三酶级联催化L-苏氨酸生产L-2-氨基丁酸

L-2-氨基丁酸(L-ABA)是一种重要的化工原材料和手性医药中间体,为了实现L-ABA的高效生产,本研究在大肠杆菌EscherichiacoliBL21(DE3)中分别表达大肠杆菌来源的苏氨酸脱氨酶(Threonine deaminase,TD)、苏云金芽孢杆菌来源的亮氨酸脱氢酶(Leucine dehydrogenase,LDH)和博伊丁假丝酵母来源的甲酸脱氢酶(Formatedehydrogenase,FDH),构建体外级联酶催化反应实现L-苏氨酸向L-ABA的转化,体系中TD、LDH和FDH添加最适比例为1∶1∶0.2。为了简化生产工艺,将3种酶在一株菌E. coli 3FT+L中共表达并实现上述配比,在30 L发酵罐中用E. coli 3FT+L全细胞转化12 h,L-ABA的产量为68.5 g/L,底物L-苏氨酸的摩尔转化率达到99.0%。该工艺路线绿色高效,为未来大规模生产L-ABA提供借鉴。     

代谢工程改造Gluconobacter suboxydans生产2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸

2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸是重要的抗氧化剂和食品添加剂——D-异抗坏血酸的重要前体。弱氧化葡糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter suboxydans)具有丰富的周质空间氧化还原酶类,可将葡萄糖氧化为葡萄糖酸再氧化为2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸。以提高2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸的产量和减少副产物为目标,采用同源重组染色体修饰策略,将编码甘油脱氢酶的基因gldh置换为编码葡萄糖脱氢酶的基因gdh,将编码山梨醇脱氢酶的基因sdh置换为编码2-酮-D-葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的基因ga-2-dh。经PCR、酶活性显色及发酵产物HPLC检测验证表明:构建的工程菌株gdh和ga-2-dh基因被强化而gldh和sdh被敲除;使用10%的葡萄糖复合培养基,摇瓶发酵72h,工程菌2KGA3发酵液中没有副产物5-酮基-葡萄糖酸,2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸的含量终浓度达到72.3 g/L,比野生菌株提高42.2g/L,工程菌和野生菌的2-D-KGA质量转化率分别为72.3%和30.1%,工程菌比野生菌提高1.4倍。构建获得的工程菌,不需要外加抗生素,可以保持稳定遗传,对于工业化规模生产具有一定优势,为获得可产业化显示的优势遗传资源打下了基础。     

亮氨酸脱氢酶偶联NADH再生体系合成L-2-氨基丁酸

文中以大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)为宿主,构建两株分别共表达亮氨酸脱氢酶(LDH,来源蜡样芽孢杆菌)/甲酸脱氢酶(FDH,来源水生弯杆菌)和亮氨酸脱氢酶(LDH,来源蜡样芽孢杆菌)/醇脱氢酶(ADH,来源红球菌)的重组大肠杆菌。通过偶联两种不同NADH再生体系,以L-苏氨酸为起始原料,利用苏氨酸脱氨酶(L-TD)与LDH-FDH或LDH-ADH一锅法合成L-2-氨基丁酸,并对LDH-FDH工艺和LDH-ADH工艺进行对比优化。LDH-FDH工艺的最适反应pH为7.5,最适反应温度为35℃,通过加入50 g/L甲酸铵、0.3 g/L NAD+、10%LDH-FDH粗酶液(V/V)和7 500 U/L的L-TD酶液,对L-苏氨酸进行分批补加,以便控制2-丁酮酸浓度小于15 g/L,反应28 h,实现了L-2-氨基丁酸的产量为161.8 g/L,产率97%。LDH-ADH工艺的最适pH为8.0,最适反应温度为35℃,通过加入0.3 g/L NAD+、10%LDH-ADH粗酶液(V/V)及7 500 U/L的L-TD酶液,分批补加L-苏氨酸及1.2倍摩尔量异丙醇,以便控制2-丁酮酸浓度小于15g...     

高等植物葡萄糖-6- 磷酸脱氢酶与6- 磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的不同进化起源

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是植物戊糖磷酸途径中的两个关键酶。在克隆了水稻质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因OsG6PDH2和质体6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因Os6PGDH2基础上,分析比较了水稻胞质和质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的基因结构、表达特性和进化地位。结合双子叶模式植物拟南芥两种酶基因的分析结果,认为高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因在进化方式上截然不同,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的胞质基因与动物和真菌等真核生物具有共同的祖先;6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的胞质酶和质体酶基因都起源于原核生物的内共生。讨论了植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因可能的进化模式,为高等植物及质体的进化起源提供了新的资料。     

重组大肠杆菌全细胞催化L-苏氨酸合成2,5-二甲基吡嗪

2,5-二甲基吡嗪(2,5-dimethylpyrazine,2,5-DMP)在食品香料与医药方面具有重要的经济价值,工业上普遍采用环境不友好且反应条件苛刻的化学合成法来生产.文中结合代谢工程和辅因子工程策略设计高效催化L-苏氨酸合成2,5-DMP的全细胞催化剂,实现微生物转化法合成2,5-DMP.本研究首先分析了不同...     

高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的不同进化起源

葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是植物戊糖磷酸途径中的两个酶.在克隆了水稻质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因OsG6PDH2和质体6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶基因Os6PGDH2基础上,分析比较了水稻胞质和质体葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的基因结构、表达特性和进化地位.结合双子叶模式植物拟南芥两种酶基因的分析结果,认为高等植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶基因和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因在进化方式上截然不同,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的胞质基因与动物和真菌等真核生物具有共同的祖先;6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶的胞质酶和质体酶基因都起源于原核生物的内共生.讨论了植物葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶与6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因可能的进化模式,为高等植物及质体的进化起源提供了新的资料.     

亮氨酸脱氢酶C端Loop区域的理性设计及多酶级联高效合成l-2-氨基丁酸

亮氨酸脱氢酶 (Leucine dehydrogenase,LDH) 是制备l-2-氨基丁酸的关键限速酶,针对该酶的Loop区域进行改造以提高关键酶的酶活及稳定性从而高效合成l-2-氨基丁酸。通过亮氨酸脱氢酶的分子动力学模拟分析均方根涨落 (Root mean square fluctuation,RMSF) 值,对其波动非常明显的Loop区域合理设计以得到比酶活提高的截短突变体EsLDHD2,其比酶活为野生型的123.2%;此外,由于l-2-氨基丁酸制备过程中苏氨酸脱氨酶催化l-苏氨酸制备2-酮丁酸的速率过快导致多酶催化不平衡,因此双拷贝亮氨酸脱氢酶及甲酸脱氢酶以平衡多酶催化速率,构建多酶级联催化的单细胞E. coli BL21/pACYCDuet-RM,其摩尔转化率相较于E. coli BL21/pACYCDuet-RO提高74.6%;对菌株E. coli BL21/pACYCDuet-RM的全细胞转化条件进行优化,其最适pH、温度、底物浓度分别为7.5、35 ℃和80 g/L,此时摩尔转化率大于99%;在1 L转化体系和最适转化条件下分批加入l-苏氨酸80 g和40 g,l-2-氨基丁酸的产量达97.2 g。总之,该策略为l-2-氨基丁酸的制备提供了绿色、高效的合成方法,具有工业化制备药物前体的巨大潜力。     

氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌中5-葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因的克隆、表达及酶学性质分析

根据NCBI上的报道的基因序列设计引物,以氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌(Gluconobacter oxydans)H24的基因组为模板,获得5-葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(Ga5DH)基因,将其与表达载体pET-28a连接,构建重组质粒pET-28a-Ga5DH,并转化大肠杆菌Rosetta进行表达。SDS-PAGE检测结果显示,表达蛋白的分子大小为26.5 kD,纯化后酶活达7.83 U/mg。酶学性质分析表明,该酶的最适反应温度为40℃,最适pH为11。在pH 9-11的缓冲中保温8 h,酶活力仍有80%以上的残余。该酶对多种有机溶剂具有良好的耐受性。     

一株重组大肠杆菌/pET-28a-lpgad的构建及其高效生产γ-氨基丁酸转化条件的优化

为实现微生物法高效率生产γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),从一株经多次诱变筛选的具有较高谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)活力植物乳杆菌GB 01-21全基因组DNA中PCR扩增获得GAD酶基因lpgad,构建重组质粒pET-28a-lpgad,在大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中高效诱导表达。并采用Ni柱亲和层析纯化获得重组GAD,并对其酶学性质进行初步研究,为改良转化工艺提高GABA产量提供可靠理论依据。结果显示,重组大肠杆菌中GAD酶活显著提高,可达8.53 U/mg,是植物乳杆菌GB 01-21中GAD酶活的4.24倍。将该重组菌应用于转化L-谷氨酸生产GABA,5 L发酵罐水平转化24 h产量可达143.5 g/L,摩尔转化率为97.32%,是植物乳杆菌GB 01-21的2.19倍。纯化后酶学性质进行初步研究表明:其最适pH为4.8;最适温度为37℃;Ca2+、Mg2+对其有较强的激活作用,将上述实验结果用于转化条件的优化,最终5 L发酵罐上进行转化实验,批次添加底物L-谷氨酸共600 g,转化24 h,GABA累计浓度可达204.5 g/L,摩尔转化率为97.92%,与最初转化条件相比,GABA浓度提高了42.5%,为其工业化应用打下了良好的基础。     

重组共表达大肠杆菌细胞从D-葡萄糖一锅法生产D-甘露糖

【背景】D-甘露糖的酶促转化方法已受到相当大的关注。【目的】研究D-葡萄糖异构酶(D-glucoseisomerase,D-GIase)和D-来苏糖异构酶(D-lyxoseisomerase,D-LIase)共表达于大肠杆菌细胞生产D-甘露糖的工艺条件。【方法】将D-GIase和D-LIase基因片段合成后酶切连接到载体p CDFDuet-1上,构建p CDFDuet-Acce-DGI/Peba-DLI重组质粒并导入到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中共表达,通过摇瓶培养得到产D-GIase和D-LIase的菌体,测定该共表达细胞体系的反应条件。【结果】添加1 mmol/L Co~(2+),共表达体系酶的最适温度和p H分别为70°C和6.0。以浓度分别为100、300、500 g/L的D-葡萄糖为底物生产D-甘露糖,平衡后D-甘露糖质量浓度分别为13.8、38.1、62.6 g/L,相应的转化率分别为13.8%、12.7%、12.5%,D-葡萄糖、D-果糖和D-甘露糖的平衡比约为50:37.5:12.5。【结论】D-GIase和D-LIase在大肠杆菌细胞中组成的共表达体系通过一锅法可利用D-葡萄糖为底物生产D-甘露糖。     

Properties of γ-aminobutyric acid synthesis by rat renal cortex

Substantial synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid occurs in rat renal cortex. Renal glutamate decarboxylase activity (24.3±2.9 (S.E.) nmols/mg protein per h) is 15% of that in brain; renal γ-aminobutyric acid content (39.5±5.3 (S.E.) nmols/g wet wt.) is 5% of the whole brain concentration. Properties of glutamate decarboxylase were studied in homogenates of rat renal cortex and rat brain under conditions for which γ-aminobutyric acid formation from [2,3-³H]glutamate and CO₂ release from [1-¹⁴C]glutamate were equal. Several properties of renal glutamate decarboxylase distinguish it from the corresponding brain enzyme: (1) renal glutamate decarboxylase is selectively inhibited by cysteine sulfinic acid (K_i = 5·10^?5 M) ; (20 renal glutamate decarboxylase is less sensitive (K_i = 3–5·10^?5 M)_to inhibition by aminooxyacetic acid than is the brain enzyme (K_i = 1·10^?6 M); (3) brain but not renal glutamate decarboxylase activity can be substantially stimulated in vitro by the addition of exogenous pyridoxal 5′-phosphate; (4) renal glutamate decarboxylase is significantly decreased in renal cortex from rats on a low-salt diet. Proximal tubules are enriched in glutamate decarboxylase compared to the activity in whole renal cortex or glomeruli (42, 22 and 14 nmols/mg protein per h, respectively). We speculate that renal γ-aminobutyric acid synthesis does not reflect the presence of GABAergic renal nerves, but may serve a function in proximal tubular cells.     

产L-苹果酸重组大肠杆菌的构建

基于产琥珀酸重组大肠杆菌E.coli B0013-1050的琥珀酸合成途径,利用Red同源重组技术结合Xer/dif重组系统敲除富马酸酶基因fumB、fumC,苹果酸酶基因maeB,构建L-苹果酸合成途径,最终得到重组大肠杆菌E.coli2030,该菌株在15 L发酵罐中,产L-苹果酸12.5 g/L,葡萄糖-苹果酸转化率为52.1%,同时对发酵产物中主要杂酸丙酮酸和琥珀酸的生产原因进行了初步的探讨与分析。为进一步提高L-苹果酸的转化率,整合表达来源于黄曲霉的苹果酸脱氢酶基因,构建重组菌E.coli 2040,在15 L发酵罐中产L-苹果酸14 g/L,葡萄糖-苹果酸转化率提高到60.3%。     

Development and evaluation of efficient recombinant Escherichia coli strains for the production of 3‐hydroxypropionic acid from glycerol

3‐Hydroxypropionic acid (3‐HP) is a commercially valuable chemical with the potential to be a key building block for deriving many industrially important chemicals. However, its biological production has not been well documented. Our previous study demonstrated the feasibility of producing 3‐HP from glycerol using the recombinant Escherichia coli SH254 expressing glycerol dehydratase (DhaB) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldH), and reported that an “imbalance between the two enzymes” and the “instability of the first enzyme DhaB” were the major factors limiting 3‐HP production. In this study, the efficiency of the recombinant strain(s) was improved by expressing DhaB and AldH in two compatible isopropyl‐thio‐β‐galactoside (IPTG) inducible plasmids along with glycerol dehydratase reactivase (GDR). The expression levels of the two proteins were measured. It was found that the changes in protein expression were associated with their enzymatic activity and balance. While cloning an alternate aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), α‐ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase (KGSADH), instead of AldH, the recombinant E. coli SH‐BGK1 showed the highest level of 3‐HP production (2.8 g/L) under shake‐flask conditions. When an aerobic fed‐batch process was carried out under bioreactor conditions at pH 7.0, the recombinant SH‐BGK1 produced 38.7 g 3‐HP/L with an average yield of 35%. This article reports the highest level of 3‐HP production from glycerol thus far. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 729–739 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

偶联基于酮还原酶的NADH再生系统一锅法酶催化合成L-2-氨基丁酸

以廉价易得的L-苏氨酸为原料,利用在大肠杆菌中重组表达的苏氨酸脱氨酶和亮氨酸脱氢酶,并偶联基于酮还原酶的NADH再生系统一锅法制备L-2-氨基丁酸。以L-2-氨基丁酸的产率为指标,考察了一锅法酶催化制备L-2-氨基丁酸的最适p H、L-苏氨酸浓度及异丙醇浓度。在最适p H 7.5~8.0,L-苏氨酸浓度50g/L,添加5%的异丙醇及0.5g/L NAD+,分别加入0.6g/L苏氨酸脱氨酶、2g/L亮氨酸脱氢酶及2g/L酮还原酶,反应20h,可实现L-2-氨基丁酸的摩尔产率为99%,产量为43g/L。该结果为L-2-氨基丁酸的制备提供了一种新的思路。     

Regulatory effects of the L-lysine metabolites,L-2-aminoadipic acid and L-pipecolic acid,on protein turnover in C2C12 myotubes

We previously showed that L-lysine (Lys) and a metabolite of Lys, L-saccharopine, suppressed autophagic proteolysis in C2C12 myotubes. However, the effects of other metabolites of Lys on protein turnover were unknown. We here investigated the effect of the Lys metabolites, L-2-aminoadipic acid (2-AA) and L-pipecolic acid (Pip), on protein turnover in C2C12 myotubes. 2-AA suppressed myofibrillar protein degradation evaluated by the 3-methylhistidine and autophagy activity evaluated by light chain 3-II at lower concentration (100 μM) than did Lys. On the other hand, Pip stimulated the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling activity. Additionally, 100 μM Pip significantly increased the rates of protein synthesis whereas 100 μM Lys had no effect. These results indicate that in C2C12 myotubes, 2-AA could suppress autophagy and Pip could stimulate the rates of protein synthesis, and these metabolites may contribute to exert effect of Lys on protein turnover.     

Engineering of a novel biochemical pathway for the biosynthesis of L-2-aminobutyric acid in Escherichia coli K12

L-2-Aminobutyric acid was synthesised in a transamination reaction from L-threonine and L-aspartic acid as substrates in a whole cell biotransformation using recombinant Escherichia coli K12. The cells contained the cloned genes tyrB, ilvA and alsS which respectively encode tyrosine aminotransferase of E. coli, threonine deaminase of E. coli and alpha-acetolactate synthase of B. subtilis 168. The 2-aminobutyric acid was produced by the action of the aminotransferase on 2-ketobutyrate and L-aspartate. The 2-ketobutyrate is generated in situ from L-threonine by the action of the deaminase, and the pyruvate by-product is eliminated by the acetolactate synthase. The concerted action of the three enzymes offers significant yield and purity advantages over the process using the transaminase alone with an eight to tenfold increase in the ratio of product to the major impurity.     

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of fatty acid short-chain esters through combination of the fatty acid and 2-keto acid pathways

Fatty acid short-chain esters (FASEs) are biodiesels that are renewable, nontoxic, and biodegradable biofuels. A novel approach for the biosynthesis of FASEs has been developed using metabolically-engineered E. coli through combination of the fatty acid and 2-keto acid pathways. Several genetic engineering strategies were also developed to increase fatty acyl-CoA availability to improve FASEs production. Fed-batch cultivation of the engineered E. coli resulted in a titer of 1008 mg/L FASEs. Since the fatty acid and 2-keto acid pathways are native microbial synthesis pathways, this strategy can be implemented in a variety of microorganisms to produce various FASEs from cheap and readily-available, renewable, raw materials such as sugars and cellulose in the future.