番石榴挥发物对桔小实蝇成虫的引诱作用

利用Y型嗅觉仪测试了性成熟与性未成熟不同生理状态下桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis雌雄成虫对番石榴叶、果肉及番石榴叶主要挥发成分石竹烯的反应.结果显示,测试剂量为1g和10g的番石榴叶和果肉对性成熟与性未成熟的两性成虫均能产生显著的引诱效果,且反应均在10min时达到显著水平.测试剂量为5mg和10mg的石竹烯对性成熟雌虫、性成熟雄虫和性未成熟雄虫均无引诱作用,但对性未成熟雌虫在60 min时产生显著引诱效果.     

桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇对6种寄主果实的产卵选择适应性

植食性昆虫对寄主植物的选择适应性是研究昆虫和植物协同进化关系的核心内容之一。评估寄主植物对植食性昆虫种群的适合度,需要综合分析昆虫对寄主的产卵选择性和寄主对昆虫的取食适合性。以桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇为研究对象,分别测定了这两种实蝇对6种寄主果实:番石榴、香蕉、杨桃、木瓜、甜橙、番茄的产卵选择性以及幼虫取食后对其生长发育的影响。寄主产卵选择性实验分别采用完整寄主果实直接供试产卵和块状寄主果实气味引诱产卵两种处理方式;在生长发育适应性实验中,以幼虫和蛹的存活和生长发育等相关参数作为评价指标。实验结果表明,寄主的供试方式不同,两种实蝇的选择性均有明显差异;对寄主气味选择性强的寄主更适合于两种实蝇后代的生长发育。两种实蝇对6种寄主果实的产卵选择性和后代发育适合性两者相关性不显著,与许多文献报道单一地采用发育适合性(如发育历期、存活率或蛹重等)作为评价寄主选择性的结果不一致。两种实蝇之间对6种寄主果实的产卵选择和幼虫取食适合性既具相似性也具差异性,表明这两种实蝇在寄主生态位上既有重叠性又有分化性。     

卵表化合物对桔小实蝇产卵行为的影响

多种实蝇科害虫产卵后可释放寄主标记信息素来表明寄主果实已经被占据，从而调节自身或同种个体间的对寄主果实的产卵选择行为。为探明桔小实蝇卵表化合物的寄主标记作用，本文测定了桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇的产卵驱避活性，并观察了甲醇提取物处理对桔小实蝇产卵行为过程的影响。结果表明：桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇有明显的产卵驱避活性，且活性随浓度的增加而增强，当提取物浓度为100 mg/mL（虫卵与溶剂质量体积比，m/v）时，在选择性条件下的产卵驱避率为55-45%；非选择性条件下的产卵驱避率达到64%-79%。经卵表提取物处理后，桔小实蝇在寄主果实上的访问次数、试探产卵时间、试探产卵次数、实际产卵次数和产卵量均显著少于对照。证实了桔小实蝇卵表化合物具有明显的产卵寄主标记作用。     

桔小实蝇雌成虫对寄主挥发物β-石竹烯的行为反应

寄主植物挥发性化合物往往对昆虫产卵场所的选择具有重要的影响,为了明确桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis众多寄主中是否存在特定的挥发物能够引诱桔小实蝇雌成虫产卵,本研究对桔小实蝇3种寄主(番石榴、橙子和芒果)果实的挥发物进行了鉴定,并测试了相关挥发物对桔小实蝇产卵行为的影响.研究结果表明3种寄主果实均能引诱桔小实蝇产卵并且β-石竹烯是3种寄主果实中共有的挥发物;Y型嗅觉仪和四臂嗅觉仪测试均表明低浓度β-石竹烯(9 μg/mL)对桔小实蝇雌成虫具有引诱作用,但高浓度β-石竹烯对桔小实蝇没有引诱作用;增加寄主番石榴果实中β-石竹烯的含量也会显著降低果实对雌虫产卵的诱集效果.本研究证实了特定浓度的β-石竹烯在桔小实蝇产卵行为中的作用,为开发该虫防治中的推拉策略提供了一种思路.     

桔小实蝇对石榴的产卵偏好性研究

明确石榴品种、成熟度以及果实的完整性对桔小实蝇产卵偏好的影响,可为石榴园桔小实蝇的行为调控提供重要理论依据。本研究以采自四川省会理市彰冠镇不同品种、不同成熟度石榴果实作为材料,通过选择性试验,统计果实上的产卵孔数和着卵量,分析桔小实蝇的产卵选择行为。研究结果显示,桔小实蝇对不同品种石榴的产卵偏好性为软籽石榴>硬籽石榴>野生硬籽石榴;对不同成熟度石榴的产卵偏好性为熟果>完熟果>生果;石榴裂果比正常果更吸引桔小实蝇产卵。相关性分析结果表明,在石榴正常果状态下,软籽石榴和野生硬籽石榴的可溶性固形物含量与产卵孔数、着卵量均呈显著正相关性,而硬籽石榴可溶性固形物含量与产卵孔数、着卵量均无显著相关性;在石榴裂果状态下,各石榴品种可溶性固形物含量和着卵量均无显著相关性。桔小实蝇更偏好于软籽石榴熟果、裂果以及可溶性固形物含量为14.00%～17.00%的果实上产卵,会理地区8-9月时石榴的生长处于熟果期且多裂果,因此该时期应为桔小实蝇发生为害的关键时期,要提前做好防控。     

几种染色剂对桔小实蝇产卵孔的染色效果

为寻找水果上桔小实蝇产卵情况的快速检测方法,本文测定了甲基蓝、龙胆紫、品红、曙红、藏红和刚果红等6种染色剂对水果上桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）产卵孔的染色效果。结果表明染色剂对可疑水果进行染色,若有产卵孔,产卵孔可迅速被染色,染色率最高可达100％。筛选出甲基蓝、藏红和刚果红作为芒果、番石榴和夏橙的最适染色剂,各种染色剂在浓度为0．5％时染色效果较佳,同时对持续冷藏保存后的水果上的产卵孔仍然具有较高的染色率。     

桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇幼虫的种间竞争研究

本文研究了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)与番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta （Bezzi）幼虫在实验室2种环境温度,4种寄主及5个虫口数量比例条件下的种间竞争现象。结果显示,在温度26℃以桃和香蕉为寄主条件下,桔小实蝇存活率高于番石榴实蝇;以芒果为寄主情况下两者存活率差异不显著;以番石榴作为寄主,虫口数量较大的一方具有竞争优势。在温度33℃条件下,就所测试的各种寄主,番石榴实蝇均具有竞争优势。分析发现,温度是影响番石榴实蝇幼虫存活率的关键环境因素;虫口比例对于桔小实蝇的存活率有重要影响;在不同的寄主中,桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的存活率也表现出较大的变化,寄主种类与温度及虫量形成综合效应,决定了桔小实蝇与番石榴实蝇竞争的最终结局。     

山胡椒及其挥发物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择的影响

【目的】为了确定山胡椒Lindera glauca(Sieb.Zuce)是否对马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella Zeller的产卵有驱避作用。【方法】利用选择性产卵试验方法在室内分别测定了山胡椒的完整果实、压碎果实、根以及不同浓度(0.25~4.0 g E/m L)的压碎山胡椒果实正己烷提取物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵选择性的影响;在模拟仓库内测定了压碎的果实对其产卵的影响;进而在室内测定了柠檬醛、沉香醇、香叶醇和α-水芹烯不同浓度(0.00075~0.012 g/L)的溶液对其产卵选择性的影响。【结果】山胡椒完整果实、压碎果实、根在室内对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵具有驱避效果,其中压碎果实的产卵驱避效果最好,20 g压碎果实的产卵驱避率可达93.7%。山胡椒压碎果实正己烷提取物在0.5~4.0 g E/m L的浓度范围内随着浓度的升高,产卵驱避效果逐渐增强。在模拟仓库内20 g压碎的果实产卵驱避率是82.5%;0.003~0.012 g/L的柠檬醛,0.012 g/L沉香醇,0.00075~0.012 g/L的香叶醇,0.003~0.012 g/L的α-水芹烯对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有显著的驱避效果。【结论】山胡椒及其挥发物对马铃薯块茎蛾产卵有驱避效果。     

桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇幼虫取食阶段的种内竞争

种内竞争是实蝇的重要生态学特性。本文研究比较了近缘种桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)和番石榴实蝇B.correcta(Bezzi)在幼虫人工饲料中种内竞争的密度效应。研究结果显示,桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇都有密度过低效应,均表现出发育历期较长、蛹较轻和成活率较低;结合蛹重和成活率两个重要参数指标,明确了桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的最宜密度均在5-20头虫/10 g饲料;不同生长参数之间的变化均有一定的正负相关性。当种群密度超过最宜密度,桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇均有明显的种内竞争现象,随着种群密度的升高,种内竞争越激烈。其主要表现为化蛹率和羽化率不断下降、幼虫历期逐渐缩短、蛹历期不断延长和蛹逐渐变小;当100头虫/10 g饲料时,桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇成活率从86.00%±4.2688%和86.00%±4.1096%分别下降到60.08%±2.5166%和76.33%±2.2333%。桔小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的种内竞争的密度效应极具相似性,推测这两种实蝇有类似的种群调节机制,但番石榴实蝇的幼虫比桔小实蝇的拥有更强的抗拥挤能力。     

橘小实蝇对不同硬度番石榴果实的产卵选择

为了弄清番石榴果实的最佳套袋时间,室内试验研究番石榴果实硬度对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)产卵选择性的影响。结果表明,果实的硬度越小,对橘小实蝇雌虫的引诱作用越强,并且不同硬度范围的果实引诱的产卵量存在显著性差异。当番石榴果实硬度>11kg.cm-2时,橘小实蝇不会在其上面产卵,此时是最佳的果实套袋时期。     

桔小实蝇对几种寄主挥发物的触角电位反应

桔小实蝇寄主范围广,可危害芒果、柑橘、咖啡和红辣椒等250多种水果和蔬菜,现已成为中国、东南亚、印度次大陆和夏威夷群岛一带的危险性果蔬害虫。本文利用触角电位(electroantennogram,EAG)技术,测定了桔小实蝇雌雄成虫对8种寄主挥发物标准化合物(1,8桉叶素、α-蒎烯、β-石竹烯、柠檬醛、香草醛、乙醇、芳樟醇和月桂烯)的EAG反应。结果表明:上述标准化合物均能引起EAG反应,EAG反应值随着浓度增大(0.1μg/μL、1μg/μL、10μg/μL和100μg/μL)而显著不同。当柠檬醛和月桂烯浓度为100μg/μL时,桔小实蝇雌虫交配前、后的EAG反应值存在显著性差异。浓度为100μg/μL的1,8桉叶素对桔小实蝇交配后雌虫和雄虫的刺激反应存在显著性差异。桔小实蝇交配前雌虫和雄虫对浓度为100μg/μL乙醇的EAG反应值存在显著性差异。     

Effects of pear fruit-derived volatiles and their concentrations on the responses of oriental fruit moths

Grapholita molesta (Busck) is an important pest of pear trees. Numerous esters accumulate consistently in mature pear fruits. However, little is known about the effects of single esters from pear fruits at different concentrations on the responses of male and female G. molesta. In this study, the responses of virgin males, virgin females, and gravid females to five esters (3-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, butyl acetate, and hexyl acetate) of pear fruits at three dosage levels (1, 5 and 10 μg/μL) were investigated using electroantennography (EAG), wind tunnel experiments, and field tests. Our results showed that ethyl butanoate (5 μg/μL) elicited higher EAG responses in virgin females and males than a mixture of all five volatiles, and elicited an equal EAG response to that for the mixture in gravid females, with all responses to ethyl butanoate and the mixture being higher than the response to hexane alone. For upwind flight, ethyl butanoate (5 μg/μL) excited equal moth flight–location behavior in virgin and gravid females to that for the mixture, which were both higher than the response to hexane. For close flight, ethyl hexanoate (5 μg/μL) and 3-methylbutyl acetate (10 μg/μL) appeared to be the activating compounds, eliciting equal responses from virgin females to that of the mixture, and higher responses of gravid females to that of the mixture, both of which were higher than the responses to hexane. Upwind and close flight responses of virgin males were lower than those of virgin and gravid females. In field trials, we verified that traps baited with ethyl butanoate (5 μg/μL) captured more moths than the other esters. Therefore, from the esters and concentrations tested, we recommend ethyl butanoate (5 μg/μL) for potential use as an attractant for G. molesta in orchards.     

桔小实蝇生物学特性

桔小实蝇是一种重要的检疫性果蔬害虫,在厦门一年发生5-6代,以成虫越冬,一年8-10月份为发生高蜂期。本文记述了该虫的形态特征、年生活史、发育历期、发育起点温度,有效积温,生活习性及天敌等。     

Cold treatment for guava fruits infested with oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Guava (Psidium guajava Linnaeus) is an important horticulture crop in tropical and subtropical regions. However, guava transportation to the fruit market is regulated due to the risk of fruit fly infestations. The oriental fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Tephritidae, Diptera], which damages numerous horticulture fruits, is the primary pest in guava. For fruit export, phytosanitary treatment is necessary to prevent the potential oriental fruit fly infestations through pest-infested fruits. In this study, cold treatment was administered to eliminate oriental fruit fly infestations in guava fruits. The optimal egg inoculation density was 200 eggs per fruit, and third instar larvae displayed the highest cold treatment tolerance. On assessing the efficacy of cold treatment, none of the third instar larvae in the fruits survived at a constant fruit core temperature of 0.5–1 °C for 11 days. A confirmatory test revealed that on maintaining a fruit core temperature of 0.5–1 °C for 12 days, 100% mortality was achieved among the fruit flies. In fruit quality assessment, guava fruits exposed to cold treatment still maintained their market value. Thus, cold treatment effectively disinfested guava fruits with possible fruit fly infestations, making it a viable quarantine treatment for guava fruits prior to their export.     

Effect of insectary rearing on host preference and oviposition behavior of the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata

Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been produced in the laboratory for >160 generations on the larvae of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), the propagation hosts raised routinely on a semi-synthetic wheat diet formulation. Choice tests using modified stinging units were conducted in the laboratory to investigate whether insectary rearing had altered the host seeking and oviposition behavior of female parasitoids. Results showed that fruit fly larvae that developed in papaya, Carica papaya L. var. solo, were less preferred for oviposition than fruit fly larvae that developed on wheat diet when both were exposed concurrently to naive D. longicaudata females (= females without prior oviposition experience). The substrates (pureed papaya or wheat diet) in which treatment larvae were exposed to parasitoids did not affect oviposition preference of gravid D. longicaudata for wheat diet-reared fruit fly larvae. Our study demonstrated the possibility that rearing in an insectary system may have modified the parasitization behavior of female D. longicaudata.     

Attraction of the West Indian fruit fly to mango fruit volatiles

In this study, we investigated the attraction of West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to volatiles of three mango [Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae)] cultivars in field cage tests. The number of flies captured with Multilure traps baited with Amate mature green mangoes was significantly higher than that captured in traps baited with Coche and Ataulfo fruits. There was no significant difference between the number of flies captured in traps baited with Coche or Ataulfo mangoes. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of mango fruit volatiles identified 24, 22, and 19 compounds for Amate, Ataulfo, and Coche mango cultivars, respectively. A principal component analysis of the volatiles revealed that the Amate mango was more distant from the Ataulfo mango, and the latter cultivar was closer to the Coche mango. The compounds myrcene, α‐pinene, β‐selinene, and trans‐β‐ocimene were the most abundant in Amate mangoes, whereas 3‐carene, β‐selinene, terpinolene, and α‐pinene were the predominant compounds of Ataulfo cultivars. In the Coche mango, the predominant compounds were 3‐carene, β‐selinene, terpinolene, and limonene. Traps baited with a blend of myrcene, α‐pinene, and trans‐β‐ocimene captured more A. obliqua females and males than control traps. Flies were more attracted to the Super Q volatile extracts of Amate mango than to the three‐component blend formulated in a ratio of 1:1:1. However, there was no significant difference between the number of flies caught by traps baited with Amate mango extracts and that caught by traps baited with the three‐blend component when this was formulated according to the relative proportions in the mango extracts. Traps baited with myrcene, the major component, caught fewer flies than traps baited with Amate mango extracts.     

Electroantennogram responses of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis, to a spectrum of alcohol and aldehyde plant volatiles

Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from unmated, laboratory-reared, male and female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis, in response to a range of between C₁ and C₁₂ carbon chain-length saturated and unaturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, most all of which are known host-plant volatiles. Only two of the 35 compounds tested elicited significantly larger EAGs from female than male antennae. For the two functional-group series tested, aldehydes elicited responses greater than or equal to the responses to the alcohols. In general, the unsaturated alcohols did not elicit responses significantly different from the saturated alcohols. However, the unsaturated aldehydes, (E)-2-hexenal and 10-undecenal, elicited larger amplitude EAGs than their saturated analogs. EAGs were significantly greater for a particular carbon chain-length, with responsiveness to primary alcohols peaking at C₆ and aldehydes peaking at C₇. The (E)-2- monoenic alcohols peaked at C₆, while the (E)-3-alcohols plateaued between C₅ and C₈. The greatest EAG responses of all compounds tested were elicited by the saturated and unsaturated C₆ alcohols and aldehydes which are constitutents of the general green-leaf volatile complex that emanates from most plants. The potential adapative benefit of selective sensitivity to green-leaf volatiles is discussed in regards to foraging behaviors of oriental fruit flies.

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Résumé Des électroantennogrammes (EAG) ont enregistré les réponses, en élevages de femelles et mâles vierges de Dacus dorsalis, à une gamme de chaînes de carbones de C₁ à C₁₂ saturés et non-saturés d'alcools aliphatiques et d'aldéhydes, dont beaucoup sont connus comme substances volatiles des végétaux. Seulement 2 des 35 composés examinés ont provoqué des EAG significativement plus importants chez les femelles que chez les mâles. Pour les séries des deux groupes fonctionnels examinés, les aldéhydes ont provoqué des réponses supérieures ou égales aux alcools. En général, les réponses aux alcools nonsaturés n'étaient pas significativement différentes des réponses aux alcools saturés. Cependant, les aldéhydes non-saturés, (E)-2-hexénal et 10-undécénal, ont induit des EAG de plus grande ampleur que leurs analogues saturés. Les EAG étaient significativement les plus importants pour une chaîne de longueur particulière, la réponse aux alcools primaires culminant en C₆ et les aldéhydes en C₇. Les alcools monoéniques (E)-2- culminaient en C₆, tandis que les alcools (E)-3- étaient étales entre C₅ et C₈. Les EAG les plus importants ont été obtenus pour tous les composés examinés avec les alcools et aldéhydes en C₆ qui appartiennent à l'odeur verte complexe émise par beaucoup de plantes. Le bénéfice adaptatif potentiel de la sensibilité sélective à l'odeur verte des feuilles est examinée en fonction du comportement de prospection de D. dorsalis.

     

拒避-诱杀组合技术对橘小实蝇产卵的影响

本文研究了以矿物油(mineral spray oil)乳剂为保护剂、"猎蝇"蛋白质毒饵为诱杀剂组成的拒避-诱杀组合技术对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)产卵的控制作用。结果显示:橘小实蝇在采用拒避-诱杀组合技术保护的供试香蕉上平均产卵孔数为0.000±0.000个,果实完好率达到100%,而单独使用"猎蝇"蛋白质毒饵的平均产卵孔数为27.000±1.732个,果实完好率仅为5.55%,表明该组合技术对橘小实蝇产卵的控制效果显著。在100倍～300倍浓度范围内,矿物油浓度越高,拒避-诱杀组合对橘小实蝇产卵的控制效果越好;随着虫口密度的增加,毒饵使用量和施用面积也须相应增加,才能取得更好的防治效果。     

植物果实、颜色和形状对橘小实蝇产卵选择的影响

橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)是近几年入侵江苏南部地区,严重危害当地水果、蔬菜的重要害虫。为深入了解其在该地区果树、蔬菜上的产卵特性,进行植物果实、颜色和形状对其产卵选择影响的研究。实验室中"纸杯法"的产卵选择试验结果表明,橘小实蝇对不同水果的产卵偏好性由高到低依次为:柑橘、香蕉、芒果、枣、石榴、苹果、桃子、梨、李、葡萄、柿;对不同蔬菜的产卵偏好性由高到低依次为:丝瓜、豇豆、苦瓜、黄瓜、茄子、南瓜、青椒、番茄。对不同寄主颜色和形状的产卵选择特点为,雌虫常选择桔黄色、绿色,以及圆球形的寄主产卵,而较少选择黑色、方形的寄主产卵。从试验结果可以看出,寄主果实散发出的气味,及其颜色和形状对橘小实蝇的产卵选择有影响。