Effects of light on the microcystin content of Microcystis strain PCC 7806

Many cyanobacteria produce microcystins, hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides that can affect animals and humans. The effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on microcystin production by Microcystis strain PCC 7806 were studied in continuous cultures. Microcystis strain PCC 7806 was grown under PAR intensities between 10 and 403 micro mol of photons m(-2) s(-1) on a light-dark rhythm of 12 h -12 h. The microcystin concentration per cell, per unit biovolume and protein, was estimated under steady-state and transient-state conditions and on a diurnal timescale. The cellular microcystin content varied between 34.5 and 81.4 fg cell(-1) and was significantly positively correlated with growth rate under PAR-limited growth but not under PAR-saturated growth. Microcystin production and PAR showed a significant positive correlation under PAR-limited growth and a significant negative correlation under PAR-saturated growth. The microcystin concentration, as a ratio with respect to biovolume and protein, correlated neither with growth rate nor with PAR. Adaptation of microcystin production to a higher irradiance during transient states lasted for 5 days. During the period of illumination at a PAR of 10 and 40 micro mol of photons m(-2) s(-1), the intracellular microcystin content increased to values 10 to 20% higher than those at the end of the dark period. Extracellular (dissolved) microcystin concentrations were 20 times higher at 40 micro mol of photons m(-2) s(-1) than at 10 micro mol of photons m(-2) s(-1) and did not change significantly during the light-dark cycles at both irradiances. In summary, our results showed a positive effect of PAR on microcystin production and content of Microcystis strain PCC 7806 up to the point where the maximum growth rate is reached, while at higher irradiances the microcystin production is inhibited.     

THE TOXIC CYANOBACTERIUM NOSTOC SP. STRAIN 152 PRODUCES HIGHEST AMOUNTS OF MICROCYSTIN AND NOSTOPHYCIN UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS

The understanding of how environmental factors regulate toxic secondary metabolite production in cyanobacteria is important to guarantee water quality. Very little is known on the regulation of toxic secondary metabolite production in benthic cyanobacteria. In this study the physiological regulation of the production of the toxic heptapeptide microcystin (MC) and the non-toxic related peptide nostophycin (NP) in the benthic cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain 152 was studied under contrasting environmental conditions. I used a 2(k) levels factorial design, where k is the number of four factors that have been tested: Reduction in temperature (20 vs. 12°C), irradiance (50 vs. 1 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1)), P-PO(4) (144 vs. 0.14 μM P-PO(4)), N-NO(3) (5.88 mM vs. N-NO(3) free). While the growth rate was reduced more than hundred fold under most severe conditions of temperature, irradiance, and phosphate reduction the production of MC and NP never ceased. The MC and NP contents per cell varied at maximum 5- and 10.6-fold each, however the physiological variation did not outweigh the highly significant linear relationship between the daily cell division rate and the MC and NP net production rates. Surprisingly the MC and NP contents per cell showed a maximum under P-PO(4) reduced and irradiance reduced conditions. Both intra- and extracellular MC and NP concentrations were negatively related to P-PO(4) and irradiance. It is concluded that the proximate factor behind maximal cellular MC and NP contents is physiological stress.     

几种主要环境因子对布朗葡萄藻(Botryococcus braunii)光合作用的影响

利用测定净光合放氧速率的方法研究了光照强度、温度、pH值、盐度对布朗葡萄藻Botryococcus braunii UTEX 572和B.braunii UTEX 2441两个品系的光合作用的影响。B.braunii UTEX 572的适宜光照强度范围400～1600μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点在800μmol·m^-2·s^-1附近;适宜温度范围25～35℃,最适温度30℃;适宜pH范围5.0～8.0,最适pH7.0;适宜盐度范围0～0.2mol/L,最适盐度0.1mol/L。B.braunii UTEX 2441的适宜光照强度范围400～1600μmol·m^-2·s^-1,光饱和点在400μmol·m^-2·s^-1附近;适宜温度范围25～35℃,最适温度30℃;适宜pH范围5.0～8.0,最适pH7.0;对盐度的适应范围较小,盐度升高,光合放氧速率明显下降。两个布朗葡萄藻净光合放氧速率随光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度变化的规律,表明布朗葡萄藻的基本生理生态学特征:适应于较强的光照强度、较高的温度、中性偏酸的环境和较低的盐度。对布朗葡萄藻基本生理生态学特征的了解,为培养条件的优化提供了依据。2个布朗葡萄藻品系对光强、温度、pH值和盐度变化的反应有所不同:与B.braunii UTEX 2441相比,B.braunii UTEX 572具有更高的光饱和点,适应更高的温度,对pH值变化有更宽的适应范围,适当提高盐度对其光合作用有促进作用,表明B.braunii UTEX 572在快速生长繁殖方面具有更大的潜力,这一研究结果为筛选适合于大量培养的优良藻种提供了依据。     

Photomorphogenesis and pigment induction in lentil seedling roots exposed to low light conditions

Although roots are normally hidden in soil, they may inadvertently be exposed to low light levels in experiments or in natural conditions through cracks or light transmittance through the soil. Light has been implicated in root morphogenesis. Thus, effects of low light conditions on lentil (Lens culinaris L. cv. Verte du Puy) root morphology and root pigmentation were studied. Lentil seedlings were grown in peat or transparent, nutrient-fortified agar at a 12-h light (PAR 240 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1)), 12-h dark cycle. Roots were exposed to low levels (≈ 1-10 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1)) of broadband white light, either directly or indirectly by aboveground light penetrating the growth medium. Control roots were grown in darkness. In situ spectroscopy was used to measure transmittance and reflectance spectra of intact root tissue by mounting the upper part of the primary root directly in a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere attachment. The transmittance and reflectance spectra were used to calculate the in situ root absorbance spectrum. Absorbance bands were found in the regions 480-500 nm and 650-680 nm, possibly due to low levels of root-localised carotenoids and chlorophylls, respectively. Low light levels (≈ 1-10 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1) ) transmitted through the growth medium significantly increased root pigment concentration and root biomass, and altered root morphology by enhancing lateral root formation and inhibiting root elongation relative to roots grown in complete darkness. The light-induced changes in root morphogenesis and pigmentation appear to be primarily due to upper root light perception.     

Effect of nutrients and light intensity on growth of Mallomonascaudata (Synurophyceae)

We used batch cultures of three strains of the unicellular synurophyte Mallomonascaudata to investigate the effects of nitrate, phosphate, silicate and light intensity on population growth and growth rate. The three strains were isolated from three different reservoirs in Kyungpook Province, Korea. For all three strains, we observed high population growth under all nutrient concentrations studied, except at nitrate concentration below 0.8 μM. The maximum growth rate (μ_max) occurred at 8.2 μM or 16.5 μM nitrate, depending on the strain, and at 11.5 μM phosphate. Silicate concentration had no effect on growth rate. With respect to light intensity, the maximum population growth and maximum growth rates (μ_max) occured between 42 and 104 μmol m^?2 s^?1 depending on strain and culture temperature. Population growth of these three strains under batch culture occurred over a wide range of nutrient and light intensities, but there seemed to be strain‐specific differences that may represent adaptations to local environments.     

高产岩藻黄素的海洋硅藻筛选及光照条件优化

为提高岩藻黄素(Fucoxanthin)提取效率, 对16株海洋硅藻岩藻黄素的检测含量和实际含量进行了分析, 并以一株牟氏角刺藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)为对象, 研究了岩藻黄素与另外两种关键光合色素(即叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素)的含量及其消长受光强和光质影响的特征。研究结果显示, 不同种或同种不同株的海洋硅藻, 在相同的培养条件、收获时期、提取方法下, 其提取率差异大, 可从不足1%到89.78%; 岩藻黄素的检出含量各异, 从0.03到5.02 mg/g。受不同光照强度[低: 50 μmol/(m2·s); 中: 100 μmol/(m2·s); 高: 200 μmol/(m2·s)和光质(红光、蓝光)]的影响, 岩藻黄素产量呈现不同特征。在低光照强度下, 单位细胞岩藻黄素的含量相对较高。在红光条件下, 岩藻黄素的产量高于蓝光。在相同光强条件下, 岩藻黄素含量随增殖周期变化; 在单色光质条件下, 几种光合色素均在生长平台期后期含量增加。岩藻黄素的含量变化与叶绿素a和β-胡萝卜素的含量及其消长关系密切。研究为筛选藻株、优化硅藻培养条件以累积岩藻黄素提供了参考。     

光强及氮浓度对丝状绿藻双星藻生长及生化组成的影响

[背景]环境因子和营养因子对微藻的生长和生化组成都有显著的影响,其中光强和氮浓度是最重要的两个条件。[目的]研究不同光强和初始氮浓度对丝状绿藻-双星藻(Zygnema sp.)生长及生化组成的影响。[方法]采用改良的BBM培养基,设置了两组光强[100μmol/(m²·s)和300μmol/(m²·s)]和6种初始氮浓度(3、6、9、12、15和18 mmol/L)在柱状光生物反应器中对双星藻进行培养。[结果]在高光强条件下[300μmol/(m²·s)],12 mmol/L初始氮浓度最有利于双星藻生物质的积累,其最高生物量可以达到6.60 g/L,而初始低氮浓度(3 mmol/L)则促进了油脂和脂肪酸的积累,油脂最高含量占干重的32.13%,且脂肪酸组成主要包括棕榈酸(C_16:0)、油酸(C_18:1)、亚油酸(C_18:2)和亚麻酸(C_18:3),其中油酸含量最高达到总脂肪酸含量的55.01%;在低光强条件下[100μmol/(m     

光照强度、温度、pH、盐度对小球藻（Chlorella）光合作用的影响

利用测定净光合放氧速率的方法研究了光照强度、温度、pH、盐度对小球藻（Chlorella sp.XQ-200419）和海洋小球藻（Chlorella marina NJ-016）光合作用的影响。小球藻（Chlorella sp.XQ-200419）的适宜光照强度范围为100～〉1600μmo·lm-2·s-1,光饱和点在500μmo·lm-2·s-1附近;适宜温度范围为25～42.5℃,最适温度为37.5℃;适宜pH值范围为6.5～9.0,最适pH值为7.0;对盐度的适应范围较广,在0～0.6mol/L范围内,随着盐度的升高,净光合放氧速率有下降趋势。海洋小球藻（Chlorella marina NJ-016）的适宜光照强度范围为400～〉1600μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点在1400μmo·lm-2.s-1附近;适宜温度范围为25～42.5℃,最适温度为37.5℃;适宜pH值范围为5.0～9.0,最适pH值为8.0;对盐度有很好的适应性,在0～0.6mol/L范围内,随着盐度升高,净光合放氧速率明显上升。小球藻和海洋小球藻的净光合放氧速率随光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度变化的规律,表明了两种小球藻的基本生理生态学特性：能适应较强的光照强度、较高的温度、中性偏碱的环境和较高的盐度。研究结果有助于小球藻培养条件的优化。两种小球藻对光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度变化的反应也有所不同：与小球藻（Chlorella sp.XQ-200419）相比,海洋小球藻（Chlorella marina NJ-016）对光照强度有更好的适应性,对pH值变化有更宽的适应范围,适当提高盐度对其光合作用有明显的促进作用。这表明海洋小球藻（Chlorella marina NJ-016）在快速生长繁殖方面具有更大的潜力,这一研究结果为筛选适合于大量培养的优良藻种提供了依据。     

A GROWTH ADVANTAGE FOR MICROCYSTIN PRODUCTION BY MICROCYSTIS PCC7806 UNDER HIGH LIGHT1

Batch cultures of both Microcystis PCC7806 and a mcyA^? knockout mutant (MT) of PCC7806 were cultured at three different light intensities and five media treatments, so as to vary cellular N:C ratios and concentrations and sampled daily over 5 d for analysis of microcystin concentration, cell numbers, and residual nitrate in the growth medium. A competitive survival advantage was noted at a high‐light level (37 μmol photons · m^?2 · s^?1), where the toxic strain survived while the nontoxic strain became chlorotic. A strong correlation (r² = 0.91, P < 0.001, N = 22) between microcystin concentration and growth rate was observed at high‐light conditions. No advantage was observed at optimal or low‐light conditions, and media composition had no significant effect on the relationship between toxicity and survival at high‐light conditions. These data suggest a possible role for microcystin in protection against photooxidation.     

环境因子对小球藻(Chlorella sp.XQ-20044)光合作用的影响

小球藻(Chlorella sp.XQ-20044)是一株具有应用潜力的产油微藻,本文利用测定净光合放氧速率的方法研究了光照强度、温度、pH值和盐度对其光合作用的影响。研究结果表明:小球藻适宜的光照强度为500~1200μmol·m-2·s-1,光补偿点约30μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点在600μmol·m-2·s-1附近;光合作用适宜的温度范围为30~42.5℃,最适温度为40℃;适宜的pH值范围7.0~10.0,最适pH值为8.0;适宜盐度范围0.1~0.3 mol/L,最适盐度为0.2 mol/L。从光合作用特性来看,小球藻能适应较强的光照强度、较高的温度、偏碱性和较高的盐度环境,其中可耐受较高盐度的特性,有助于预防敌害生物的污染,对于实现规模培养,特别是利用开放系统进行规模培养较为有利。     

Transfer of neurotoxigenicity from Clostridium butyricum to a nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum type E-like strain.

Two Clostridium butyricum strains from infant botulism cases produce a toxic molecule very similar to C. botulinum type E neurotoxin. Chromosomal, plasmid, and bacteriophage DNAs of toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of C. butyricum and C. botulinum type E were probed with (i) a synthesized 30-mer oligonucleotide encoding part of the L chain of type E botulinum toxin and (ii) the DNA of phages lysogenizing these cultures. The toxin gene probe hybridized to the chromosomal DNA of toxigenic strains but not to their plasmid DNA. All toxigenic and most nontoxigenic strains tested were lysogenized by a prophage on the chromosome. Prophages of toxigenic strains, irrespective of species, had related or identical DNAs which differed from the DNAs of prophages in nontoxigenic strains. The prophage of toxigenic strains was adjacent or close to the toxin gene on the chromosome. Phage DNAs purified from toxigenic strains did not hybridize with the toxin gene probe but could act as the template of the polymerase chain reaction to amplify the toxin gene. The toxin gene was not transferred between C. botulinum and C. butyricum (either direction) when different pairs of a possible gene donor and a recipient strain were grown as mixed cultures. Nontoxigenic C. butyricum or C. botulinum type E-like strains did not become toxigenic when grown in broth containing the phage induced from a toxigenic strain of the other species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of Light on the Microcystin Content of Microcystis Strain PCC 7806

Many cyanobacteria produce microcystins, hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides that can affect animals and humans. The effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on microcystin production by Microcystis strain PCC 7806 were studied in continuous cultures. Microcystis strain PCC 7806 was grown under PAR intensities between 10 and 403 μmol of photons m⁻² s⁻¹ on a light-dark rhythm of 12 h -12 h. The microcystin concentration per cell, per unit biovolume and protein, was estimated under steady-state and transient-state conditions and on a diurnal timescale. The cellular microcystin content varied between 34.5 and 81.4 fg cell⁻¹ and was significantly positively correlated with growth rate under PAR-limited growth but not under PAR-saturated growth. Microcystin production and PAR showed a significant positive correlation under PAR-limited growth and a significant negative correlation under PAR-saturated growth. The microcystin concentration, as a ratio with respect to biovolume and protein, correlated neither with growth rate nor with PAR. Adaptation of microcystin production to a higher irradiance during transient states lasted for 5 days. During the period of illumination at a PAR of 10 and 40 μmol of photons m⁻² s⁻¹, the intracellular microcystin content increased to values 10 to 20% higher than those at the end of the dark period. Extracellular (dissolved) microcystin concentrations were 20 times higher at 40 μmol of photons m⁻² s⁻¹ than at 10 μmol of photons m⁻² s⁻¹ and did not change significantly during the light-dark cycles at both irradiances. In summary, our results showed a positive effect of PAR on microcystin production and content of Microcystis strain PCC 7806 up to the point where the maximum growth rate is reached, while at higher irradiances the microcystin production is inhibited.     

EFFECT OF IRON NUTRITION ON THE MARINE CYANOBACTERIUM SYNECHOCOCCUS GROWN ON DIFFERENT N SOURCES AND IRRADIANCES1

The effects of Fe deficiency on the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. were examined in batch cultures grown on nitrate or ammonium as a sole nitrogen source under two different irradiances. Fe-stressed cells showed lower chlorophyll a content and cellular C and N quotas. Light limitation increased the critical iron concentration below which both suppression of growth rate and changes in cellular composition were observed. At a limiting irradiance (26 μmol.m⁻².s⁻¹), this critical value was ∼10 nM, a 10 times increase compared to high-light cultures. Moreover, at low light the cellular chlorophyll a concentration was higher than at saturating light (110 μmol.m⁻².s⁻¹), this difference being most pronounced under Fe-stressed conditions. Cells grown on ammonium showed a lower half-saturation constant for Fe (K_s) compared to cells grown on nitrate, indicating Synechococcus sp. has the ability to grow faster on ammonium than on nitrate in a low Fe environment at high light. Consequently, in high-nutrient and low-chlorophyll regions where Fe limits new production, cyanobacteria most likely grow on regenerated ammonium, which requires less energy for assimilation. The K_s for growth on Fe at low light was significantly higher than at high light compared with the cells grown on the same N source, suggesting the cells require more Fe at low light. Therefore, if cells that are already Fe-limited also become light-limited, their iron stress level will increase even more. For cyanobacteria this is the first report of a study combining the interactions of Fe limitation, light limitation, and nitrogen source (NO₃⁻ vs. NH₄⁺).     

Comparative proteomics between natural Microcystis isolates with a focus on microcystin synthesis

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Microcystis aeruginosa is a species of cyanobacteria commonly found in a number of countries and frequently related to animal poisoning episodes due to its capacity to produce the cyanotoxin known as microcystin. Despite vast literature on microcystin structures and their deleterious effects, little is known about its synthesis by cyanobacteria. Therefore, this study used proteomic tools to compare two M. aeruginosa strains, contrasting them for microcystin production. RESULTS: 2-DE gels were performed and 30 differential protein spots were chosen. Among them, 11 protein spots were unique in the toxin producing strain and 8 in the non-toxin producing strain, and 14 protein spots were shown on both 2-DE gels but expressed differently in intensity. Around 57% of the tandem mass spectrometry identified proteins were related to energy metabolism, with these proteins being up-regulated in the toxin producing strain. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the presence of higher quantities of metabolic enzymes could be related to microcystin metabolism in comparison to the non-toxin producing strain. Moreover, it was suggested that the production of microcystin could also be related to other proteins than those directly involved in its production, such as the enzymes involved in the Calvin cycle and glycolysis.     

Development and application of a multiplex qPCR technique to detect multiple microcystin-producing cyanobacterial genera in a Canadian freshwater lake

The emergence and persistence of complex blooms comprising multiple toxigenic cyanobacteria genera pose significant challenges for water quality management worldwide. The co-occurrence of morphologically indistinguishable toxic and non-toxic strains makes monitoring and control of these noxious organisms particularly challenging. Conventional monitoring approaches are not only incapable of discriminating toxic from non-toxic strains but also have proven to be less sensitive and specific. In this study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) approach was developed and tested for its sensitivity and specificity at detecting, differentiating and estimating potentially toxic Anabaena, Microcystis and Planktothrix genotype compositions in environmental samples. The oligonucleotide primers and probes utilized were designed to target portions of the microcystin synthetase (mcy) E gene that encode synthesis of the unique 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (ADDA) moiety of microcystins in the three target genera. Laboratory evaluation showed the developed assay to be highly sensitive and specific at detecting and quantifying targeted genera. Indeed, the assay standards for the Anabaena, Microcystis and Planktothrix reactions attained efficiencies above 90 %, with coefficients of determination consistently above 0.99. Analysis of water samples from Missisquoi Bay, Quebec, Canada, resulted in successful detection and quantification of target toxigenic cyanobacteria even when cell numbers were below the detection limit for the conventional microscopy methods. Furthermore, toxigenic Microcystis spp. were found to be the main putative microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in the study lake. The qPCR technique developed in this study therefore offers simultaneous detection, differentiation and quantification of multiple toxigenic cyanobacteria that otherwise cannot be accomplished by current monitoring approaches.     

10个秋菊品种的光合特性及净光合速率与部分生理生态因子的相关性分析

用CIRAS-2便携式光合测定系统测定了9月至10月10个秋菊[Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tvzel.]品种叶片的光合特征参数;在此基础上,对叶片光响应参数和CO2响应参数以及部分光合特征参数的日变化进行了比较分析;此外,还对净光合速率(Pn)与部分生理生态因子的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:10个秋菊品种的光补偿点(LCP)为92.83～167.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点(LSP)为962.51～1 077.53 μmol·m-2·s-1,说明它们均为喜光植物;10个秋菊品种的CO2饱和点为1 060.46 ～1 485.48μmol·mol-1,CO2补偿点为77.62 ～ 133.16μmo1·mol-1,远大于一般的C3植物;各品种Pn的日变化呈典型的双峰型曲线,首峰(11～19μmol·m-2·s-1)出现在10:00左右,次峰出现在16:00左右,有明显的“午休”现象.相关分析结果表明:10个品种的Pn与气孔导度呈极显著正相关,与蒸腾速率呈显著或极显著正相关(品种‘关东新侠’、‘云龙凤舞’和‘日本黄’除外),与胞间CO2浓度呈显著或极显著负相关,与光合有效辐射强度和大气温度呈不显著正相关,与大气相对湿度和大气CO2浓度呈不显著负相关.早花品种‘太平的小鼓’和‘铜雀春深’具有较高的LSP以及较低的LCP和表观量子效率(AQY),对光照强度的适应范围较大,可栽培在光照较强的环境中;品种‘早粉盘’和‘檀香狮子’具有较高的LCP、AQY和LSP,对强光的利用能力较强;晚花品种‘关东新侠’、‘绿牡丹’和‘星光灿烂’具有较高的LCP和AQY以及较低的LSP,具有一定的耐阴能力,可种植在光照较弱的环境中.     

Distribution of Neuraminidase among Food-poisoning Strains of Clostridium perfringens

A survey was made to determine the distribution of the enzyme neuraminidase among 76 strains of Clostridium perfringens. Representative strains from each toxigenic type (A to F) and atypical C. perfringens type A food-poisoning strains of both American and English (Hobbs types) origin were tested. Both the American food-poisoning and nonfood-poisoning associated cultures consisted of both neuraminidase-positive and -negative strains. Furthermore, American strains which could not be differentiated from the original Hobbs cultures consisted of both neuraminidase-positive and -negative representatives. In contrast, the English (Hobbs) strains uniformly failed to produce an active intracellular or extracellular neuraminidase. No enzyme activity was detected in these strains when cultures were grown in different growth media, when grown in the presence of substrate (neuraminlactose), or upon extended incubation of enzyme preparations with substrate. With the exception of a type F strain, representative strains of the other toxigenic types (A to F) produced neuraminidase; 85% of the typical type A strains contained the enzyme.     

温、光、盐对硅藻STR01生长、总脂、脂肪酸的影响

为了优化新分离STR01的生态培养条件, 采用单因子试验和正交试验研究了不同温度、光照强度、盐度和温、光、盐三因素三水平对该藻的生长、总脂和脂肪酸组成影响。结果表明: 温、光、盐对STR01的生长、总脂和脂肪酸组成影响显著(P<0.05)。生长的适宜温度为15—35℃, 最适25—30℃(K值达0.679—0.682), 总脂含量积累的最适温度是25℃(总脂可达17.23%), 温度20℃时有利于该藻PUFA的积累, 可达34.23%。STR01生长的适宜光照强度为40—120 μmol/(m2·s), 最适光强为60 μmol/(m2·s), 光照强度40 μmol/(m2·s)有利于该藻的PUFA积累, 可达34.29%。STR01生长的适宜盐度为10—35, 最适盐度25, 盐度25时PUFA含量较高(43.42%)。正交试验结果表明温度对STR01的平均相对生长速率和总脂含量影响显著, 生长的最优组合: 温度30℃、光照强度60 μmol/(m2·s)、盐度25, 该组合下的生长速率达0.756; 总脂含量积累的最优组合: 温度30℃、光照强度60 μmol/(m2·s)、盐度20, 该组合下的总脂含量为20.00%。PUFA的最优组合: 温度25℃、光照强度60 μmol/(m2·s)、盐度20, 该组合下PUFA的含量为35.37%。综上所述: 该藻生长迅速, 总脂含量较高, PUFA丰富, 是一种可开发利用的耐高温浮游硅藻。     

Extracellular polysaccharide synthesis by Nostoc strains as affected by N source and light intensity

A study on the effect of two of the main factors affecting energy flux in N(2)-fixing cyanobacteria, i.e. light intensity and availability of combined nitrogen, on the synthesis of soluble exopolysaccharides was carried out with three strains of the genus Nostoc (PCC 7413, PCC 7936, and PCC 8113) presenting different capsular polysaccharidic morphologies and released polysaccharide productions. Strains acclimated to diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic conditions were cultured at high and low light intensities in aerated batch cultures. High light intensities enhanced total carbohydrate synthesis in all the strains but growth measured as pigment and protein concentration, total and soluble carbohydrate concentrations presented a strain-dependent response to nitrate availability. When adequately acclimated to the presence of nitrate all the capsulated strains tested became non-capsulated, with no extracellular polysaccharide being produced. Carbon availability can be on the basis of the observed correlation between the synthesis of capsular polysaccharides and diazotrophy. The slime-forming strain Nostoc PCC 7413 was the only one releasing polysaccharides into the surrounding medium under both, diazotrophic and non-diazotrophic conditions, with the highest values being obtained in the presence of nitrate. This strain presented the highest total carbohydrate (3.5 gl(-1)), soluble carbohydrate (1.8 gl(-1)) concentrations and viscosity values of all the tested strains. Different mechanisms of nitrogen-control of the synthesis of exocellular polysaccharides are reported for each strain, which results in the requirement of a species-specific optimisation of the cultivation conditions for the development of an efficient technology for the production of cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides.     

光照强度对小麦苗期草酸氧化酶活性的影响

以小麦品种‘烟优361’(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Yanyou 361)萌发4 d幼苗为试验材料,分析了草酸氧化酶(OxO)在幼苗中的定位和表达,以及光照强度处理对小麦幼苗OxO活性的影响。实验结果显示,萌发后小麦幼苗的OxO分布在子叶与根的连接处和成熟的根中,其活性随光照强度的增加而下降;200μmol.m-2.s-1的强光显著抑制了OxO活性,该处理培养4 d幼苗的OxO活性仅为40μmol.m-2.s-1光照培养条件下的18.7%;强光还缩短OxO在苗期的表达时间,抑制了OxO的mRNA表达量。同时,光照强度还能影响小麦幼苗中H2O2的含量,200μmol.m-2.s-1处理幼苗的H2O2的含量显著下降,其培养4 d的幼苗H2O2含量仅为40μmol.m-2.s-1光照强度培养条件下的18.0%。研究发现,光照强度可通过调节OxO的活性和表达量来控制H2O2的产量,从而影响幼苗的生长发育。