根田鼠对食物单宁酸的解毒代价

在实验室条件下,测定了根田鼠对单宁酸的解毒代价。结果表明,在食物蛋白质为10％的条件下,摄食3％和6％单宁酸食物的根田鼠经尿液分泌的葡萄糖醛酸较对照组分别增加13．77％和38．80％;与对照组比较,在食物蛋白质为20％的条件下,摄食3％和6％单宁酸食物的实验个体尿液分泌的葡萄糖醛酸分别增加6．11％和22．25％。在食物蛋白质为10％时,用3％和6％单宁酸食物处理的个体,其尿液NH4^ —N含量较对照组个体分别增加51．69％和198．44％。在食物中蛋白质为20％时,摄食3％和6％单宁酸食物的试验个体,其尿液中的NH4^ —N含量分别较对照组高1．72％和74．19％。由此说明,单宁酸能显著增加根田鼠尿液葡萄糖醛酸分泌量,根田鼠尿液的NH4^ —N的含量随食物单宁酸增加而增高,从而增加动物机体对单宁酸的代谢价。     

食物单宁酸对根田鼠(Microtus oeconomus)钠平衡的作用

验证了单宁酸能引起植食性哺乳动物钠平衡的假设.在两种食物蛋白质水平条件下,测定了摄食含0%,3%和6%单宁酸食物的根田鼠的钠平衡和肾上腺肾小球的大小.结果表明,食物单宁酸能显著影响根田鼠的钠平衡,钠的丢失主要通过尿液.同时,单宁酸能显著影响试验个体的肾上腺肾小球的体积.初步研究显示,植食性哺乳动物对摄入的植物次生化合物的解毒引起机体钠平衡失调,而非植物次生化合物的消化抑制作用所致.     

野外围栏条件下根田鼠肠道寄生物的感染率

寄生物是调节小哺乳动物种群波动的因子之一。许多生物和非生物因子可影响寄生物的感染。本研究以根田鼠为对象,在野外围栏条件下测定了根田鼠肠道寄生物种类及其感染率,并分析了根田鼠建群者数量、性别、年龄及时间对寄生物感染率的影响。结果表明,根田鼠肠道寄生物有球虫、线虫和绦虫,球虫是主要寄生物, Eimeria wenrichi 为球虫中的优势种;其感染率随根田鼠建群者数量增加而增加,且随时间而显著变化。在根田鼠幼体中,高密度处理组E. wenrichi 的感染率显著高于低密度处理组,而根田鼠幼体的E. ochrogasteri 感染率显著高于成体。本研究未发现根田鼠性别间的球虫感染率差异。上述结果说明,在根田鼠种群中,球虫感染率有时间变化,且受宿主密度的制约,高密度种群引起的生前应激与当前密度制约性感染可能对球虫感染率具有耦合效应。     

Characteristics of erythrocyte lipids in blood of tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) inhabiting areas with increased natural radioactivity

Interrelations between the lipid characteristics of the blood erythrocytes and 226Ra accumulation in the body of tundra voles (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) inhabiting areas with different levels of the radiation background were investigated. It is shown that the ratio of the phospholipid (PL) fractions which cause the blood erythrocyte structure depends on the phase of the population cycle, as well as on the sex and age of tundra voles. The statistically significant interrelation between lysoforms and the sphingomielin content has been revealed in the blood erythrocyte PL of tundra voles; its scale somewhat differs for the animals from the reference and Ra areas. The peroxide concentration in the blood erythrocyte lipids of tundra voles from the Ra area exceeded the control values in all mature groups of the animals trapped at the depression phase of the population density. The 226Ra content in the bodies of the tundra voles which were trapped in the Ra area at the increased phase of the population cycle is for certain higher than that for the animals from the reference area. Interrelations between the lipid peroxidation parameters in the blood erythrocytes and the body 226Ra content for separate sex-age groups of tundra voles have been revealed.     

Photoperiodic regulation in energy intake, thermogenesis and body mass in root voles (Microtus oeconomus)

The present study was designed to examine whether photoperiod alone was effective to induce seasonal regulations in physiology in root voles (Microtus oeconomus) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau noted for its extreme cold environment. Root voles were randomly assigned into either long photoperiod (LD; 16L:8D) or short photoperiod (SD; 8L:16D) for 4 weeks at constant temperature (20 degrees C). At the end of acclimation, SD voles showed lower body mass and body fat coupled with higher energy intake than LD voles. SD greatly enhanced thermogenic capacities in root voles, as indicated by elevated basal metabolic rate (BMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), mitochondrial protein content and uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) content in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Although no variations in serum leptin levels were found between SD and LD voles, serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass and body fat mass, and negatively correlated with energy intake and UCP1 content in BAT, respectively. To summarize, SD alone is effective in inducing higher thermogenic capacities and energy intake coupled with lower body mass and body fat mass in root voles. Leptin is potentially involved in the photoperiod induced body mass regulation and thermogenesis in root voles.     

Genetic consequences of Pleistocene glaciations for the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) in Beringia

Repeated glacial events during the Pleistocene fragmented and displaced populations throughout the northern continents. Different models of the effects of these climate-driven events predict distinct phylogeographic and population genetic outcomes for high-latitude faunas. The role of glaciations in (i) promoting intraspecific genetic differentiation and (ii) influencing genetic diversity was tested within a phylogeographic framework using the rodent Microtus oeconomus. The spatial focus for the study was Beringia, which spans eastern Siberia and northwestern North America, and was a continental crossroads and potential high arctic refugium during glaciations. Variation in mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and control region; 214 individuals) and nuclear DNA (ALDH1 intron; 63 individuals) was investigated across the Beringian region. Close genetic relationships among populations on either side of the Bering Strait are consistent with a history of periodic land connections between North America and Asia. A genetic discontinuity observed in western Beringia between members of a Central Asian clade and a Beringian clade is geographically congruent with glacial advances and with phylogeographic discontinuities identified in other organisms. Divergent island populations in southern Alaska were probably initially isolated by glacial vicariance, but subsequent differentiation has resulted from insularity. Tests of the genetic effects of postglacial colonization were largely consistent with expansion accompanied by founder effect bottlenecking, which yields reduced diversity in populations from recently deglaciated areas. Evidence that populations in the Beringian clade share a history of expansion from a low-diversity ancestral population suggests that Beringia was colonized by a small founder population from central Asia, which subsequently expanded in isolation.     

根田鼠几种觅食功能反应模型的比较

植物组织空间排列对植食性哺乳动物功能反应的作用,是觅食生态学的热点问题之一。以新鲜紫花苜蓿叶片为食物,改变苜蓿叶片大小调控根田鼠口量,改变叶片间距调控叶片密度,设置叶片空间异质性斑块。在空间异质性斑块上测定根田鼠的觅食行为及其参数,检验植食性哺乳动物4种功能反应模型的预测性。除复合模型参数Rmax、h和Vmax及口量模型参数Rmax的最大似然估计值与测定值近似外,其它模型参数的估计值与测定值均存在较大差异。根田鼠摄入率测定值与4种模型预测值的线性回归均显著(P0.01),但与复合模型预测值的线性拟合效果最佳。表明,复合模型能很好地解释根田鼠觅食与行走的竞争对摄入率调节的动态。根田鼠复合模型存在调节其功能反应机制转变的距离临界值(d)。叶片间距大于该值时,叶片密度调节摄入率;叶片间距小于该值时,口量调节摄入率。结果充分地验证了提出的特定假设:在植物密集条件下,植物大小能调节植食性小型哺乳动物根田鼠的摄入率;在植物稀疏条件下,植物密度调节其摄入率。     

围栏条件下母体社群应激对根田鼠子代免疫力的影响

为探讨自然条件下母体社群应激对根田鼠子代免疫力的影响,在野外围栏建立高密度和低密度根田鼠种群,将围栏出生的F1代幼体在室内饲养至性成熟后,测定其血清抗匙孔血蓝蛋白抗体的IgG水平、血液学参数和脾脏指数,以及种群建群者的血浆皮质酮含量.结果表明,高密度种群建群者的皮质酮含量高于低密度种群建群者.子代个体的各类血细胞的数量无差异.高密度种群子代的IgG含量低于低密度种群的子代,但脾脏指数高于后者.上述不同免疫参数结果相互印证说明,高密度种群引起的母体社群应激对子代免疫力有抑制作用.此外,本文探讨了母体应激效应的概念和生态学意义及其在种群调节中的作用.     

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on thermogenesis in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) and root voles (Microtus oeconomus)

We examined the effects of temperature and photoperiod on metabolic thermogenesis and the thermogenic characteristics of brown adipose tissue in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) and root voles (Microtus oeconomus), the dominant species of small mammals in the alpine meadow ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Pikas and voles were acclimated in the following groups: (1) Long day – warm temperature (16L:8D, 23 °C), (2) Long day – cold temperature (16L:8D, 5 °C), (3) short day – warm temperature (8L:16D, 23 °C), and (4) short day – cold temperature (8L:16D, 5 °C). Both temperature and photoperiod were important environmental cues for changes in thermogenesis for both species. Low temperature and short photoperiod induced increases in metabolic rate, nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), mitochondrial protein contents of brown adipose tissue, and cytochrome C oxidase activity of brown adipose tissue mitochondria in both species. Plateau pikas were more sensitive to cold (79% of the total NST response) than to short photoperiod (21%), while root voles were more sensitive to short photoperiod (60% of the total NST response) than to cold (40%), although cold clearly enhanced thermogenesis. Their thermogenic characteristics correlated with their preferred habitats: plateau pikas are found mainly in more exposed microhabitats in open sunny meadow, while root voles live in more sheltered microhabitats in relatively closed shrub. Our results also showed that temperature and photoperiod combined induce thermogenic adjustments in both species in seasonal acclimatization in their alpine meadow macrohabitat. Accepted: 10 November 1998     

捕食风险对越冬根田鼠肠道寄生物易感性的影响

在自然生态系统中,不同营养级物种可通过特征介导间接效应对生态系统的稳定及种群产生深刻的影响。但目前有关特征介导间接效应的实验研究多见于无脊椎动物、鱼类和两爬类。本研究以根田鼠为对象,在野外围栏内建立预防捕食者和未预防捕食者两种实验处理种群,并通过采用麦克马斯特法测定两种处理种群实验个体肠道寄生物感染种类及感染率和感染强度,采用PHA（phytohemagglutinin）反应和白细胞分类计数测定不同处理种群实验个体免疫能力,以分析捕食风险对根田鼠肠道寄生物的感染效应。结果表明,未预防捕食者处理组根田鼠PHA反应、白细胞计数和淋巴细胞计数较预防捕食者处理组实验个体显著降低,而球虫 E. wenrichi 的感染率和感染强度则显著增加,但绦虫和线虫以及其他3种球虫的感染率和感染强度无显著差异。结果表明,捕食者可通过介导猎物免疫力特征而间接影响猎物肠道寄生物的感染,验证了本项提出的捕食风险可通过降低根田鼠的免疫能力而增加其肠道寄生物感染的假设。     

青藏高原地区根田鼠脾脏重量及迟发性超敏反应的季节性变化

动物的免疫功能不仅与外部环境条件有密切关系,而且可能在种群调节中有重要作用.为探讨青藏高原地区根田鼠免疫功能的季节性变化,我们在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区,从2006年5月至2007年4月,逐月捕获根田鼠,测定其脾脏重量及二硝基氟苯诱导的迟发性超敏反应.冷季1(2006年9～10月)个体的脾脏指数及迟发性超敏反应与暖季(2006年4～8月)个体之间无显著差异,但冷季2(2006年11月至2007年1月)和冷季3(2007月2～4月)个体脾脏指数、以及冷季3个体的迟发性超敏反应均显著低于冷季1和暖季个体,表明根田鼠免疫功能随冷季而显著降低.此外,冷季2不同年龄个体间的脾脏指数呈显著差异.我们认为,青藏高原冷季低温是影响根田鼠免疫功能季节性变化的主要因素,且冷季2不同年龄个体免疫功能的差异对根田鼠种群自动调节具有重要的作用.     

繁殖期根田鼠种群密度对其种群统计参数及个体皮质酮水平的作用

为探讨引起种群密度制约的近因,本研究通过在野外建立的4个面积为50 m×30 m的封闭围栏,研究了繁殖期根田鼠种群密度对其种群统计参数及个体皮质酮水平的作用.在围栏设置高密度和低密度种群,测定了繁殖期根田鼠种群密度对种群补充率、存活率、变化率及个体皮质酮水平的作用.高密度种群的补充率和变化率较低密度种群显著降低,但其种群建群者存活率和子代存活率较低密度无显著变化.种群补充率和变化率分别与种群建群者数量呈显著回归关系.高密度处理建群者的血浆皮质酮含量和脾脏指数均显著高于低密度处理.上述结果说明,繁殖期根田鼠种群对其补充率和变化率存在密度制约作用,围栏种群建群者的数量是产生密度制约的唯一制约因子.密度制约与社群应激之间存在密切关联.社群应激可能是种群产生密度制约的近因之一.     

不同社会等级雄性根田鼠对自身和同性陌生气味的辨别

采用两两遭遇法确定雄性根田鼠的社会等级,然后以新鲜尿作气味源,在行为选择箱中观察不同社会等级雄性根田鼠对自身气味和非自身气味的行为响应模式,结果表明:种群中从属个体对自身尿液存在明显偏好,其对自身尿液的接近潜伏期显著短于非自身尿液,而访问时间、自我修饰频次都显著高于非自身尿液;种群中优势个体则优先访问非自身尿液,其对非自身尿液的访问时间、嗅舔时间、自我修饰及反标记均显著高于自身尿液;对非自身尿液,不同社会等级雄性个体之间存在明显不同的行为反应模式。这说明,不同社会等级雄性根田鼠具有自我识别的能力且模式不同,同时其对非自身尿气味响应模式的差异也与自身的社会等级有关。     

单宁酸对高原鼠兔和根田鼠生殖激素的影响

高原鼠兔和根田鼠是生存于青藏高原的小哺乳动物,它们所取食的高原植物含有多种次生化合物。为了证明食物中的次生化合物对高原鼠兔和根田鼠繁殖相关激素的影响,探讨它们与取食植物间的协同进化,分别对两种动物灌服0、5、10 和20 mg/ kg BW 剂量单宁酸1 d、3 d 及5 d 后,测定其下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素、血浆中睾酮和血浆雌二醇的含量。结果表明,单宁酸对高原鼠兔的LD₅₀ 为112 ±27.72 mg/ kg BW,对根田鼠的LD₅₀ 为117 ± 17.37 mg/ kg BW;单宁酸可以使高原鼠兔和根田鼠血浆睾酮和雌二醇水平升高,但对下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素水平没有明显的影响。说明单宁酸可能会促进这两种动物的性成熟,有利于它们的繁殖。     

围栏条件下母体密度应激对根田鼠 F1代性器官指数的影响

为探讨自然条件下母体密度应激对根田鼠F1代性器官指数的影响,通过在围栏内建立不同密度的母体种群获得相应的F1代个体,以此建立了不同密度的子代种群,并测定了母体种群建群者的血浆皮质酮含量,将建立子代种群后剩余的F1代个体带回实验室饲养.实验结束后,测定了全部F1代个体的性器官指数及皮质酮含量.结果表明,高密度母体种群建群者的皮质酮含量显著高于低密度母体种群建群者;出生于高密度母体种群的F1代个体处于高密度子代种群,其性器官指数显著低于出生于低密度母体种群且处于低密度子代种群的F1代个体,而皮质酮含量显著高于后者;出生于高密度母体种群的F1代个体处于低密度子代种群,其性器官指数及皮质酮含量与出生于低密度母体种群且处于低密度子代种群的F1代个体间无显著差异.此外,实验室饲养条件下,出生于高密度和低密度母体种群的F1代个体间的睾丸指数无显著差异.本研究结果说明,在根田鼠种群中,单一的母体密度应激对子代的性器官指数无影响,但生前应激子代在性成熟后,当再次遭遇密度应激时,其性器官指数显著降低,母体密度应激和当前环境对种群的未来繁殖能力具有耦合效应.     

Hover fly fauna (Diptera,Syrphidae) of Karaginskii Island (the Bering Sea)

The hover fly fauna of Karaginskii Island, located in the southwestern part of the Bering Sea near Kamchatka Peninsula, was investigated. A total of 39 species belonging to 22 genera were found on the coastal plain covered with the shrub tundra and meadows of various types. Cheilosia with 7 species was the most diverse genus in the fauna. The chorological structure of the fauna has a typical boreal pattern being dominated by widespread species (77% of the fauna), whereas the fraction of arctoboreal species is distinctly smaller (8%). The subspecies Cheilosia illustrata magnifica, one of the dominants in the hover-fly community (9%), was a single subendemic element of the fauna.     

Two viruses isolated from rodents (Clethrionomys gapperi and Microtus pennsvlvanicus) trapped in St. Lawrence County, New York

Four strains of C. gapperi virus were isolated from 3 Clethrionomys gapperi and 47 strains of Microtus virus from 15 Microtus pennsylvanicus and 1 Mus musculus. One of the Microtus strains was isolated from a pool of 20 mites while the others were from rodent tissues. These agehts were insensitive to ether and sodium desoxycholate, withstood freezing at -70 C for 3 years and lyophilization without loss of titer, and were not killed when heated at 60 C for 1 hour. Their size as determined by filtration was less than 50 mg and greater than 20-35 mmicro. The strains within each group appear to be similar. The illness induced in suckling mice by the C. gapperi agents had a 5-day incubation period followed by prostration and death with a histologic picture of extensive encephalomalacia. The incubation period in mice for the Microtus agents was 9 to 11 days followed by convulsions and death. Histopathology showed meningeal infiltration and necrosis of the molecular layer. No antigenic similarity was detected between the C. gapperi and Microtus viruses by cross complement-fixation test.