基因编辑新技术最新进展

借助基因编辑技术精准编辑植物基因组,得到性状优良、产量高的农作物种质是目前作物分子育种研究的主要趋势。目前主要的CRISPR/Cas9系统是由产脓链球菌的获得性免疫防御系统改编而来,该系统以其编辑高效、操作方便、成本低廉等明显优势在基因编辑技术中脱颖而出,广受青睐。利用CRISPR/Cas技术编辑作物基因组,能精确引入和改良目标性状,为作物遗传育种提供新途径。当前, CRISPR/Cas9技术在拟南芥、水稻、土豆、玉米等植物中得到普遍应用。该文简要阐述了锌指核酸酶、转录因子激活样效应物核酸酶以及CRISPR/Cas9系统的结构、作用机制及差异,重点综述CRISPR/Cas9系统目前在植物中的应用、其改良的CRISPR/Cpf1技术以及该系统相比于其他核酸酶的优势与局限性。     

基于CRISPR编辑系统的DNA片段删除技术

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的基因组编辑技术已成为基因功能研究和遗传修饰的重要工具。在引导RNA的引导下,Cas9蛋白对基因组靶位点进行精准切割产生DNA双链断裂(DSB),借助细胞内的DSB修复机制,可实现基因组靶位点碱基的缺失、插入或者替换,甚至发生片段删除。该文介绍了基于CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑系统的D...     

基于CRISPR/Cas9的精准基因编辑技术研究进展

基因编辑技术是一种可以在基因组水平上对DNA序列进行改造的遗传操作技术。基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的精准编辑技术是一个操作方便、应用广泛的基因编辑技术,与传统的CRISPR/Cas9不同,精准基因编辑技术可以在不需要DNA模板的情况下对基因进行定点突变。本文重点介绍了近年来基于CRISPR/Cas9介导的精准基因编辑技术的发展,并深入分析了基因精准编辑技术面临的挑战和机遇。     

基因组编辑技术在水稻功能基因组和遗传改良中的应用

基因组编辑技术对植物基因功能研究和作物遗传改良具有巨大的潜在价值。CRISPR/Cas9系统是继锌指核酸酶(ZFNs)和类转录激活效应因子核酸酶(TALENs)系统之后的新一代基因组编辑技术系统,具有操作简单和效率高等优点。概述了CRISPR/Cas9系统的技术特点及其在水稻基因功能研究及遗传改良中的应用,并指出了该系统在植物基因精准编辑中需要突破的关键问题。     

植物CRISPR/Cas9多基因编辑载体构建和突变分析的操作方法

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术是植物基因功能研究与作物改良的有效工具.为此,本实验室开发了高效的CRISPR/Cas9植物多基因编辑载体系统.本载体系统包括6个双元载体和12个含有不同U3/U6启动子的sg RNA中间载体,可满足对单子叶和双子叶植物的遗传转化以及不同抗生素筛选的要求,具有简便、高效,可同时对多基因进行编辑的特点.此外,为了能更高效地应用基因组编辑技术,还开发了一站式在线分析工具包CRISPR-GE.为方便研究人员利用CRISPR/Cas9系统进行植物基因组编辑,本文提供了从靶点选择、CRISPR/Cas9多靶点双元载体构建,以及对靶点突变序列的测序分析等详细的操作方法,以及常见的问题解答.     

基因组编辑技术在猪遗传改良中的应用

核酸酶介导的基因组编辑技术大幅度提高了编辑真核细胞基因组的能力,给生命科学领域带来了革命性地发展,也给猪的遗传改良带来了全新的契机。本文介绍了基因组编辑技术尤其是CRISPR/Cas9系统的发展以及各种天然存在的和人为改造的Cas9变体的作用特点;汇总了利用基因组编辑技术提高猪生产性能,尤其是改善猪肉品质和抵抗病毒感染的研究进展;分析了目前利用基因组编辑技术推进猪遗传改良所面临的挑战;最后,展望了基于基因组编辑技术的猪遗传改良和品种培育的发展趋势。     

CRISPR/Cas植物基因组编辑技术及其在玉米中的应用*

CRISPR/Cas 系统具有操作简单、效率高等优势,为植物功能基因研究和作物遗传改良提供了重要支撑。介绍了CRISPR/Cas植物基因组编辑技术的研究进展,并对CRISPR/Cas系统及其衍生技术进行了详细比较;结合案例综述了CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术在玉米产量、品质、抗逆性改良,以及雄性不育系创制和单倍体诱导等方面的应用;同时针对CRISPR/Cas系统未来需要迫切解决的一些问题进行了分析和展望。     

CRISPR/Cas核糖核蛋白介导的植物基因组编辑

CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins)系统作为一种重要的基因编辑工具,自诞生以来被广泛应用于作物的性状改良。与CRISPR/Cas DNA载体介导的植物基因组编辑相比,CRISPR/Cas核糖核蛋白(CRISPR/Cas ribonucleoprotein, CRISPR/Cas RNP)介导的植物基因组编辑具有作用迅速、脱靶率低和无外源DNA插入(DNA-free)等优点,因而无需清除CRISPR编辑工具而更容易获得纯合的编辑体。但是,由于植物细胞转化方法和细胞再生技术的限制,不借助筛选标记的辅助将CRISPR/CasRNP直接导入植物细胞并获得高效基因编辑仍比较困难,直接限制了CRISPR/CasRNP在植物基因组编辑中的广泛应用。本文系统介绍了CRISPR/Cas RNP基因组编辑技术的分子作用机理及其优势,并总结了CRISPR/Cas RNP导入植物细胞的方法,最后对CRISPR/Cas RNP在植物基因组编辑中的新应用和新思路进行了展望,以期为进一步改进CRISPR/Cas RNP基因组编辑技术和扩大其在作物改良中的应用提供参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术在农业动物中的应用

CRISPR(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas(CRISPR associated proteins)是在细菌和古细菌中发现的一种用来抵御病毒或质粒入侵的获得性免疫系统.目前已发现的CRISPR/Cas系统包括Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,其中Ⅱ型系统的组成较简单,由其改造成的CRISPR/Cas9技术已成为一种高效的基因组编辑工具.自2013年CRISPR/Cas9技术成功用于哺乳动物基因组定点编辑以来,应用该技术进行基因组编辑的报道呈现出爆发式的增长.农业动物不仅是重要的经济动物,也是人类疾病和生物医药研究的重要模式动物.本文综述了CRISPR/Cas9技术在农业动物中的研究和应用进展,简述了该技术的脱靶效应及减少脱靶的主要方法,并展望了该技术的应用前景.     

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of human genetic disease

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated(Cas) protein 9 system(CRISPR/Cas9) provides a powerful tool for targeted genetic editing. Directed by programmable sequence-specific RNAs,this system introduces cleavage and double-stranded breaks at target sites precisely. Compared to previously developed targeted nucleases, the CRISPR/Cas9 system demonstrates several promising advantages, including simplicity, high specificity,and efficiency. Several broad genome-editing studies with the CRISPR/Cas9 system in different species in vivo and ex vivo have indicated its strong potential, raising hopes for therapeutic genome editing in clinical settings. Taking advantage of non-homologous end-joining(NHEJ) and homology directed repair(HDR)-mediated DNA repair, several studies have recently reported the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to successfully correct disease-causing alleles ranging from single base mutations to large insertions. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent preclinical studies involving the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated correction of human genetic diseases.     

Efficient Gene Knockout in Goats Using CRISPR/Cas9 System

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been adapted as an efficient genome editing tool in laboratory animals such as mice, rats, zebrafish and pigs. Here, we report that CRISPR/Cas9 mediated approach can efficiently induce monoallelic and biallelic gene knockout in goat primary fibroblasts. Four genes were disrupted simultaneously in goat fibroblasts by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. The single-gene knockout fibroblasts were successfully used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and resulted in live-born goats harboring biallelic mutations. The CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a highly effective and facile platform for targeted editing of large animal genomes, which can be broadly applied to both biomedical and agricultural applications.     

CRISPR/Cas9系统在培育抗病毒植物新种质中的应用

随着CRISPR/Cas9系统在基因组编辑技术上的开发和完善,CRISPR/Cas9系统在应用于动物病毒感染性疾病防治并取得相当成效的同时,也逐步被应用到对植物病毒基因组进行高效靶向修饰的研究中。CRISPR/Cas9系统对基因组靶向修饰作用不仅实现了对植物DNA病毒基因组序列的编辑,还展示了其有效作用于植物RNA病毒基因组的潜力,同时CRISPR/Cas9系统还能在基因转录和转录后调控水平发挥作用,说明该系统具有通过多种途径调控植物病毒复制的潜能。相对其他植物病毒病防治策略,该系统对病毒基因组的编辑更精准、对基因表达的调控更稳定,对病毒病的抗性也更为广谱。本文将CRISPR/Cas9系统与其他植物病毒病防治策略进行了比较,概述了该系统在培育植物抗病毒病新种质中的优势,分析了其具体应用在该领域中面临的主要问题,讨论了该系统在培育抗病毒植物新种质应用中的发展趋势。     

Activity and specificity of TRV-mediated gene editing in plants

Plant trait engineering requires efficient targeted genome-editing technologies. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)/ CRISPR associated (Cas) type II system is used for targeted genome-editing applications across eukaryotic species including plants. Delivery of genome engineering reagents and recovery of mutants remain challenging tasks for in planta applications. Recently, we reported the development of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated genome editing in Nicotiana benthamiana. TRV infects the growing points and possesses small genome size; which facilitate cloning, multiplexing, and agroinfections. Here, we report on the persistent activity and specificity of the TRV-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted modification of the Nicotiana benthamiana genome. Our data reveal the persistence of the TRV- mediated Cas9 activity for up to 30 d post-agroinefection. Further, our data indicate that TRV-mediated genome editing exhibited no off-target activities at potential off-targets indicating the precision of the system for plant genome engineering. Taken together, our data establish the feasibility and exciting possibilities of using virus-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted engineering of plant genomes.     

CRISPR/Cas9 system: a powerful technology for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy

CRISPR/Cas9 is a versatile genome-editing tool which is widely used for modifying the genome of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms for basic research and applications. An increasing number of reports have demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing is a powerful technology for gene therapy. Here, we review the recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene therapy in animal models via different strategies and discuss the challenges as well as future prospects.     

CRISPR-Based Methods for Caenorhabditis elegans Genome Engineering

The advent of genome editing techniques based on the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–Cas9 system has revolutionized research in the biological sciences. CRISPR is quickly becoming an indispensible experimental tool for researchers using genetic model organisms, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we provide an overview of CRISPR-based strategies for genome editing in C. elegans. We focus on practical considerations for successful genome editing, including a discussion of which strategies are best suited to producing different kinds of targeted genome modifications.     

The CRISPR/Cas9 revolution continues: From base editing to prime editing in plant science

The ability to precisely inactivate or modify genes in model organisms helps us understand the mysteries of life. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9(Cas9), a revolutionary technology that could generate targeted mutants, has facilitated notable advances in plant science. Genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 has gained great popularity and enabled several technical breakthroughs. Herein, we briefly introduce the CRISPR/Cas9, with a focus on the latest breakthroughs in precise genome editing(e.g., base editing and prime editing), and we summarize various platforms that developed to increase the editing efficiency, expand the targeting scope, and improve the specificity of base editing in plants. In addition, we emphasize the recent applications of these technologies to plants. Finally, we predict that CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing will continue to revolutionize plant science and provide technical support for sustainable agricultural development.     

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing in Soybean Hairy Roots

As a new technology for gene editing, the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) system has been rapidly and widely used for genome engineering in various organisms. In the present study, we successfully applied type II CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate and estimate genome editing in the desired target genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.). The single-guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9 cassettes were assembled on one vector to improve transformation efficiency, and we designed a sgRNA that targeted a transgene (bar) and six sgRNAs that targeted different sites of two endogenous soybean genes (GmFEI2 and GmSHR). The targeted DNA mutations were detected in soybean hairy roots. The results demonstrated that this customized CRISPR/Cas9 system shared the same efficiency for both endogenous and exogenous genes in soybean hairy roots. We also performed experiments to detect the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 system to simultaneously edit two endogenous soybean genes using only one customized sgRNA. Overall, generating and detecting the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome modifications in target genes of soybean hairy roots could rapidly assess the efficiency of each target loci. The target sites with higher efficiencies can be used for regular soybean transformation. Furthermore, this method provides a powerful tool for root-specific functional genomics studies in soybean.     

Patterns of CRISPR/Cas9 activity in plants,animals and microbes

The CRISPR/Cas9 system and related RNA‐guided endonucleases can introduce double‐strand breaks (DSBs) at specific sites in the genome, allowing the generation of targeted mutations in one or more genes as well as more complex genomic rearrangements. Modifications of the canonical CRISPR/Cas9 system from Streptococcus pyogenes and the introduction of related systems from other bacteria have increased the diversity of genomic sites that can be targeted, providing greater control over the resolution of DSBs, the targeting efficiency (frequency of on‐target mutations), the targeting accuracy (likelihood of off‐target mutations) and the type of mutations that are induced. Although much is now known about the principles of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, the likelihood of different outcomes is species‐dependent and there have been few comparative studies looking at the basis of such diversity. Here we critically analyse the activity of CRISPR/Cas9 and related systems in different plant species and compare the outcomes in animals and microbes to draw broad conclusions about the design principles required for effective genome editing in different organisms. These principles will be important for the commercial development of crops, farm animals, animal disease models and novel microbial strains using CRISPR/Cas9 and other genome‐editing tools.