Ten Years of Practical Experience with the Dreissena-Monitor, a Biological Early Warning System for Continuous Water Quality Monitoring

The Dreissena-Monitor is a biological early warning system for the aquatic environment. It is based on the valve movements of up to 2 × 42 specimens of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, exposed in a flow-through system of 2 experimental channels connected to the water to be tested. A computer records whether a mussel is open or closed. After an analysis period of 5 min, the percentage of open mussels and the number of valve movements are computed as running averages for each experimental channel. With consideration being given to the normal behaviour of the mussels and the response of the system during several toxicity tests, reliable alarm-thresholds were established which are based on dynamic limits. In addition to these alarm functions (including the automatically safekeeping of a water sample) and the primary measurements, the computer fulfils every function necessary for an early warning system, e.g., complete storage and documentation of all data, validity-check of the primary measurements, and graphical presentation of all results. Together with more than 20 biological early warning systems, the Dreissena-Monitor was tested and evaluated by a joint federal government/federal states project group in Germany. As one of three systems, the Dreissena-Monitor is now recommended for implementation at the measuring stations of the ‘German Commission for the Protection of the Rhine Against Pollution.’ Starting in 1992, the Dreissena-Monitor is now applied at 13 water control stations in Germany (Rhine, Elbe, Danube, several tributaries). The experience of the users at the different stations have revealed that the Dreissena-Monitor complies quite well with the main functional requirements of an early warning system: (1) reliable, unattended operation for at least 1 week, (2) ease of handling, (3) an average of less than 3 h of maintenance per week, and (4) automatic detection of alarm situations within 30 min. In particular, the Dreissena-Monitor detected some water alarms at different rivers that give first clues on the sources of emission.     

关于Taylor幂法则b值的不一致性问题讨论─—以菜蚜为研究事例

关于Ｔａｙｌｏｒ幂法则ｂ值的不一致性问题讨论─—以菜蚜为研究事例汪信庚,刘树生（浙江农业大学植保系,杭州３１００２９）ＤｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅＩｎｃｏｎｓｔａｎｃｙｏｆｂＶａｌｕｅｉｎＴａｙｌｏｒ＇ｓＰｏｗｅｒＬａｗｗｉｔｈＳｐｅｃｉａｌＲｅｆ...     

视频脑电图联合PEWS评分、NSE、CD4+/CD8+比值对病毒性脑炎患儿病情评估及预后预测的临床价值

摘要 目的：探讨视频脑电图（VEEG）联合儿童早期预警评分（PEWS）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值对病毒性脑炎患儿病情评估及预后预测的价值。方法：选择2020年3月至2022年3月南京医科大学附属儿童医院收治的152例病毒性脑炎患儿，根据病情严重程度将患儿分为重症组（67例）和轻症组（85例），另选择72例无神经系统损伤住院患儿为对照组。治疗2周后，根据儿童格拉斯哥预后量表（CGOS）将其分为预后良好组（4~5级，89例）与预后不良组（1~3级，63例）。所有研究对象均接受PEWS测评和VEEG检查，检测血清NSE水平，计算CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响病毒性脑炎患儿预后的因素。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析PEWS、VEEG 及血清NSE、CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值预测病毒性脑炎患儿预后的价值。结果：重症组PEWS、VEEG重度异常比例及血清NSE水平高于轻症组和对照组，CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值低于轻症组和对照组（P＜0.05）；轻症组PEWS、VEEG重度异常比例及血清NSE水平高于对照组，CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值低于对照组（P＜0.05）。预后不良组PEWS、VEEG重度异常比例、血清NSE水平高于预后良好组，CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值低于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，持续惊厥、高PEWS、VEEG重度异常、血清NSE水平升高是病毒性脑炎患儿预后不良的危险因素，CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值升高是保护因素（P＜0.05）。联合PEWS、VEEG 及血清NSE、CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值预测病毒性脑炎患儿预后曲线下面积为0.859，高于各指标单独预测。结论：病毒性脑炎患儿高PEWS、VEEG重度异常、血清NSE水平升高、CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值降低，与病情加重和预后不良有关，联合以上四项指标辅助预测病毒性脑炎患儿预后的价值较高。