不同启动子表达Cry1Ie蛋白的特性分析

苏云金芽胞杆菌启动子P1Ac与T7启动子表达的Cry1Ie蛋白对鳞翅目害虫小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫的杀虫活性有较大差异.P1Ac启动子表达的Cry1Ie蛋白LC50为1.73 μg/mL,T7启动子表达的Cry1Ie蛋白LC50为18.18 μg/mL,后者是前者的10.5倍.主要从形态、碱溶性及抗胰蛋白酶稳定性等方面对其进行了初步的探索.结果显示,两者在形态上无显著差异,均有相对较为规则的颗粒存在;在碱溶性方面无显著差异,均有约20.0％的包涵体能溶解于pH10.5 50.0 mmol/L Na2CO3的溶液;在对抗胰蛋白酶的稳定性方面无明显差异,由此说明这三方面都不是二者活性差异的原因,推测是T7启动子表达的Cry1Ie蛋白折叠不正确导致其活性较差.     

营养因子对苏云金芽胞杆菌4.0718 产杀虫蛋白Cry1和Cry2的影响

为了提高杀虫蛋白Cry1和Cry2产量,首先采用Plackett-Burman设计筛选出发酵培养基中影响苏云金芽胞杆菌4.0718表达毒蛋白Cry1的显著性因子为黄豆饼粉和MnSO4·H2O,Cry2的产量在该配方中无显著性影响因子.然后利用最速上升实验逼近Cry1最大产出区域,找到后续试验中心点.最后通过响应面优化得到黄豆饼粉和MnSO4·H2O的最佳浓度为11.5 g/L和0.02 g/L,使Cry1和Cry2产量分别达到0.32 mg/mL和0.11 mg/mL,比原优选配方产量提高了两倍多.该优化配方发酵液对棉铃虫的半致死浓度(LC50)为1.09 μL/mL,杀虫活性比原优化配方显著提高.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌cry2Ab、cry9Ea基因的表达及活性分析

旨在为农业害虫防治提供更多的苏云金芽胞杆菌基因资源,从中国吉林市龙潭山土壤样品中分离得到野生菌株命名为Bt LTS-7,扫描电镜显示该菌株产生晶体形状为双锥体和正方体,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示该菌株产生130 kD和71 kD的晶体蛋白,通过PCR鉴定出该菌株中含有cry2Ab和cry9Ea基因,并成功克隆到了这两个新基因,并被Bt国际命名委员会正式命名为cry2Ab28和cry9Ea9,将两个基因分别在大肠杆菌Rosetta( DE3)中表达,并进一步对其表达蛋白进行杀虫活性测定.结果显示,Cry2Ab28蛋白对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)初孵幼虫具有杀虫活性,LC50为32.45 μg/mL.Cry9Ea9蛋白对小菜蛾初孵幼虫(Plutella xylostella)具有较高杀虫活性,LC50为0.77μg/mL.     

Cry1Ab/Cry1Ah杂合蛋白构建与功能研究

Cry1A类杀虫蛋白是目前应用最为广泛的杀虫蛋白,目前已经报道的Cry1A类杀虫蛋白之间存在普遍的结构域交换现象。针对鳞翅目害虫具有高活性的Cry1Ab与Cry1Ah蛋白开展研究,构建了Cry1Ab、Cry1Ah的杂合蛋白AhAhAb并测定了杀虫活性。结果显示,Cry1Ab、Cry1Ah的结构域交换引起蛋白杀虫活性的显著变化,与出发蛋白相比,杂合蛋白AhAhAb丧失了对棉铃虫杀虫活性,降低了对玉米螟、小菜蛾杀虫活性。利用生物信息学方法对Cry1Ah结构域I建模,并分析其与其他Cry1A蛋白结构及表面性质差异,分析表明Cry1Ah与Cry1Ab的结构域I有相同的碳骨架和二级结构,但是表面电势分布有较大差异。进一步分析杂合蛋白AhAhAb与Cry1Ab、Cry1Ah之间杀虫活性差异的原因对进一步揭示Cry1A类蛋白杀虫特异性进化规律有重要意义。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌vip3A基因的鉴定、克隆及活性分析

【目的】鉴定我国自行分离的苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt）菌株中vip3A基因的分布和基因型,从其中对鳞翅目幼虫表现高毒力的Bt菌株中克隆vip3Aa基因。【方法】利用PCR-RFLP方法确定vip3A基因的分布和鉴定基因型,利用PCR方法克隆vip3A全长基因。【结果】171株野生型Bt菌株中共鉴定出63株含有vip3A基因,均与vip3Aa1类基因相似。从TF9和Bt16菌株中克隆得到2个vip3Aa基因,分别构建了携带vip3Aa基因的表达载体p30vip-26和p30vip-27,SDS-PAGE和Western Blot分析表明,IPTG诱导后均可表达88 kDa左右的Vip3A蛋白,蛋白可溶性分析表明约10%可溶。这两种基因序列已被国际Bt基因命名委员会分别正式命名为vip3Aa26和vip3Aa27。生物测定结果显示,Vip3Aa27蛋白对粉纹夜蛾（Trichoplusia ni）、甜菜夜蛾（Spodoptera exigua）和棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）3种重要鳞翅目害虫初孵幼虫的毒力较高,LC50值分别为0.125 μg/mL,0.238 μg/mL和9.238 μg/mL。而Vip3Aa26蛋白仅对粉纹夜蛾有活性,LC50值为4.423 μg/mL。【结论】本研究中的Vip3Aa27蛋白对粉纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和棉铃虫幼虫均能表现高杀虫活性,而Vip3Aa26蛋白仅对粉纹夜蛾幼虫有活性,实验结果表明Vip3A蛋白个别氨基酸的变化对其杀虫活性影响很大。     

棉铃虫中肠钙粘蛋白、氨肽酶N及碱性磷酸酯酶的抗血清对Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa毒力的影响

【目的】Cry1A和Cry2A类Bt蛋白通过特异性地与昆虫中肠上的受体蛋白结合而发挥杀虫作用,现已广泛应用于转基因抗虫作物。本研究旨在进一步明确Cry2A类蛋白的作用机制和Cry1A受体蛋白在Cry2A发挥毒力中的作用。【方法】本研究首先提取了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的BBMV,制备了钙粘蛋白(CAD)、氨肽酶N(APN)和碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)3种受体蛋白的抗体和抗血清;然后,利用Western blot检测BBMV上这3种受体蛋白后,利用抗体封闭技术比较了敏感棉铃虫和Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫(BtR)中3种受体蛋白的抗血清对Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa毒力的影响。【结果】对敏感品系棉铃虫,这3种已知的Cry1Ac受体蛋白抗血清显著地降低了Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa的毒力。其中APN抗血清对Cry1Ac毒力的影响最大,棉铃虫幼虫的死亡率降低了84.44%;ALP抗血清对Cry2Aa的毒力影响最大,棉铃虫幼虫死亡率比对照降低了71.04%。Cry1Ac对Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫(BtR)的毒力显著降低,Cry2Aa的毒性也减弱。在Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫(BtR)中,3种受体抗血清对Cry1Ac的影响比在敏感棉铃虫中的影响小,尤其是CAD和APN抗血清对Cry1Ac毒力的抑制率显著低于在敏感棉铃虫中的抑制作用;CAD和ALP抗血清对Cry2Aa毒力的影响与在敏感棉铃虫中的影响差异不显著,但APN抗血清可以显著降低Cry2Aa对Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫(BtR)的毒力。【结论】棉铃虫CAD,APN和ALP不仅参与了Cry1Ac的杀虫过程,也对Cry2Aa毒力有一定的影响,而且这3种蛋白可能与棉铃虫对Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa产生抗性及交互抗性相关。     

对二点委夜蛾高毒力苏云金芽胞杆菌的筛选及其基因型分析

【目的】获得对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(M(o|¨)schler)高毒力的苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bt)菌株,寻找对该虫具有特异杀虫活性的蛋白毒素,探索Bt菌株或其杀虫基因应用于二点委夜蛾防治的可行性。【方法】通过生物测定方法比较了36株苏云金芽胞杆菌和一株恶臭假单胞工程菌PHB-cry1Ab对二点委夜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性,同时利用PCR-RFLP方法对这些菌株的基因型进行了分析。【结果】不同Bt菌株对二点委夜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性差别很大,杀虫活性高的菌株都含有cry1Ac基因。饲毒72 h后含单基因的BtHD-73菌株(cry1Ac)对二点委夜蛾2龄幼虫的毒力(LC_(50)值为188.51μg/g)明显高于含多基因的Bt SC-40菌株(cry1Ac,cry2Ac,cry1I,vip3A)的毒力(LC_(50)值为418.13μg/g)。含有vip3A基因的Bt SC-40和BtHD-13营养期上清液对二点委夜蛾2龄幼虫表现出一定的杀虫活性(72 h死亡率分别达到42.5%和57.4%),而无vip3A基因的Bt HD-73营养期上清液未表现出明显的杀虫活性。【结论】由cry1Ac基因编码的Cry1Ac蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫具有特异杀虫活性,Vip3A蛋白对二点委夜蛾幼虫可能也有一定的杀虫活性。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Rpp39杀虫晶体蛋白基因的鉴定及cry2Aa12基因的克隆表达

[目的]本研究的目的是分析从四川生态条件下分离的苏云金芽胞杆菌Rpp39菌株的特性,从分子水平上揭示该菌株对鳞翅目高毒力的原因;进一步从中分离克隆cry2Aa基因,并对其进行初步的表达研究.[方法]本研究主要采用扫描电镜观察、PCR-RFLP鉴定法和SDS-PAGE分析法研究菌株的特性;采用PCR直接克隆法克隆cry2Aa全长基因,并亚克隆到原核表达载体pET-30a中,构建重组表达质粒pET-2Aa,再转入受体菌E.coli.BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达;采用室内生物测定法测定表达产物对小菜蛾和水稻二化螟的毒力.[结果]经扫描电镜观察菌株Rpp39主要产生菱形、方形和圆形3种伴胞晶体;SDS-PAGE分析表明主要产生130 kDa和60 kDa左右2种蛋白;经PCR-RFLP鉴定,该菌株含有cry1Aa、cry1Ab、cry1Ac、cry1Ia和cry2Aa五类杀虫晶体蛋白基因;1种cry2Aa类杀虫晶体蛋白全长基因被克隆,序列分析显示该基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为1902 bps,编码由634个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,氨基酸序列与Cry2Aa1蛋白同源性为99.7%,被国际Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因命名委员会命名为cry2Aa12.重组表达质粒pET-2Aa在E.coli BL21(DE3)中,经IPTG诱导能正常表达,SDS-PAGE电泳验证含有65 kDa表达蛋白.生物活性测定表明表达的包涵体蛋白对小菜蛾和二化螟具有杀虫活性,LC50分别为5.4 μg/mL和22.3μg/mL.[结论]菌株Rpp39及从中分离克隆的cry2Aa12基因来自四川生态条件,丰富了菌株及基因的资源,在资源积累方面具有重要意义.     

链霉菌3704杀虫成分及对小菜蛾的毒力测定

为寻找新的高活性杀虫化合物,本研究以小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)为靶标筛选出杀虫抗生素3704.室内生测试验表明:抗生素3704粗提物处理2龄小菜蛾幼虫24、48和72 h,LC5o分别为59.82842、38.66165和22.69325 μ/mL.盆栽试验表明:处理后48 h,500 μg/mL的杀虫素3704粗提物对小菜2龄幼虫的防治效果与8 μg/mL阿维菌素同期防效相当,但施药时间延长至72 h和96 h后,防治效果低于阿维菌素.分离纯化链霉菌3704杀虫活性物质,鉴定出其化学结构为已知杀螨剂哒螨酮(pyridaben),本研究首次报道从微生物次级代谢产物中分离出该化合物.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ca7蛋白定点突变对甜菜夜蛾杀虫活性的影响

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白Cry1Ca7对重要的农业害虫甜菜夜蛾具有较高毒力.[目的]本文的研究目的是通过定点突变的方法获得毒力发生改变的毒蛋白,为下一步研究工作提供有价值的实验材料.[方法]利用重叠引物PCR技术对cry1Ca7基因进行定点突变,获得了10种突变基因,通过生物活性测定的方法确定了各突变基因表达产物对甜菜夜蛾的杀虫活性.[结果]活性降低的突变毒蛋白有G138S,T221D,T221R,N251S,439GGT440,N306R,W376F,R522E和 R570G,其中,位于DomainⅡ内的突变的活性依次是439GGT440相似文献   

Introduction of Culex toxicity into Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4Ba by protein engineering

Bacillus thuringiensis mosquitocidal toxin Cry4Ba has no significant natural activity against Culex quinquefasciatus or Culex pipiens (50% lethal concentrations [LC(50)], >80,000 and >20,000 ng/ml, respectively). We introduced amino acid substitutions in three putative loops of domain II of Cry4Ba. The mutant proteins were tested on four different species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, C. quinquefasciatus, and C. pipiens. Putative loop 1 and 2 exchanges eliminated activity towards A. aegypti and A. quadrimaculatus. Mutations in a putative loop 3 resulted in a final increase in toxicity of >700-fold and >285-fold against C. quinquefasciatus (LC(50) congruent with 114 ng/ml) and C. pipiens (LC(50) 37 ng/ml), respectively. The enhanced protein (mutein) has very little negative effect on the activity against Anopheles or AEDES: These results suggest that the introduction of short variable sequences of the loop regions from one toxin into another might provide a general rational design approach to enhancing B. thuringiensis Cry toxins.     

Single cysteine substitution in Bacillus thuringiensis Cry7Ba1 improves the crystal solubility and produces toxicity to Plutella xylostella larvae

Many Bacillus thuringiensis isolates have no demonstrated toxicity against insects. In this study, a novel holotype crystal protein gene cry7Ba1 was isolated from a 'non-insecticidal'B. thuringiensis strain YBT-978. The Cry7Ba1 protein showed high toxicity against Plutella xylostella larvae after the crystals were dissolved at pH 12.5, suggesting that the 'non-insecticidal' properties of this protein were due to insolubility in the normal insect midgut pH environment. After the C-terminal half of Cry7Ba1 was replaced by that of Cry1Ac or Cry1C proteins, the recombinant protein inclusions could be dissolved at pH 9.5, and exhibited high toxicity against P. xylostella larvae. This result proved the insolubility of Cry7Ba1 crystal was determined by the structure of its C-terminal half. Further, six mutations were constructed by substituting cysteine residues with serine. Solubility studies showed that the crystals from mutants C697S, C834S and C854S could be dissolved at lower pH (10.5, 9.5 and 11.5 respectively). Bioassays showed that crystals from mutant C834S were toxic to P. xylostella larvae. Our discoveries suggest that a single cysteine residue located in the C-terminal half of the protein determines the solubility and toxicity of some nontoxic crystal proteins. This study provides a strategy to isolate novel insecticidal crystal protein genes from 'non-insecticidal'B. thuringiensis strains.     

Loop residues of the receptor binding domain of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry11Ba toxin are important for mosquitocidal activity

Using a Cry11Ba toxin model, predicted loops in domain II were analyzed for their role in receptor binding and toxicity. Peptides corresponding to loops α8, 1 and 3, but not loop 2, competed with toxin binding to Aedes midgut membranes. Mutagenesis data reveal loops α8, 1 and 3 are involved in toxicity. Loops 1 and 3 are of greater significance in toxicity to Aedes and Culex larvae than to Anopheles. Cry11Ba binds the apical membrane of larval caecae and posterior midgut, and binding can be competed by loop 1 but not by loop 2 peptides. Cry11Ba binds the same regions to which anti-cadherin antibody binds, and this antibody competes with Cry11Ba binding suggesting a possible role of cadherin in toxication.     

Co-expression of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4Ba and Cyt2Aa2 in Escherichia coli revealed high synergism against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Cry4Ba is a delta-endotoxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Cyt2Aa2 is a cytolytic delta-endotoxin produced by B. thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis. Cry4Ba produced in Escherichia coli was toxic to Aedes aegypti larvae (LC(50)=140 ng ml(-1)) but virtually inactive to Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Cyt2Aa2 expressed in E. coli exhibited moderate activity against A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus larvae with LC(50) values of 350 and 250 ng ml(-1), respectively. Co-expression of both toxins in E. coli dramatically increased toxicity to both A. aegypti andC. quinquefasciatus larvae (LC(50)=7 and 20 ng ml(-1), respectively). This is the first report to demonstrate that Cry4Ba and Cyt2Aa2 have high synergistic activity against C. quinquefasciatus larvae.     

Geographical variation in larval susceptibility of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis spore-crystal mixtures and purified crystal proteins and associated resistance development in India

The susceptibility of larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus to purified crystal proteins and spore-crystal preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis was investigated for 13 populations from seven states in India. The LC50 (microg ml(-1), 48 h) values of Cry proteins for different populations of P. xylostella ranged from 0.14-3.74 (Cry1Aa), 0.007-1.25 (Cry1Ab), 0.18-2.47 (Cry1Ac) and 0.12-3.0 (Cry1C). The LC50 (mg (ai) l(-1), 48 h) of spore-crystal preparations ranged from 0.02-0.98 (HD-1) and 0.06-2.14 (HD-73). Significantly higher LC50 values for all tested toxins and strains were obtained with populations collected from Iruttupallam and Ottanchathiram in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, whereas some of the populations collected from the northern part of India were more susceptible than the susceptible IARI 17-65 population. The high levels of resistance in the Iruttupallam and Ottanchathiram populations to Cry1Ab suggested selection pressure by Cry1Ab, which is the predominant toxin in B. thuringiensis formulations used in India. Cry1Ab was found to be more toxic than the other toxins. The population from Iruttupallam showed increased resistance following selection with Cry1Ab in the laboratory (LC50 from 1.25 to 4.31 microg ml(-1) over two generations) and also showed cross resistance to CrylAa and CrylAc. The resistance to Biobit in the field population from Iruttupallam declined slowly; requiring c. 33 generations for an overall 10-fold decline in LC50 when the insects were reared in the laboratory without exposure to B. thuringensis.     

Recombinant strain of Bacillus thuringiensis producing Cyt1A,Cry11B,and the Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin

A novel recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain that produces the B. sphaericus binary toxin, Cyt1Aa, and Cry11Ba is described. The toxicity of this strain (50% lethal concentration [LC(50)] = 1.7 ng/ml) against fourth-instar Culex quinquefasciatus was higher than that of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis IPS-82 (LC(50) = 7.9 ng/ml) or B. sphaericus 2362 (LC(50) = 12.6 ng/ml).     

Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins against bean shoot borer (Epinotia aporema Wals.) larvae, a major soybean pest in Argentina

The toxicity of seven Bacillus thuringiensis Cry protoxins was tested against neonate larvae of Epinotia aporema, a major soybean pest in Argentina and South America. The most active protoxins were Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, with LC50 values of 0.55 and 1.39 microg/ml, respectively. Cry1Aa, Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca, and Cry9Ca protoxins were equally toxic with LC50 values about 4 microg/ml, whereas Cry1Da was not toxic. The synergistic activity of different protoxin-mixtures was also analyzed, no synergistic effect between the Cry proteins was observed, with the exception of the poorly toxic Cry1Ba/Cry1Da mixture that was slightly synergistic. The binding capacity of individual Cry1 and Cry9Ca toxins to brush border membranes of E. aporema was also determined. The non-toxic Cry1Da toxin was the only toxin unable to bind to E. aporema membranes. In addition the heterologous competition experiments showed that Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins share a common binding site. Based on these data, we propose that Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins could be used in the biological control of E. aporema.     

茚虫威和六伏隆对小菜蛾卵、幼虫和成虫的药效（英文）

化学防治是世界各地防治小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)的主要方法。选择对小菜蛾各发育阶段高效的杀虫剂有助于很好地控制这一害虫。本研究用浸叶法测定了茚虫威和六伏隆对小菜蛾卵、幼虫和成虫的毒性。茚虫威和六伏隆对小菜蛾卵的LC₅₀值分别为201.40 和 37.32 mg/L。茚虫威和六伏隆对3龄幼虫也有很好的毒性（茚虫威的LC₅₀ 为 4.82 mg/L; 六伏隆的LC₅₀ 为1.48 mg/L)。对成虫的毒性结果表明, 这两种杀虫剂对成虫均没有理想的毒性（茚虫威的LC₅₀ 为845.20 mg/L; 六伏隆的LC₅₀ 为3 438 mg/L)。根据计算的LC₅₀值, 六伏隆对小菜蛾卵和幼虫的毒性比茚虫威高, 但是茚虫威对成虫的毒性更高。     

Monitoring of resistance for the diamondback moth to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac and Cry1Ba toxins and a Bt commercial formulation

Abstract:  To monitor the resistance of field populations of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in China to the insecticidal protein Cry1Ac, Cry1Ba and commercial formulation Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), six representative populations of the diamondback moth were collected from Shanghai, Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces of China where crucifer crop plants are intensively planted. Bioassay results showed that the populations of the diamondback moth from different locations exhibited different levels of resistance, compared with a susceptible laboratory population. The Guangdong field population was 56.15- and 21.90-fold resistant to Cry1Ac and Btk, respectively. Shanghai, Hunan, Shandong and Zhejiang populations were 37.85-, 17.24-, 10.24- and 9.41-fold resistant to Cry1Ac, respectively, but were not resistant to Btk. The Hubei population did not show resistance to Cry1Ac and Btk. Almost all tested populations were susceptible to Cry1Ba, but the Guangdong population showed some tolerance to Cry1Ba with a LC₅₀ of 0.69  μ g/ml which was 6.17-fold higher than that of the susceptible population. The results suggested that the complex resistance patterns of field populations of P. xylostella need to be considered for expression of Bt toxin genes in genetically-engineered crop plants and commercial formulations.