葡萄球菌肠毒素A全长基因的克隆和序列测定

分析和克隆超抗原（SAg）葡萄球菌肠毒素A（SEA）全长基因,为进行SAg基因应用于肿瘤导向治疗和基因治疗的研究奠定基础。设计并合成一对针对SEA全长基因的特异性引物,用PCR反应从产SEA的标准葡萄球菌菌株的基因组中扩增出SEA全长基因。PCR产物与克隆载体pGEM-T连接后进行基因序列测定。成功地从标准葡萄球菌菌株的基因组中扩增出一条约770bp的条带。基因序列测定表明,与巳发表的SEA全长基国序列完全一致。     

高粱可溶性酸性转化酶基因(SAI-1)PCR克隆方法

可溶性酸性转化酶(SAI)是蔗糖代谢途径中的关键酶,对植物生长发育起着至关重要的调节作用,研究简捷快速克隆可溶性酸性转化酶基因方法,对于育种材料和品种资源的基因分型具有重要意义。本研究通过已知的高粱可溶性酸性转化酶基因序列及高粱基因组中该基因序列片段,设计引物,比较了分段克隆、基因全长克隆、巢式PCR克隆等方法克隆高粱SAI-1基因的效果,结果表明,直接扩增全长,扩增产物极其不稳定且扩增产物纯化、连接,转化后得不到阳性克隆;采用均等分段克隆,前半段扩增产物纯化、连接转化后得不到阳性克隆,但后半段克隆成功;针对高粱基因组信息中SAI-1基因上游的未知序列部分设计引物,进行单独克隆(635 bp),再单独克隆其其余序列,两段序列拼接后得到SAI-1基因全长。序列分析发现,SAI-1前段635 bp的扩增片段GC含量高达69.6%,而其后GC含量急剧下降至30%以下,所以推测全长克隆、均等片段克隆以及巢式PCR克隆失败的原因可能是SAI-1基因中GC分布不均匀,克隆高粱SAI-1基因较为适宜的方法为利用2对引物进行不均等分段扩增克隆,前段PCR退火温度较后段高1℃。该方法将为其他研究人员提供有益参考。     

生防菌株HG18基因组信息分析与抗菌功能基因挖掘

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）HG18是1株低温生防菌株,能够分泌抗菌物质。为挖掘和利用其抗菌功能基因,服务农业生产,采用二、三代相结合测序技术,对其进行全基因组测序,获得菌株完整基因组序列。基因组全长4 461 844 bp,包含一个染色体和一个质粒,GC含量44.06%,编码4 643个基因,编码基因总长度3 893 994 bp,占基因组87.27%。发现6个几丁质降解相关基因,2个葡聚糖酶基因和1个壳聚糖酶基因,2个脂肽类抗菌物质芬芥素与表面活性素合成基因簇,2个细菌素subtilin和bacillolysin合成基因。研究为提高抗菌物质产量的菌株定向遗传改造以及植物抗病育种提供基因资源。     

南极嗜冷假单胞菌7197 S- 腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶 ( SAHH) 基因的克隆与序列分析

从南极普利兹湾深海沉积物中筛选到一株耐冷菌株7197,其16S rDNA序列分析表明该菌株属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）。作者通过设计引物,从该菌的全基因组DNA中克隆到编码S-腺苷-L-高半胱氨酸（SAHH）的完整ORF,全长为1424bp。使用DNAMAN（5,1）软件对全长ORF为1424bp的SAHH基因进行分析,SAHH基因编码一个由474AA残基组成、分子量预计为52523Da的SAHH蛋白质,与Psychrobacter sp．273—4的SAHH有96．84％的相似性;与Acinetobacter sp．ADP1的SAHH有79％的相似性;与Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5的SAHH有75％的相似性。     

烟曲霉菌壳聚糖酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

根据GenBank中发布的烟曲霉菌壳聚糖酶（Aspergillus fumigatus chitosanase,EC3.2.1.132）基因序列人工合成8条DNA长链及4条引物链。DNA链的设计上在不改变壳聚糖酶氨基酸组成的前提下选择大肠杆菌使用频率高的密码子。PCR拼接法扩增壳聚糖酶基因并克隆入pGEM_T easy载体进行序列分析,进一步亚克隆入表达载体pGEX_3X。重组质粒pGEX_Csn转化E.coli DH5α,IPTG诱导表达,亲和层析及Factor Xa酶解纯化重组Csn。所得重组壳聚糖酶具有降解壳聚糖的生物活性,其活性受温度及pH值的影响。     

苏云金杆菌几丁质酶新基因的筛选和全长基因的扩增

以煮沸冻融法制备PCR扩增模板,利用苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）几丁质酶基因特异引物进行15个Bt血清变种的扩增分析,获得9个几丁质酶全长基因扩增产物。经克隆和序列测定,从Bt serovar.entomocidus HD109、Bt serovar canadensis HD224、Bt serovar、alesti HD16和Bt serovar.toumanoffi HD201等4个菌株中分离了几丁质酶新基因。     

甘蔗全长丙酮酸磷酸二激酶（PPDK）基因的克隆

和C3植物相比,C4植物具有明显的生长优势及水分和营养利用率,生物产量也较高。甘蔗是典型的C4作物之一。以甘蔗叶片提取的基因组DNA为模板,以GenBank公布的甘蔗PPDK基因cDNA序列设计引物,进行LA-PCR(Long Acute PCR)扩增。将PCR产物克隆到pMD18-T载体中,转化大肠杆菌JM109,测序,得到了13.5Kb的甘蔗全长PPDK基因序列。为方便后续实验,在引物中引入可利用的XhoI和NotI酶切位点,将全长PPDK基因分两段克隆到pMD18-T Simple载体中,转化大肠杆菌JM109,完成了甘蔗全长丙酮酸磷酸二激酶（PPDK）基因的完整克隆,为将其导入C3作物中奠定了研究基础,实验室保藏菌种。     

亚心型扁藻叶绿体psbA基因的克隆及序列分析

psbA基因是叶绿体基因组中一个重要的光调控基因,编码光和系统Ⅱ反应中心的D1蛋白。根据叶绿体基因组序列高度保守的特性,利用菜茵衣藻（Chlamydomonasreinhardtii）psbA基因的保守序列（基因登录号：HQ667991．1）设计引物,采用PCR步移的方法从亚心型扁藻（Platymonassubcordiformis）基因组DNA中克隆到psbA基因全长（基因登录号：KF528742）。序列分析表明,亚心型扁藻psbA基因全长1939bp,编码区长度为1062bp,推导编码353个氨基酸,包括4个赖氨酸残基。有效密码子数显示脚删基因具有明显的密码子偏好性,并且偏好使用以A／T结尾的密码子。相对同义密码子使用度表明25个密码子在编码使用时具有偏好性,其中20个密码子以A／T碱基结尾,占到80％。其终止密码子使用了TAG。     

用基因组DNA剪接技术克隆SIgA相关基因

目的：克隆分泌型IgA（SIgA）相关基因--J链基因(IgJ)、多聚免疫球蛋白受体基因（pIgR）和IgA重链恒定区基因（IGHA）,为进一步构建SIgA真核表达质粒奠定基础。方法：采用本室建立的"基因组DNA剪接"技术,根据已发表的IgJ、pIgR和IGHA的核苷酸序列,通过计算机软件分别设计各个基因片段外显子的优化引物,从人外周血基因组DNA中直接扩增各基因的外显子序列;然后人工设计融合相邻外显子的融合引物,采用重叠PCR技术,把各基因片段的外显子串联起来形成全长编码序列,完成基因组DNA的体外剪接。扩增的PCR产物纯化后克隆到pGEM-T Easy Vector中,通过DNA测序对阳性克隆进行分析鉴定。结果：PCR扩增的IgJ、pIgR和IGHA基因与预期大小一致;测序结果表明本实验获得的上述基因与GenBank中的目标基因序列完全一致。结论：本文通过基因组DNA剪接技术成功克隆人类SIgA三个相关基因,提示此技术是合成多外显子cDNA的有效手段。     

香蕉rbcS基因启动子的克隆及序列分析

以巴西香蕉为材料,根据已经获得的香蕉1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶小亚基基因的全长cDNA序列设计1对专一引物,通过PCR扩增得到了香蕉1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶小亚基的基因组全长,序列长811 bp,含有2个内含子。根据其基因组序列设计引物,采用SEFA-PCR方法,以总DNA为模板克隆了香蕉1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶小亚基基因的启动子序列,长1 681 bp。用PLACE软件分析发现该序列具有启动子的基本元件TATA-box、CAAT-box,包含多个胁迫诱导元件,如光诱导元件、赤霉素、低温诱导元件、昼夜节律调控元件等。该序列的克隆与分析为进一步研究香蕉1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶小亚基基因的表达调控奠定了基础。     

Thermostable chitosanase from Bacillus sp. Strain CK4: cloning and expression of the gene and characterization of the enzyme

A thermostable chitosanase gene from the environmental isolate Bacillus sp. strain CK4, which was identified on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic analysis, was cloned, and its complete DNA sequence was determined. The thermostable chitosanase gene was composed of an 822-bp open reading frame which encodes a protein of 242 amino acids and a signal peptide corresponding to a 30-kDa enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence of the chitosanase from Bacillus sp. strain CK4 exhibits 76.6, 15.3, and 14.2% similarities to those from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus ehemensis, and Bacillus circulans, respectively. C-terminal homology analysis shows that Bacillus sp. strain CK4 belongs to cluster III with B. subtilis. The gene was similar in size to that of the mesophile B. subtilis but showed a higher preference for codons ending in G or C. The enzyme contains 2 additional cysteine residues at positions 49 and 211. The recombinant chitosanase has been purified to homogeneity by using only two steps with column chromatography. The half-life of the enzyme was 90 min at 80 degrees C, which indicates its usefulness for industrial applications. The enzyme had a useful reactivity and a high specific activity for producing functional oligosaccharides as well, with trimers through hexamers as the major products.     

Purification of a constitutive chitosanase produced by Bacillus sp. MET 1299 with cloning and expression of the gene

A chitosanase produced constitutively by Bacillus sp. MET 1299 was purified by SP-Sephadex column chromatography. The molecular weight was estimated to be 52 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Optimal enzyme activity was observed at a pH of 5.5 and temperature of 60 degrees C. The purified chitosanase showed high activity on 90% deacetylated colloidal chitosan and beta-glucan, but not on hydrolyzed colloidal chitin, CMC, or their derivatives. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the enzyme was determined. The cloned full length gene, 1362 bp in size, encoded a single peptide of 453 amino acids and had a conserved amino acid sequence of glycosyl hydrolase family 8. A search of the cDNA sequence with NCBI BLAST showed homology with chitosanase of Bacillus sp. KTCC 0377BP and Bacillus sp. No. 7-M. The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified using affinity chromatography and characterized.     

Thermostable Chitosanase from Bacillus sp. Strain CK4: Cloning and Expression of the Gene and Characterization of the Enzyme

A thermostable chitosanase gene from the environmental isolate Bacillus sp. strain CK4, which was identified on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic analysis, was cloned, and its complete DNA sequence was determined. The thermostable chitosanase gene was composed of an 822-bp open reading frame which encodes a protein of 242 amino acids and a signal peptide corresponding to a 30-kDa enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence of the chitosanase from Bacillus sp. strain CK4 exhibits 76.6, 15.3, and 14.2% similarities to those from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus ehemensis, and Bacillus circulans, respectively. C-terminal homology analysis shows that Bacillus sp. strain CK4 belongs to cluster III with B. subtilis. The gene was similar in size to that of the mesophile B. subtilis but showed a higher preference for codons ending in G or C. The enzyme contains 2 additional cysteine residues at positions 49 and 211. The recombinant chitosanase has been purified to homogeneity by using only two steps with column chromatography. The half-life of the enzyme was 90 min at 80°C, which indicates its usefulness for industrial applications. The enzyme had a useful reactivity and a high specific activity for producing functional oligosaccharides as well, with trimers through hexamers as the major products.     

Expression of the Na+/H+ antiporter gene (g1-nhaC) of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. G1 in Escherichia coli

A Na(+)/H(+) antiporter gene was isolated from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. G1. The full-length sequence of the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter gene was obtained using a genome walking method, and designated as g1-nhaC. An ORF preceded by a promoter-like sequence and a Shine-Dalgarno sequence, and followed by a terminator-like sequence was identified. The deduced amino acid sequence consists of 535 amino acids, and a calculated molecular mass of 57 776 Da. g1-nhaC was subsequently cloned into pET22b(+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Recombinant E. coli harboring the g1-nhaC gene was able to grow in modified L medium at various concentrations of NaCl (0.2-2.0 M) at different pH values. The recombinant bacteria grew well in the medium with concentrations of NaCl as high as 1.75 M at pH 8.0-9.0. Minimal growth was observed at 2.0 M NaCl, pH 8.0-9.0. At pH 10, the recombinant bacteria grew well in a medium with a low concentration of NaCl (0.2 M). These results suggested that the g1-NhaC antiporter from Bacillus sp. G1 plays a role in Na(+) extrusion at lower pH values and in pH homeostasis at pH 10 under Na(+)-limiting conditions.     

Purification, characterization, and gene analysis of cellulase (Cel8A) from Lysobacter sp. IB-9374

An enzyme that has both beta-1,4-glucanase and chitosanase activities was found in the culture medium of the soil bacterium Lysobacter sp. IB-9374, a high lysyl endopeptidase-producing strain. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate using five purification steps and designated Cel8A. The purified Cel8A had a molecular mass of 41 kDa, as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A pH optimum of 5.0 was found for the beta-1,4-glucanase activity, and pH optima of 5.0 and 7.0 were found for the chitosanase activity. Nucleotide sequencing of the Cel8A gene yielded a deduced amino acid sequence that comprises a 33-amino acid, N-terminal signal peptide and a mature enzyme consisting of a 381-residue polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 41,241 Da. The amino acid sequence of the Cel8A, which contains the catalytic module of glycosyl hydrolase family 8, is homologous to beta-1,3-1,4-D-glucanase from Bacillus circulans WL-12 and endoglucanase N-257 from B. circulans KSM-N257.     

Cloning of a cluster of chitinase genes from Aeromonas sp. No. 10S-24

A gene encoding chitinases from Aeromonas sp. No. 10S-24 was cloned into Escherichia coli DH5α using pUC19, and its nucleotides were sequenced. The chitinase gene was clustered in ORFs (open reading frame) 1 to 4, in a 8-kb fragment of DNA. ORF-1 consisted of 1608 bp encoding 535 amino acid residues, and ORF-2 consisted of 1425 bp encoding 474 amino acid residues. ORF-3 was 1617 bp long and encodes a protein consisting of 538 amino acids. ORF-4 encodes 287 amino acids of the N-terminal region. The amino acid sequences of ORF-1 and ORF-3 share sequence homology with chitinase D from Bacillus circulans, and chitinase A and B from Streptomyces lividans. The amino acid sequence of ORF-2 shared sequence homology with chitinase II from Aeromonas sp. No. 10S-24, and chitinase from Saccharopolyspora erythraea. A region of the sequence starting from Ala-28 of the amino acid sequence of ORF-3 coincided with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of chitinase III from Aeromonas sp. No. 10S-24.     

Isolation, purification, and enzymatic characterization of extracellular chitosanase from marine bacterium Bacillus subtilis CH2

A Bacillus subtilis strain was isolated from the intestine of Sebastiscus marmoratus (scorpion fish) that was identified as Bacillus subtilis CH2 by morphological, biochemical, and genetic analyses. The chitosanase of Bacillus subtilis CH2 was best induced by fructose and not induced with chitosan, unlike other chitosanases. The strain was incubated in LB broth, and the chitosanase secreted into the medium was concentrated with ammonium sulfate precipitation and purified by gel permeation chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified chitosanase was detected as 29 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified chitosanase were 5.5 and 60°C, respectively. The purified chitosanase was continuously thermostable at 40°C. The specific acitivity of the purified chitosanase was 161 units/mg. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was analyzed for future study.     

Cloning, purification, and characterization of chitosanase from Bacillus sp. DAU101

A chitosanase-producing Bacillus sp. DAU101 was isolated from Korean traditional food. This strain was identified on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence, gyrA gene, and phenotypic analysis. The gene encoding chitosanase (csn) was cloned and sequenced. The csn gene consisted of an open reading frame of 837 nucleotides and encodes 279 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 31,420 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of the chitosanase from Bacillus sp. DAU101 exhibits 88 and 30 % similarity to those from Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas sp., respectively. The chitosanase was purified by glutathione S-transferase fusion purification system. The molecular weight of purified enzyme was about 27 kDa, which suggests the deletion of a signal peptide by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 7.5 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme activity was increased by about 1.6-fold by the addition of 5 or 10 mM Ca²⁺. However, Hg²⁺ and Ni⁺ ions strongly inhibited the enzyme. The enzyme produced, GlcN_2–4, were the major products from a soluble chitosan.     

Cloning of complete genes for novel hydrolytic enzymes from Antarctic sea water bacteria by use of an improved genome walking technique

The increased demand for enzymes with new properties makes indispensable the development of easy and rapid strategies to obtain complete genes of new enzymes. Here a strategy is described which includes screening by PCR of new subtilases mediated by Consensus-Degenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primers (CODEHOP) and an improved genome walking method to obtain the complete sequence of the identified genes. Existing methods of genome walking have many limitations, which make them inefficient and time consuming. We have developed an improved genome walking method with novel advances to get a simple, rapid and more efficient procedure based on cassette-ligation. Improvements consist basically in the possibility of a genomic DNA digestion with any restriction enzyme, blunting and 3' adenylation of digested DNA by Taq DNA polymerase to avoid self-circularization, followed by TA ligation of the adenine 3' overhanging end to the same unphosphorylated oligo-cassette. The efficiency of the genome walking method was demonstrated by finding the unknown ends of all gene fragments tested, previously obtained by CODEHOP-mediated PCR, including three subtilases (P4, P6 and P7), one xylanase and one lipase, from different strains of Antarctic marine bacteria.     

Gene cloning and biochemical analysis of thermostable chitosanase (TCH-2) from Bacillus coagulans CK108

The DNA sequence of the thermostable chitosanase TCH-2 gene from Bacillus coagulans CK108 showed a 843-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein of 280 amino acids with a signal peptide corresponding to 32 kDa in size. The deduced amino acid sequence of the chitosanase from Bacillus coagulans CK108 has 61.6%, 48.0%, and 12.6% identities to those from Bacillus ehemensis, Bacillus circulans, and Bacillus subtilis, respectively. C-Terminal homology analysis shows that the enzyme belongs to the Cluster I group. The size of the gene was similar to those from mesophiles of the Cluster I group with regard to higher preference for codons ending in G or C. The recombinant chitosanase was electrophoretically purified to homogeneity by only two steps with column chromatography. The half-life of the enzyme was 40 min at 90 degrees C. The purified protein was also highly stable, retaining above 50% residual activities during treatment with denaturants such as urea (8 M) and guanidine x HCl (4 M) at 37 degrees C for 30 min. The enzyme had a useful reactivity and a high specific activity for producing functional oligosaccharides as well, producing the tetramer as a major product.