利用Tn5转座子介导突变提高大肠杆菌丁醇生产水平

目前,对于构建高产丁醇大肠杆菌工程菌株的工作,主要是对丁醇通路和相关途径的基因进行理性改造。为进一步提升菌株的丁醇生产能力,需要发掘基因组上可影响丁醇生产能力的基因,但这很难通过已有认识或计算机模型进行预测。本工作以一株实验室前期构建的产丁醇大肠杆菌工程菌株为研究对象,利用Tn5转座子构建了一个含有1 196个菌株的突变文库。丙酮酸是丁醇的前体,并且在发酵终产物中,副产物丙酮酸的含量与丁醇的含量呈反相关,因此,可以利用丙酮酸的含量来间接反映丁醇的含量,而丙酮酸可用二硝基苯肼显色法进行快速测定,基于此,建立了96孔板——酶标仪快速筛选方法。利用该方法成功筛选到了比对照菌株丁醇产量提高了29%、49%、56%的3个突变体菌株。利用反向PCR及测序的方法,确定了其转座子插入位置分别为:pyk A、tdk、cad C基因。这些基因可以作为进一步提高菌株丁醇产量的靶点,同时这种利用Tn5转座子筛选基因靶标的策略也为构建其他微生物细胞工厂提供了新思路。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa23鉴别菌株突变体库的构建及无毒基因突变体的筛选

利用in vivo转座技术构建了白叶枯病抗性基因Xa23鉴别菌株的突变体库,特异性引物PCR扩增和转座子插入位点旁侧序列分析结果表明转座子插入到白叶枯病菌的基因组中。经人工接种鉴定,筛选到4个毒力发生变化的突变体。为进一步克隆Xa23无毒基因提供了条件。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xa23鉴别菌株突变体库的构建及无毒基因突变体的筛选

利用invivo转座技术构建了白叶枯病抗性基因Xa23鉴别菌株的突变体库,特异性引物PCR扩增和转座子插入位点旁侧序列分析结果表明转座子插入到白叶枯病菌的基因组中。经人工接种鉴定,筛选到4个毒力发生变化的突变体。为进一步克隆Xa23无毒基因提供了条件。     

防御假单胞菌双突变体H78ΔrsmA/E中hmgA基因对藤黄绿菌素生物合成的抑制

【背景】防御假单胞菌(Pseudomonas protegens) H78是分离于油菜根际的一株生防菌,其能合成藤黄绿菌素(pyoluteorin,Plt)等多种广谱抗生素,H78的rsmA/E双突变体中Plt合成被完全抑制。【目的】通过转座子诱变技术,筛选H78ΔrsmA/E双突变体中重新激活Plt合成的下游调控因子。【方法】通过同源重组的方法在pltL基因下游插入红色荧光蛋白(redfluorescentprotein,RFP)基因来指示Plt操纵子表达的激活情况;利用转座子随机插入突变、半随机PCR技术筛选并定位目标基因;通过基因回补等方法进一步验证基因功能。【结果】从约2万株H78ΔrsmA/E的转座子突变体中筛选到一株高产Plt和某种黑色素的菌株,并确定其插入位点为hmgA基因,hmgA基因回补能重新抑制H78ΔrsmA/E的Plt合成。【结论】假单胞菌双突变体H78ΔrsmA/E中hmgA基因对Plt的合成存在强烈抑制作用,是潜在的RsmA/E下游调控基因。本研究为进一步阐明Plt合成的调控机制与网络及通过基因工程提高Plt产量奠定了基础。     

利用酿酒酵母转座子文库筛选MTM1基因缺失表型相关基因

【目的】MTM1基因对于维持锰超氧化物歧化酶的活性和线粒体正常功能十分重要,MTM1基因的缺失会严重影响锰超氧化物歧化酶活性,并损伤线粒体功能,使酵母在非发酵培养基上不能生长。为加深对MTM1基因功能及其相关基因的研究,尝试利用转座子文库筛选MTM1基因缺失表型相关基因,寻找哪些位置的转座子插入能挽救MTM1基因缺失导致的生长缺陷。【方法】因MTM1基因的缺失造成的损伤不可逆,直接转入文库无法筛选得到MTM1基因缺失表型相关基因,本研究利用外源MTM1基因菌株和mTn-lacZ/LEU2酿酒酵母转座子文库进行筛选,寻找能挽救mtm1突变体生长缺陷的转座子插入位点。【结果】发现转座子插入HSL1和TPS2基因能挽救mtm1突变体的生长缺陷。【结论】我们的结果为深入了解MTM1基因的功能提供了线索。     

十字花科黑腐病菌中影响致病相关基因XC3814表达的基因鉴定

十字花科黑腐病菌8004菌株的XC3814基因与致病性和胞外多糖合成有关。文章将XC3814的启动子与报告基因sacB融合, 构建了XC3814的表达报告质粒pL3814sac。将该质粒导入野生型菌株8004, 获得了报告菌株8004/pL3814sac。利用转座子EZ::Tn5对报告菌株的基因组进行随机诱变, 分离到3株耐蔗糖的突变体。分析发现其中的1株突变体是由EZ::Tn5插入到编号为XC3882的未知功能的基因所产生的。将由XC3814启动子与报告基因gusA融合得到的报告质粒pGUS3814分别导入8004菌株和XC3882的转座子Tn5gusA5插入突变体, 测定比较pGUS3814的GUS表达水平, 结果显示在XC3882突变体背景下GUS的表达水平比在野生型背景下降低81.3%, 表明XC3814基因的表达水平受XC3882基因的影响。     

敲除aceE基因对大肠杆菌生长和丙酮酸代谢的影响

大肠杆菌aceE基因是编码丙酮酸脱氢酶多酶复合体PdhR的关键酶之一。利用Red重组系统敲除大肠杆菌MG1655的aceE基因后,阻断了丙酮酸流向TCA循环,导致丙酮酸的累积,也使菌体生长受到影响,在培养基中补加5 g/L KAc后可以在一定程度上弥补菌株在生长上的缺陷。摇瓶发酵36 h,MG1655没有积累丙酮酸,MG1655ΔaceE∷cat菌株可以积累26.77 g/L丙酮酸,为利用大肠杆菌发酵生产丙酮酸奠定了基础。     

野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种8004菌株wxcA基因与EPS的产量有关

在以前的工作中,采用转座子Tn5 gusA5对野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜致病变种(Xcc)8004菌株进行诱变,获得一批胞外多糖(EPS)合成减少的突变体,对这些突变体的Tn5 gusA5的插入位点进行分析后,发现有两株突变体是wxcA基因不同插入位点的突变体。以前认为wxcA基因与脂多糖(LPS)的O-抗原合成有关而与EPS的合成无关。为明确wxc4基因的功能,对8004菌株的wxcA基因进行缺失,获得的△wxcA突变体的EPS产量与野生型菌株相比,减少了50％,并且一段PCR合成的包含wxcA基因的DNA片段能反式互补△wxcA突变体,恢复突变体的EPS产量。这证实了8004菌株的wxcA基因与EPS的合成产量有关。     

大肠杆菌menA敲除对CoQ积累的影响研究北大核心CSCD

通过同源重组敲除大肠杆菌的men A基因,增加菌体Co Q合成量,用于构建Co Q高产菌株。以p KD4质粒为模板,PCR扩增kanr片段;在p KD46的辅助下,kanr片段转化大肠杆菌,利用抗生素筛选和PCR验证重组子;以紫外诱变菌为对照,发酵men A基因敲除菌株,分析Co Q种类和产量变化。成功获得men A基因敲除菌株,Co Q种类不变,产量增加约为38%。首次敲除men A基因,改良株Co Q产量得到提高,达到预期目标。     

水稻黄单胞菌hrp基因簇中致病相关基因hpaB的鉴定

由水稻黄单胞菌引起的水稻白叶枯病是水稻最严重的细菌性病害。通过筛选18000个XooTn5转座子插入突变体,得到其中一个致病力缺失的突变体XOG11。TAIL-PCR方法分离该突变体中插入转座子的侧翼序列,发现转座子插入到位于hrp基因簇的hpaB基因中。对该基因进一步的分析表明该基因编码一个含有156个氨基酸,等电点为4.28,亮氨酸含量为14.4%的蛋白HpaB。Southern blot和PCR验证表明Tn5在该突变体中为单拷贝插入且未发生转座子携带侧翼序列的转移。将hpaB克隆到具有广泛寄主的质粒pHM1中,转化重组质粒进入突变体后,突变体恢复了在其寄主水稻IR24上的致病力,而转化空质粒pHM1后的突变体仍然表现为致病力缺失。证实了水稻黄单胞菌中hpaB基因与该细菌的致病力相关,在侵染水稻的过程中起着不可缺失的作用。     

Adaptive response of Bacillus subtilis to N-methyl-N''-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in pyruvate oxidase were isolated from an aceEF (pyruvate dehydrogenase-deficient) strain by selection for a complete absence of growth on medium lacking acetate. Extracts of two of the mutants were shown to contain normal levels of pyruvate oxidase antigen, although the enzymatic activities of the extracts were reduced or absent. The poxB locus was mapped by using closely linked transposon insertions to min 18.7 of the E. coli linkage map between the cmlA and aroA loci, a location far removed from that of the regulatory gene, poxA.     

Mapping nonselectable genes of Escherichia coli by using transposon Tn10: location of a gene affecting pyruvate oxidase.

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 deficient in pyruvate oxidase were isolated by screening for the production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]pyruvate by the method of Tabor et al. (J. Bacteriol. 128:485-486, 1976). One of these lesions (designated poxA) decreased the pyruvate oxidase activity to 10 to 15% of the normal level but grew well. To map this nonselectable mutation, we isolated strains having transposon Tn10 inserted into the chromosome close to the poxA locus and mapped the transposon. These insertions were isolated by the following procedure: (i) pools of Tn10 insertions into the chromosomes of two different Hfr strains were prepared by transposition from a lambda::Tn10 vector; (ii) these Tn10-carrying strains were then mated with a poxA recipient strain, and tetracycline-resistant (Tetr) recombinants were selected; (iii) the Tetr recombinants were then screened for 14CO2 production from [1-14C]pyruvate. This method was shown to give a greater than 40-fold enrichment of insertions of Tn10 near the poxA gene as compared with transduction. Calculations indicate that a similar enrichment should be expected for other genes. The enrichment is due to the much greater map interval over which strong linkage between selected and unselected markers is found in conjugational crosses as compared with transductional crosses. The use of Hfr conjugative transfer allows isolation of transposon insertions closely linked to a nonselectable gene by scoring hundreds rather than thousands of colonies. Using a Tn10 insertion greater than 98% cotransduced with the poxA locus, we mapped the poxA gene on the E. coli genetic map. The poxA locus is located at 94 min, close to the psd locus. The clockwise gene order is ampA, poxA, psd, purA. The poxA mutation is recessive and appears to be a regulatory gene.     

Transposon mutagenesis of the anaerobic commensal, Bacteroides fragilis, using the EZ::TN5 transposome

Genetic analysis of Bacteroides fragilis (BF) is hindered because of the lack of efficient transposon mutagenesis methods. Here, we describe a simple method for transposon mutagenesis using EZ::TN5, a commercially available system that we optimized for use in BF638R. The modified EZ::TN5 transposon contains an Escherichia coli conditional origin of replication, a kanamycin resistance gene for E. coli, an erythromycin resistance gene for BF , and 19 basepair transposase recognition sequences on either ends. Electroporation of the transposome (transposon-transposase complex) into BF638R yielded 3.2 ± 0.35 × 10(3) CFU μg(-1) of transposon DNA. Modification of the transposon by the BF638R restriction/modification system increased transposition efficiency sixfold. Electroporation of the EZ::TN5 transposome results in a single-copy insertion of the transposon evenly distributed across the genome of BF638R and can be used to construct a BF638R transposon library. The transposon was also effective in mutating a BF clinical isolate and a strain of the related species, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The EZ::TN5-based mutagenesis described here is more efficient than other transposon mutagenesis approaches previously reported for BF.     

Role of menaquinone biosynthesis genes in selenate reduction by Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a-1 and Escherichia coli K12

In this study, we investigated the role of menaquinone biosynthesis genes in selenate reduction by Enterobacter cloacae SLD1a-1 and Escherichia coli K12. A mini-Tn5 transposon mutant of E. cloacae SLD1a-1, designated as 4E6, was isolated that had lost the ability to reduce Se(VI) to Se(0). Genetic analysis of mutant strain 4E6 showed that the transposon was inserted within a menD gene among a menFDHBCE gene cluster that encodes for proteins required for menaquinone biosynthesis. A group of E. coli K12 strains with single mutations in the menF , menD , menC and menE genes were tested for loss of selenate reduction activity. The results showed that E. coli K12 carrying a deletion of either the menD , menC or menE gene was unable to reduce selenate. Complementation using wild-type sequences of the E.  cloacae SLD1a-1 menFDHBCE sequence successfully restored the selenate reduction activity in mutant strain 4E6, and E. coli K12 menD and menE mutants. Selenate reduction activity in 4E6 was also restored by chemical complementation using the menaquinone precursor compound 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nathphoic acid. The results of this work suggest that menaquinones are an important source of electrons for the selenate reductase, and are required for selenate reduction activity in E. cloacae SLD1a-1 and E. coli K12.     

利用代谢工程构建D-甘露醇生产菌株

D-甘露醇广泛应用于食品、制药、化学品工业等领域。从野生型大肠杆菌出发,将来自假肠膜明串珠菌Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides ATCC 12291菌株的甘露醇脱氢酶与果糖转运蛋白编码基因整合到大肠杆菌ATCC 8739的染色体中,并失活其他的发酵途径 (丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶、乳酸脱氢酶、富马酸还原酶、乙醇脱氢酶、甲基乙二醛合成酶和丙酮酸氧化酶) ,构建了一株遗传稳定的D-甘露醇生产菌株。使用无机盐培养基和葡萄糖果糖作为混合碳源,厌氧发酵6 d,D-甘露醇产量达1.2 mmol/L。基于细胞生长和D-甘露醇合成的偶联,进一步通过代谢进化技术提高细胞合成D-甘露醇的生产能力。经过80代的驯化,D-甘露醇产量提高了2.6倍,甘露醇脱氢酶的活性提高了2.8倍。构建获得的遗传稳定的工程菌能直接发酵糖生产D-甘露醇,不需添加抗生素、诱导剂和甲酸,在工业化生产时有一定优势。     

大肠杆菌副产物合成途径删除提高外源蛋白表达水平

大肠杆菌是应用最广泛的外源基因表达宿主。为探索阻断副产物产生途径对提高大肠杆菌表达外源蛋白的能力,本实验以野生型大肠杆菌菌株为基础,删除其乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldhA),磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸合成酶基因(pps)和丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶基因(pflB)。在此基础上,以甘露聚糖酶基因man为报告基因,考察阻断以上代谢途径对大肠杆菌产酶能力的影响。结果显示,以上述三个基因叠加删除的三重突变株为宿主时,重组茵产酶水平最高,比酶活达到158.3 U/mg,相比野生出发菌株提高82.3%。     

基于辅因子调控对大肠杆菌两阶段发酵产丁二酸的影响

考察了E.coli NZN111及其重组菌株E.coli NZN111/pTrc99a-pncB发酵生产丁二酸的性能。E.coli NZN111两阶段发酵丁二酸的同时,会造成丙酮酸的大量积累。研究发现:通过过量表达烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶,两阶段发酵重组菌株E.coli NZN111/pTrc99a-pncB,减少丙酮酸的积累且无副产物乙酸生成,提高丁二酸的产量,丁二酸得率和耗糖速率分别提高了139%和20%。     

Molecular cloning of bacterial DNA in vivo using a transposable R6K ori and a P1vir phage.

A new method of cloning in vivo using the P1vir phage and transposon Tn5-rpsL oriR6K was developed. The method relies upon recircularization of transducing DNA containing a transposon insertion in a recombination-deficient strain of Escherichia coli K-12 and subsequent stable replication of the recircularized DNA. Using this method, we were able to clone in vivo the chromosomal region located between approximately 7.1 and 9.2 min on the E. coli K-12 map in a 95-kb plasmid.