Haustorienbefall und inäquale Teilungen desNostoc-Phycobionten vonLempholemma botryosum (Lichinaceae)

In fully developed parts of thalli ofLempholemma botryosum a relatively high number of algal cells is attacked by haustoria. They differ specifically in form and effect from haustoria of otherLempholemma species. Cells of theNostoc phycobiont attacked by hyphae developing into haustoria may divide to give inequal besides equal daughter cells.

     

Zur Morphologie und Systematik desTrebouxia-Phycobionten im Thallus vonUsnea longissima (Lecanorales)

In the lichen genusUsnea different species ofTrebouxia-phycobionts as well as different haustorial types are known. The isolated and cultivated phycobiont ofUsnea longissima Ach. was studied by light- and electron microscopy and resembles in cytomorphological details the type ofTrebouxia impressa Ahmad. In addition to simple wall-to-wall contacts between the symbiotic components also intraparietal (=intrawall-)haustoria could be observed as the normal interaction type.

Frau Prof. Dr.Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess zu ihrem 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Peptidoglycantyp und Zusammensetzung der Zellwandpolysaccharide vonCellulomonas cartalyticum und einigen coryneformen Organismen

Cellulomonas cartalyticum was found to contain a peptidoglycan type different from that of the other species ofCellulomonas. The diamino acid is lysine instead of ornithine and the interpeptide bridge consists ofd-Asp-d-Ser. The same peptidoglycan type occurs inCorynebacterium manihot, Brevibacterium liticum andArthrobacter luteus. These non cellulolytic organisms are most likely not closely related withCellulomonas cartalyticum, as indicated by the very different G+C content of their DNA, although they formed a narrow cluster includingC. cartalyticum when numeric taxonomical methods were applied.

     

Sclerorhachis leptoclada (Asteraceae-Anthemideae), eine neue Art aus dem südlichen Khorasan

A fourth species ofSclerorhachis, S. leptoclada Rech. f., has been discovered in S. Khorasan. It differs from the three known species by its tender habit, rosette leaves with few short segments, extremely reduced stem leaves, and very small heads.Sclerorhachis with its four vicarious species confined to the most arid parts of the Iranian highlands is believed to belong to the paleoxeromorphics (Rechinger 1952).

Florae Iranicae praecursores 22.     

Phorinae (Phoridae/Diptera; Rennfliegen) als Blütenbesucher auf Doldengewächsen(Umbelliferae)

A report is given on about 1000 specimens of 28 species ofPhorinae and their occurrence on 12 species ofUmbelliferae. Collections were made in a variety of habitats ranging from the German North Sea coast up to altitudes of 2500 m in the Western Alps. The morphology of the mouth-parts of the flies and their behaviour on the umbels are discussed briefly. No specific adaptations exist between Phorid flies and the visited umbels; their relationship is mutualistic. Climate and altitude have a greater influence on frequency and diversity of these visitors than the host-plants themselves. Visitors frequency and diversity increases with altitude.

Rennfliegen (Phoridae/Diptera) als Blütenbesucher, II. — Vgl. dazuBaumann (1978a).     

Weitere Untersuchungen über Proteinkörper in Zellkernen und ihre taxonomische Bedeutung

In 83 species of the familiesMonotropaceae, Apocynaceae, Oleaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Bignoniaceae, Martyniaceae, Myoporaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Campanulaceae, andLiliaceae, protein bodies in the cell nuclei have been found, in 68 of these species for the first time. On the basis of their structure in accordance with morphological characters the generaBurgsdorfia, Hesiodia, Olisia, andPhlomoides of theLamiaceae are accepted;Lamium is divided intoLamium, Lamiastrum andOrvala; two new combinations are established:Kickxia campyloceras (Rech. fil. &Esfandiari)Speta andEtornotus papilionaceus (Burm. in L.)Speta. Deviating shape or lack of protein bodies corroborate former taxonomic decisions, e.g. the transfer ofMonotropa toMonotropaceae or the separation ofGaleopsis andLadanum; Veronica schmidtiana should not be included inPseudolysimachion. Systematic affinities are discussed primarily withinScrophulariaceae because nuclear protein bodies have been studied already in many species of this family. ForCampanula patula two 2 x populations are reported.

Herrn Professor Dr. L.Geitler zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Karschia destructans: Falsch interpretierte Beziehungen zwischen zwei Flechten

Karschia destructans Tobler is recognized as a synonym ofBuellia schaereri De Not. This species is not a parasitic fungus but a lichen that suffers when growing together withChaenotheca chrysocephala (Ach.)Th. Fr. orChaenotheca phaeocephala (Turn.)Th. Fr. subsp.alpina (Nádv.)Schmidt.

---

Karschia destructans: Falsch interpretierte Beziehungen zwischen zwei Flechten

     

Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen in der Artengruppe desRanunculus alpestris (Ranunculaceae)

Morphological and cytological investigations as well as crossing experiments were carried out with the 5 species of theRanunculus alpestris group (R. alpestris L.,R. traunfellneri Hoppe,R. bilobus Bertol.,R. crenatus Waldst. etKit.,R. magellensis Ten.). A key to the species is presented; localities and distribution are given in addition to extensive diagnoses. Crossing experiments between the 5 taxa were successful (F₁-F₃ individuals, backcross types, tripeland quadrupelbastards); the morphology of the experimentally obtained F₁-hybrids was mostly intermediate. All 5 species as well as all hybrids have a chromosome number of 2n = 16; there is no statistically significant difference between the karyotypes of the 5 taxa. According to the results of the morphological investigations and the crossing experiments we can distinguish 2 subunits of very closely related species: a)R. alpestris, R. traunfellneri, R. bilobus; b)R. crenatus, R. magellensis. The speciation within the group ofRanunculus alpestris is discussed.

     

Zwei neue Hybriden in der GattungEuphrasia (Scrophulariaceae)

The following new hybrids are described:Euphrasia ×dilata = E. hirtella Jordan exReuter ×alpina Lam.;Euphrasia ×trikoviana = E. tricuspidata L. ×rostkoviana Hayne. The chromosome number ofEuphrasia tricuspidata L. has been established for the first time: 2n = 22.

     

Heterostyly in species ofNarcissus (Amaryllidaceae) andHugonia (Linaceae) and other disputed cases

The hypothesis ofHenriques andFernandes that several Iberian species ofNarcissus (Amaryllidaceae) are tristylous is reconsidered. Contrary to the opinion ofBateman and most subsequent authors, we believe that the available evidence indicates that some populations ofN. triandrus andN. fernandesii, at least, are tristylous; other populations ofN. triandrus are distylous.Hugonia cf.penicillanthemum (Linaceae) from new Caledonia is distylous, but it remains possible that other species ofHugonia are tristylous. The disputed occurrence of heterostyly in S. African species ofBauhinia (Leguminosae),Cleome (Capparaceae) andAneilema (Commelinaceae), and inAgelaea (Connaraceae) is discussed.     

Populationsstatistische Analysen bestätigen die Heterogeneität vonOphrys „arachnitiformis“ (Orchidaceae)

Statistical population analyses have been carried out on so-calledOphrys arachnitiformis, partly sympatricO. sphecodes s. l. as well as on other species ofOphrys (O. holosericea, O. exaltata, O. apulica, O. cornuta, O. biscutella, O. bertolonii, O. bertoloniiformis.). Altogether 63 populations with 521 individuals were studied in regard to 54 morphological parameters. — It can be shown thatO. arachnitiformis is an extremely heterogeneous assemblage which includes taxa of most diverse origin, different degrees of stability and nomenclatorial rank. Only common trait is their very diverse relationships withO. specodes s.l.—The basionymO. arachnitiformis Gren. & Phil. refers to a colour variant ofO. sphecodes Mill. subsp.sphecodes only, and is not applicable to other segments of the assemblage.A late flowering, morphologically and biologically well isolated group of populations from southern France without any perceptible hybrid influence is established as a new species:Ophrys splendida Gölz & Reinhard. Populations from north and central Italy with distinct characters but hybrid influences fromO. holosericea/O. exaltata are calledO. tyrrhena Gölz & Reinhard.O. morisii, an endemic to Sardinia, represents an independent species of still obscure evolution. The hybrid interpretation ofO. catalaunica is statistically corroborated, but somewhat modified. For the remaining segments ofO. arachnitiformis investigated (from Castilia, Dalmatia, and the Monte Gargano) no formal taxonomic proposals are made, but some suggestions about their genesis are possible.

     

Revision of Hyolitha from the Ordovician of Estonia

Topotype specimens of the Middle OrdovicianHyolithes acutus Eichwald, 1840, which is the type of the genus that lent its name to a family, order, class, and even phylum according to some, andH. latus Eichwald, 1860 allow that genus and those species to be firmly established on a sound, morphologic basis. In addition, preservation of the types ofHyolithes striatus Eichwald, 1860 is sufficiently good to warrant reassignment toDorsolinevitus Syssoiev, 1958. In contrast, the type ofH. insularis Eichwald, 1860 is incompletely preserved, and this species is not recognizable beyond the type material. The concept of the family Hyolithidae is revised to more closely conform to the morphology ofHyolithes, with authorship herein ascribed toSyssoiev (1958) rather than toNicholson (1872). The stratigraphic distribution of these taxa suggests thatHyolithes as defined herein first appears in the Middle Ordovician, but extends into at least the Lower Devonian, as suggested by two species from the Barrandian region of the Czech Republic. Their geographic distribution further re-enforces the notion of two distinct paleobiogeographic provinces based on hyoliths, a Mediterranean province and Baltic province, with almost no mixing of hyolith faunas during the Ordovician.      

Biometrische Untersuchungen an Populationen vonOphrys cornuta,O. holosericea und ihren Hybriden (Orchidaceae)

Population variability ofOphrys holosericea (Burm. f.)Greut. subsp.holosericea (=O. fuciflora Crantz subsp.fuciflora) from near Vienna (Austria), and of subsp.maxima (Fleischm.)Greut. andO. cornuta Steven with intermediates from the Dalmatian island Hvar (Yugoslavia) was analysed and illustrated by scatter diagrams. A hybrid origin of these intermediates is suggested. Aspects of hybridization betweenO. holosericea agg. andO. scolopax agg. are discussed.

     

Die Stipeln derIrvingioideae undRecchioideae und ihre systematische Wertung nebst Bemerkungen zur Holzanatomie und Palynologie

TheSimaroubaceae generally have no true stipules. The stipule-like appendages of some genera proved to be pseudo- or metastipules (Weberling & Leenhouts 1965). There seem to be some exceptions, however: the generaCadellia (incl.Guilfoylia) andRecchia on the one hand, and theIrvingioideae on the other. As these taxa, with exception ofRecchia, have simple leaves, there are no indications that their stipule-like appendages might be pseudo- or metastipules. In regard to their position and ontogeny these appendages behave completely like true stipules. Assuming the view ofForman, one could conceive a morphological line from the long, broadly inserted axillary stipules of mostIrvingioideae to the small scaly triangular stipules ofIxonanthoideae. The similarities between the stipules ofIrvingioideae andErythroxylaceae (already emphasized byHallier and others), become even more evident when their ontogeny is investigated. TheIrvingioideae, therefore, might be regarded as a separate family (perhaps with some relation to theErythroxylaceae,Hallier) or as a subfamily ofIxonanthaceae (Forman).—In addition to data on stipules some results on the palynology and shoot anatomy of the generaCadellia (incl.Guilfoylia) andRecchia are reported. Their relationship with theSimaroubaceae also appears doubtful. If they are to be included, they represent a somewhat isolated group near the base of the family which otherwise has lost its stipules.

Herrn Univ.-Prof. Dr.Walter Leinfellner zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Vergleichende cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen anRanunculus seguieri und der Artengruppe desR. alpestris (Ranunculaceae)

Morphological and cytological investigations as well as crossing experiments were carried out withRanunculus seguieri Vill. and 4 species of theRanunculus alpestris L. group (R. alpestris L.,R. traunfellneri Hoppe,R. bilobus Bertol.,R. crenatus Waldst. & Kit.). ForR. seguieri andR. alpestris, localities and distribution are given in addition to extensive diagnoses. A key to the species includes morphological characteristics and distribution data forR. traunfellneri, R. bilobus, andR. crenatus. New diagnostic characters are described. Crossing experiments betweenR. seguieri and the species of theR. alpestris group were unsuccessful. All 5 species have a chromosome number of 2n = 16, the record forR. bilobus is new. There is no statistically significant difference between the karyotypes ofR. seguieri andR. alpestris s. str. Nevertheless, according to morphological evidence and crossing experiments,R. seguieri is not closely related to theR. alpestris group.

     

The activity of powdery-mildew haustoria after feeding the host cells with different sugars,as measured with a potentiometric cyanine dye

The biotrophic parasite Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei produces haustoria within the cells of its host Hordeum vulgare. To determine the physiological activity of these haustoria, the electric potential across the membranes in the mitochondria of the haustorium was studied. The membrane potential was estimated with the fluorescent potentiometric cyanine dye 3,3-dibutyloxacarbocyanine iodide. The addition of depolarizing agents (carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol or KCN) to infected cells resulted in an increase of fluorescence after the addition of low concentrations or a decrease of fluorescence after the addition of higher concentrations. When the infected host cell was fed with increasing concentrations of d-glucose (25, 50, 75 mM), corresponding decreases of fluorescence were measured immediately in the mitochondria of the fungal haustoria. Sucrose induced a similar reduction of fluorescence about 20 min late. d-Galactose and d-fructose induced a somewhat smaller reduction of fluorescence, l-glucose and d-glucitol had no effect. The results indicate that haustoria take up glucose from the host cells immediately. Sucrose, d-galactose and d-fructose seem to require time to be metabolized before their products reach the fungal haustorium or mitochondria.Abbreviations CCCP carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone - DiOC₄(3) 3,3-dibutyloxacarbocyanine iodide - DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol     

Zur Ultrastruktur und Funktion pollenverbindender Fäden beiEricaceae und anderen Angiospermenfamilien

Viscin threads and other pollen connecting threads of some angiosperm families were investigated, especially those ofEricaceae. According to the definition adopted, viscin threads are ± long exinous processes which consist of exinous material and connect pollen grains or tetrads. Such viscin threads are found within theOnagraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Ericaceae, andMimosaceae only. While they differ in structure and composition, they always consist of sporopollenin and exhibit a very strong stickiness, even after all viscid substances have been removed by acetolysis. In contrast, the pollen connecting scleroprotein threads ofOrchidaceae and the cellular threads ofStrelitzia reginae Aiton. (Musaceae) are not connected with the exine surface, are destroyed by acetolysis, and thus do not correspond to viscin threads.

     

Cynoglossopsis somaliensis,sp. nov., und die GattungCynoglossopsis (Boraginaceae)

Cynoglossopsis somaliensis H. Riedl, sp. nov., is described as a new species of the hitherto monotypic genusCynoglossopsis Brand which is closest related toCynoglossum L. but has to be included inBoraginoideae-Eritrichieae from the way the nutlets are attached to the gynobasis.

     

Additional new taxa ofRubiaceae for the Flora of Turkey

A new species ofCruciata and a new subspecies ofGalium are described and discussed with regard to their affinities. Two new combinations are required for geographical races ofRubia tenuifolia. Galium lovcense Urum. has priority overG. protopycnotrichum Ehrend. & Krendl.     

A new scolenaspidid (Osteostraci, Vertebrata) from the Lower Devonian of Podolia, Ukraine

Anew osteostracan genus and species,Victoraspis longicornualis n. gen., n. sp., is described based on material from Rakovets’, present day Ukraine. This new taxon shares characters with the two generaStensiopelta Denison, 1951 andZychaspis Janvier, 1985. A phylogenetic analysis supports the position ofVictoraspis as the sister group to a monophyleticStensiopelta, while the interrelationships of the various species ofZychaspis are poorly resolved. A morphometric analysis is carried out in an attempt to further resolve the taxonomic affinity. This analysis groups all examinedZychaspis species closely together, and further supports the establishment ofVictoraspis as separate genus.