽度呈显著相关,上下表面沟槽宽度越小,越有利于细微颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的滞留,下表面沟槽宽度增加,有利于粉尘总颗粒物(TSP)的滞留。由此可见,叶表面粗糙度、蜡质含量和沟槽宽度等微形态结构是调控绿化树种叶片滞尘能力的重要因素,在武汉以治理大气粉尘污染为目标进行城市绿化时,可考虑选择二球悬铃木、桂花和石楠等滞尘能力强的树种。     

武汉市65个园林树种的生态功能研究

园林树种是建设生态园林城市的主体,其生态功能的定量研究是园林植物筛选、配置和管理的重要依据.本研究通过测量武汉市65个常见园林树种的光合、蒸腾日变化及冠幅、叶面积指数等指标,发现树种间、乔木与灌木、常绿与落叶植物之间的水分利用、固碳释氧、蒸腾降温及滞尘能力均有显著差异.根据分层聚类分析,可将它们划分为5大功能类群.其中低固碳低滞尘型26种;高固碳高降温型8种(分别为垂柳Salix babylonica、火棘Pyracantha fortuneana、栾树Koelreuteria paniculata、木芙蓉Hibiscus mutabilis、枇杷Eriobotrya japonica、西府海棠Malus micromalus、银木Cinnamomum septentrionale和重阳木Bischofia javanica);高滞尘低降温型9种(分别为枫杨Pterocarya stenoptera、桂花Osmanthus fragrans、夹竹桃Nerium indicum、马褂木Liriodendron chinense、石楠Photinia serrulata、悬铃木Platanus hispanica、雪松Cedrus deodara、银杏Ginkgo biloba和樟树Cinnamomum camphora);低水分利用高蒸腾型11种;高水分利用型11种.     

淮南市9种园林灌木树种夏季光合特性研究

采用TPS-2便携式光合仪对淮南市9种园林绿化灌木树种的夏季光合特性进行了测定。结果表明, 各树种光合生理参数(Pn、Ci、Tr、Gs、Ls、WUEt)日均值差异显著, 日变化趋势不尽相同, 且金边黄杨和腊梅的Pn日变化曲线为双峰曲线, 桂花的Pn日变化曲线为三峰曲线, 皆出现了“光合午休”现象。根据Pn、Tr、WUEt 3个指标的日均值进行聚类分析, 可将供试树种分为3个类群。Ⅰ类为低光合、低水分利用型(桂花、红檵木、金边黄杨、腊梅、紫荆、紫叶李), Ⅱ类为低蒸腾、高水分利用型(栀子), Ⅲ类为高光合、高蒸腾型(海桐、紫薇)。从生态效益的角度出发, 海桐和紫薇的固碳释氧、降温增湿能力俱佳, 节水降耗效果处于中等水平, 可作为淮南市生态园林建设的优先树种。     

低温胁迫对4种常绿阔叶植物膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

选取我国北方4种常绿园林树木大叶女贞、广玉兰、小叶女贞、黄杨的当年生枝条和叶片为试材,采用人工冷冻处理,经过对不同处理温度后各树种叶片的失水率、保护酶的活性、MDA含量和枝条及叶片细胞膜透性等指标进行测定分析。研究结果：表明随着处理温度的降低,各树种叶片和枝条的相对电导率值呈上趋势,在4个树种中黄杨上升得较缓慢,而小叶女贞上升的幅度最高,同一处理温度下,各树种枝条的相对电导率低于其叶片的相对电导率;黄杨MDA含量随处理温度的降低表现为先降低后增加的变化趋势,在-20~0℃之间MDA含量均有所下降,而其他树种MDA总体含量随处理温度的降低表现为增加的变化趋势;各树种叶片SOD酶活性均表现为随着温度的降低呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,但各树种SOD酶活性趋势发生变化的温度不同,而POD酶活性随处理温度的降低基本表现为逐渐降低的变化趋势。根据各项指标测定结果对4种树种的抗寒性强弱进行比较,结果为：黄杨＞广玉兰＞大叶女贞＞小叶女贞。     

土壤干旱对观赏植物活性氧产生和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,考察自然干旱-复水处理下观赏植物红叶石楠、金叶女贞、小叶黄杨和大叶黄杨叶片超氧阴离子自由基(O-·2)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的变化,研究各种植物在干旱条件下的活性氧产生与酶促清除过程以及复水后的恢复情况差异,以揭示植物在逆境条件下的适应策略。结果表明:(1)自然干旱过程中,红叶石楠叶片O-·2生成速率呈先降低,之后明显升高,而小叶黄杨、金叶女贞、大叶黄杨均先升后降。(2)干旱提高了4种植物的MDA含量,但金叶女贞和大叶黄杨的MDA含量变化较小。(3)干旱下4种植物叶片的SOD活性增强,它们的POD活性变化不同,而CAT活性均先升高后下降。(4)复水后,4种植物O-·2产生速率和MDA含量均降低;小叶黄杨、金叶女贞、大叶黄杨SOD活性上升,而红叶石楠SOD活性下降;红叶石楠、金叶女贞、大叶黄杨CAT活性下降,而小叶黄杨则上升;红叶石楠、小叶黄杨、大叶黄杨POD活性下降,而金叶女贞却上升。研究表明,不同植物对活性氧的清除途径不同;隶属函数法分析表明4种观赏植物在干旱胁迫初期的综合抗旱性表现依次为:小叶黄杨金叶女贞大叶黄杨红叶石楠。     

典型天气下植物叶面滞尘动态变化

在天气变化频繁的春季选择了几种典型天气观测了油松、女贞、珊瑚树和三叶草叶面滞尘动态变化及其与气象因子和空气中颗粒物浓度的关系。研究表明:(1)供试物种的叶面滞尘量(g/m2)由大到小依次为油松(4.57—5.45),珊瑚树(2.23—5.85),女贞(2.14—4.27)和三叶草(0.12—0.38);(2)油松和三叶草叶面滞尘量无明显变化,而天气状况对女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘影响明显;(3)连续2d(17.1、14.8 mm)的降雨后,女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘量降低了50%以上;极大风速对女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘量的影响均呈现先升高后降低,在极大风速为14 m/s时达到峰值;相对湿度大于80%时,女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘量明显降低;空气中高浓度的颗粒物可使女贞和珊瑚树叶面滞尘在4—5 d达到饱和。     

基于叶面微结构的火电厂周边绿化树种的滞尘能力分析

绿化树种的滞尘能力差异与叶面微结构特征密切相关.以宁东能源化工基地火电厂周边5种典型阔叶绿化树种为研究对象,采用洗脱法测定叶片滞尘量,并用扫描电镜-能谱分析仪(SEM-EDX)研究植物叶表面微结构与滞尘能力的相关性.结果表明:各树种间滞尘量差异明显,5个树种单位面积滞尘能力从大到小依次为火炬树(Rhustyphina)...     

湖北铜绿山古铜矿遗址区木本植物对重金属富集能力的分析

对湖北铜绿山古铜矿遗址区的木本植物种类组成及生长概况进行了调查,并采用原子吸收光谱法测定了木本植物地上部和地下部及其根际土壤中重金属含量;在此基础上,分析了各树种对Cu、Cd和Pb的富集作用,并对木本植物的生态修复意义进行了初步评价。结果表明:在该古铜矿遗址区共有木本植物13科14属14种,其中乔木13种、灌木1种;木本植物的树龄4~25 a、株高3.7~22.6 m、胸径5.3~29.0 cm,长势均较好。木本植物根际土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Mn和Zn的平均含量分别为3 166.73、3.66、137.06、31.32、1 774.43和208.32 mg·kg-1,其中,土壤中Cu、Cd和Pb的含量达到重度污染等级。各树种地上部和地下部的Cu、Cd和Pb的含量差异明显,且均为Cu含量最高、Cd含量最低;各树种的地上部和地下部对Cu、Cd和Pb的富集系数及综合富集系数也均有明显差异,但对Cd的富集系数均最大。法国冬青〔Viburnum odoratissimum var.awabuki(K.Koch)Zabel ex Rumpl.〕、梧桐〔Firmiana platanifolia(Linn.f.)Marsili〕、桂花〔Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.〕和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.)地上部的综合富集系数较高,苦楝(Melia azedarach Linn.)、女贞(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)、法国冬青和樟树〔Cinnamomum camphora(Linn.)Presl〕地下部的综合富集系数较高;总体上看,法国冬青、苦楝、女贞、梧桐和桂花对Cu、Cd和Pb的平均综合富集系数均大于1,具有较高的重金属富集能力。根据研究结果,建议在Pb污染区域可选择栽植二球悬铃木〔Platanus×acerifolia(Ait.)Willd.〕和构树〔Broussonetia papyrifera(Linn.)L’Hert.ex Vent.〕等树种,在Cd污染区域可选择栽植法国冬青、梧桐、刺槐和苦楝等树种,而在Cu-Cd-Pb复合污染区域应栽植法国冬青、苦楝、女贞、梧桐、桂花和刺槐等树种。     

上海新江湾地区废弃地低干扰植物群落优势树种的光合生理生态特征

以上海市杨浦区原废弃地(新江湾地区)半自然群落的主要优势树种为对象,测定不同生活型植株在夏季不同生境下叶片的光合特性,从光合生理生态角度分析低干扰条件下上海城市废弃地的植物群落次生演替过程的特点,并结合环境因子分析并预测植物群落结构的动态变化。结果表明:(1)冠层树种光合作用日变化曲线呈双峰型,林窗树种呈单峰型,而林下树种呈不规则变化,体现出亚热带地区植物在夏季典型气候下的"光合午休"现象,而生境特点同时也影响植物光利用对策。(2)冠层成年树以落叶树种刺槐和朴树的日均净光合速率最高,且具有较高的光饱和点;在林下生境中,以强耐阴灌木植物胡颓子的日均净光合速率最高,其次为常绿树种香樟和女贞的幼树和幼苗,而林下落叶树种日均净光合速率均较低。(3)影响冠层树种的净光合速率因子中,生态因子是第一主成分,而对于林窗树种,第一主成分则是生理因子。(4)由于阳性落叶树种具有更高效的光合效率,能迅速占领上层空间,新江湾区域人为低干扰植物群落的演替早期均以扩散能力较强的先锋性树种为主;乔木群落形成后,林下更新苗则以光适应范围较宽的香樟、女贞为主,同时,上层落叶树种大规模自然衰退使得香樟和女贞逐步替代落叶树种。     

南京市14种绿化树种对空气中重金属的累积能力

分析了南京化工厂（污染区）和江苏省林科院（对照区）不同绿化树种叶片重金属元素（Pb、Cd和Cu）的含量,揭示了14种绿化树种对3种重金属污染物的累积能力。结果表明,城市绿化树种对大气重金属污染物具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依重金属和树种的不同具有明显差异;同种植物对不同重金属的累积量也有很大差别,其中对Cu的累积量最高;采样区植物叶片重金属含量明显高于对照区;对Pb累积量高的树种有：杨树、广玉兰、女贞和紫叶李; Cd累积量高的树种为杨树;Cu累积量高的树种为构树;累积3种重金属综合能力最强的树种有杨树、构树、雪松、广玉兰、悬铃木、栾树。     

Variation in structural and physiological leaf traits of eight species in karst desertification area of China

Leaf traits have long been recognized as influential factors in the acquisition and processing of resources by plants. However, there is less knowledge of between-species variations in seasonal changes in leaf traits and trait interrelationships. Therefore, we examined variations in leaf area (LA), dry biomass (DM), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf gas-exchange parameters in one non-native and seven native tree species under field environmental conditions, in a karst area in China subjected to desertification. Measurements were taken three times during the growing season. The results show that the seven native trees had higher LA, DM, and water-use efficiency (WUE) than the non-native Cinnamomum camphora. In contrast, all the native tree species except Ligustrum lucidum had lower photosynthetic rates (P _N) than the non-native species. In all species, the relationship between LA and DM was less variable than the relationship between SLA and LA. However, leaves of the non-native C. camphora and native species Sterculia lanceolata, Cleidiocarpon cavalerei and Cyclobalanopsis glauca were highly sensitive to seasonal conditions, leaves of Sapindus mukorossi and Ligustrum lucidum were less sensitive to seasonal changes, and leaves of Syzygium cumini and Cephalomappa sinensis were insensitive. An understanding of leaf traits will aid the selection of suitable species for land restoration.     

开窗补植银木对柏木低效林分生态化学计量特征的影响

川中丘陵区柏木纯林存在生物多样性降低、水土保持能力减退、生产力低下、地力衰退等问题,已成为亟待改善的低产低效林分。通过开窗补植银木进行乡土阔叶树种的针阔混交,以柏木纯林和银木林窗区域林分的植物-凋落物-土壤为研究对象,对比分析C、N、P元素含量及比值,讨论阔叶树种引入后林分生态化学计量特征的变化情况。结果表明:(1)柏木叶片C∶N在12月份为132.79,而在次年的4月下降到了84.91,银木叶片年均C∶N为52.6,低的C∶N体现出银木在幼龄阶段快速生长的特点。(2)柏木与银木叶片N∶P分别为10.77,10.64都明显处于N限制的阈值以下,生长过程主要受到了N元素的限制。(3)林窗中银木凋落物N含量高于柏木,C∶N、N∶P小于柏木,土壤与"植物-凋落物"间的相关性增加。因此,阔叶树种的引入有利于提高分解的相对速率,触发森林土壤养分循环过程。     

海防林叶片形态、光合特征和枝条抗性对长期风胁迫的响应

为了解长期风胁迫对海防林的影响,对沿海6种林龄为8～10 a的防护林树种的叶片形态、光合特征及枝条抗性对长期风胁迫的响应特征进行了研究.结果表明,与未受风胁迫海防林相比,长期风胁迫显著降低了女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)、红楠(Machilus thunber...     

Comparison of climatic effects on radial growth of evergreen broad-leaved trees at their northern distribution limit and co-dominating deciduous broad-leaved trees and evergreen conifers

Using dendrochronological techniques, this study examined whether tree-ring width of two evergreen broad-leaved species (Cleyera japonica, Eurya japonica) at their inland northern distribution limit in central Japan is more limited by low temperature compared with two co-dominating deciduous broad-leaved species (Fagus japonica, Magnolia hypoleuca) and two evergreen conifer species (Chamaecyparis obtusa, Abies firma), whose distribution limits are further north. The two deciduous broad-leaved species and the two evergreen conifers are tall tree species. Evergreen broad-leaved Cleyera japonica is a sub-canopy species and Eurya japonica is a small tree species. The tree-ring widths of four of the six species (except for Eurya japonica and Magnolia hypoleuca) correlated positively with the March temperature just before the start of the growth period. For deciduous broad-leaved Magnolia hypoleuca, the tree-ring width was correlated positively and negatively with July temperature and precipitation, respectively. However, the other deciduous broad-leaved Fagus japonica showed no such relationships. For the evergreen broad-leaved Cleyera japonica and evergreen conifers Chamaecyparis obtusa and Abies firma, tree-ring widths correlated positively with winter temperatures, probably because evergreen species can assimilate during warm winters. The tree-ring width of Cleyera japonica also correlated positively with temperatures of many months of the growth period. By contrast, the tree-ring width of the other evergreen broad-leaved Eurya japonica showed no positive correlation with the temperature in any month. Most Eurya japonica trees were suppressed by tall trees, which might disguise any climate effect. Thus, there were species differences in response to climate for each life form, and the tree-ring width of Cleyera japonica at the northern distribution limit was more limited by low temperatures compared with co-dominating species. It is suggested that growth of Cleyera japonica is increased by global warming at the latitudinal ecotone.     

Notes on new and noteworthy plant-inhabiting fungi in Japan (3)

In the third report of the present series, four new and noteworthy plant-inhabiting fungi are described and illustrated. Pseudodidymaria symplocarpi on Symplocarpus nipponicus is reported as a new species. Cheirospora botryospora and Exosporium mexicanum are new to Japan. Pittosporum tobira is a new host plant for Flosculomyces floridaensis.     

Phytochemical investigations in Photinia

Leaves of Photinia glabra, P. serrulata, P. glabra × serrulata, P. × fraseri, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Cotoneaster pannosa, and Eriobotrya japonica were investigated for oil and n-alkane content and for hydrogen cyanide production. Benzaldehyde proved to be the major volatile oil component in all taxa except Eriobotrya which yielded no oil upon steam distillation. A conjugated aldehyde was present in all taxa of Asian origin but essentially absent from the New World form Heteromeles. The presence of cyanogenic compounds was indicated in all species again excepting Eriobotrya. C ₂₄H ₅₀ to C ₃₃H ₆₈n-alkanes were presentin all taxa. The patterns of composition showed distinct differences along generally recognizable generic limits and again supported the separate placement of Heteromeles.