星星草光合蒸腾季节变化与气候因子的关系

本项研究工作在测定天然星星草和人工种植生长一至三年星星草光合蒸腾特性季节变化的同时,测定了日照量、气温、地温、相对湿度,降雨量和蒸发量等气候因子的季节变化,并采用相关系数和通径系数分析方法分析了星星草光合蒸腾特性季节变休与气候因子的关系。     

刺槐林水分生态研究

 本文以定位观测资料为基础,对晋西北黄土丘陵沟壑区人工刺槐林的水分生态特点进行了研究。结果表明,在年生长期中,刺槐林地水分条件严酷、土壤有效水分少。生长期刺槐的蒸腾强度为0.1140g·g-1·h-1±0.0586(平均值±标准差);蒸腾强度日变化与光照强度日变化的关系最为明显;与气温日变化的关系次之;但与相对湿度日变化的关系则不明显。生长期刺槐的水势为1.759-Mpa±0.457(平均值±标准差)。水势的日变化与气温日变化的关系最为明显,与相对湿度日变化的关系次之;而与光照强度日变化的关系最不明显。刺槐的蒸腾强度季节变化与土壤水分含量季节变化的关系不够显著;水势的季节变化与土壤水分含量季节变化的关系显著;但它们的季节变化与光照强度、气温和相对湿度季节变化的关系均不够显著。刺槐的蒸腾耗水量,林分总蒸散量分别占同期降水量的16.3%和68.0%,     

Diurnal and seasonal trends of water relations in five co-occurring chasmophytic species

The present study examines the seasonal and diurnal patterns of water management by plant species inhabiting the wall fissures of the ancient castle of Patras. Their water status (water potential), stomatal behaviour (leaf resistance and transpiration rate) as well as tissue water relations (turgor loss point, osmoregulation capability and cell wall elasticity) were recorded in relation to season, daytime and respective environmental conditions. Despite some minor deviations, all five species exhibited a water spending strategy with high diurnal transpiration rates through seasons, limited only by the generally low light intensities prevailing at the northwest-facing vertical walls. Progressive shortage of water during summer resulted in the reduction of transpiration in four species. Diurnal water losses caused a reduction of water potential until midday or dusk, which further decreased with the progress of the dry period. However, predawn water potential remained high through all seasons. The above finding, together with the high transpiration, was unexpected for species growing in a very hostile environment as far as water supply is regarded. It could be partly explained by the recently found ability of all five species to absorb dew from leaf surfaces. However, such plants should also possess mechanisms to take up water efficiently from a rather dry substrate. Indeed, pressure–volume analysis revealed substantial seasonal changes in osmoregulatory capacity and minor changes in cell wall elasticity of leaf tissue. Both changes facilitate (the mechanism differs) water uptake from the wall-fissure substrate during the dry period. Although the relative contribution of the two mechanisms was different, they both allowed plants to maintain turgor and thus growth throughout their growing season.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区狼牙刺的蒸腾作用研究

对狼牙刺和柠条的蒸腾日变化、月变化作了动态测定,研究了狼牙刺的蒸腾特性及其同环境因子及土壤水分之间的关系。结果表明:(1)狼牙刺和柠条的蒸腾速率日变化基本是以单峰型曲线为主,少数为双峰型。在10:00~14:00时段是狼牙刺和柠条的高速蒸腾期;蒸腾极大值多出现在12:00。(2)从6~9月份,狼牙刺和柠条的蒸腾速率呈逐月下降趋势,不同林龄狼牙刺之间的蒸腾速率月均值差异不明显,但狼牙刺与柠条的蒸腾速率月均值的种间差异比较明显,即柠条的蒸腾作用略高于狼牙刺。(3)一天当中,狼牙刺的蒸腾速率与光合有效辐射、空气温度密切正相关,与大气湿度负相关;6~9月,狼牙刺蒸腾速率的日均值与土壤水分状况密切正相关。(4)在黄土丘陵沟壑区进行人工林草植被建设过程中,应该主要充分了解物种在6、7月份(林木生长旺盛期)的耗水特点及土壤供水能力,以保证植被的快速恢复。     

Correlation between the seasonal changes in electrogenic activity across root xylem/symplast interface,sap-flow rate and xylem pressure in field trees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diospyros kaki</Emphasis>)

To investigate the seasonal changes in the physiological activity of the roots in field trees, Diospyros kaki, we carried out simultaneous and continuous measurements of the trans-root electric potential (TRP), of the rate of sap-flow with transpiration and of the xylem pressure (Px) through several years. The amplitude of the diurnal change and its temperature dependency of both TRP and Px began to increase in late January. These parameters attained their maxima in the late defoliate phase just before unfolding of new leaves at the end of March, thereafter rapidly went down to their minimal levels with increasing transpiration. The low levels continued during the foliate stage until December, and the pattern of the seasonal change in Px was inverse of that in the sap-flow rate. The role of the electrogenic ion pump activity across the interface between root-symplast and xylem vessel as a driving force for acropetal water transport is discussed in relation to those seasonal changes.     

Effect of air and soil temperature on water balance of jojoba growing under controlled conditions

Jojoba [ Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] cuttings were grown in pots under constant light intensity and vapour pressure deficit at wir temperatures of 18 and 27°C in climate-controlled cabinets. Leaf conductance and transpiration rate decreased exponentially as the xylen water potential (Ψ_x) decreased concurrently with the drying out of the soil. At high Ψ_x'leaf conductance and transpiration rate were much higher at the higher air temperature, and as Ψ_x declined both parameters decreased more rapidly at 27°C than at 18°C. When soil temperatures were decreased from 27 to 13°C, leaf water potential was not affected at either air temperatures, but transpiration rate was reduced. A linear negative correlation was found between transpiration rates and soil temperatures. It is suggested that the low soil temperature may restrict reducion of water flux in turn reduces stomatal conductance and transpiration without affecting the water potential in the shoot. The releavance of the response to changes in soil or air temperature to the performance of the plant in its semi-arid habitat is discussed.     

毛乌素沙地3种优势植物对模拟降水量变化的水分平衡研究(英文)

未来全球变化 ,尤其降水变化的进一步加剧 ,将对毛乌素沙地陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力带来巨大影响。为了预测未来变化 ,提出合理的对应策略 ,实验选择毛乌素沙地 3种优势灌木、半灌木为研究对象 ,人工控制 4种降水量水平来探讨水分平衡对全球降水量变化的响应。结果表明 ,沙地蓄水量和不同沙层深度含水量季节变化明显受到不同施水量和 3种植物种类的影响。 3种植物沙地蓄水量和不同深度沙层含水量随着施水量的增加逐渐增大 ,并且不同施水量和植物沙地含水量随深度增加逐渐增大。在同一施水量处理下的蓄水量和同一深度含水量均大体为杨柴 (HedysarummongolicumTurcz.) >沙柳 (SalixpsammophilaC .WangetCh .Y .Yang) >油蒿 (Artemisiaordosi caKrasch .) ;3种植物的蒸发量和蒸腾量季节变化明显受到施水量的影响。随着施水量的增加 ,即 15 7 5、315 0、472 5和 6 30 0mm ,蒸发总量依次为 12 3.6 6、2 5 8.6 8、376 .30、45 8.5 7mm ;蒸腾总量 ,油蒿分别为 5 0 .80、6 8.93、10 8.39、16 3.36mm ;沙柳分别为 47.37、6 8.17、93.6 5、135 .97mm ;杨柴分别为 46 .73、6 7.37,86 .0 7、10 9.6 4mm。蒸发量显著大于蒸腾量     

Study on the Water Balance in Three Dominant Plants with Simulated Precipitation Change in Maowusu Sandland

The distribution pattern and productivity of Maowusu sandland terrestrial ecosystem are greatly affected with the future severe global change, especially global precipitation change. Considering the predicative global precipitation change and the appropriate relevant strategy for the sustainable development of the China dry territory, the authors have investigated the response of water balance to global precipitation change by creating an artificial control of four levels of water supply treating 3 dominant plants in Mauwusu sandland. The results showed that the seasonal changes of water storage and moisture of different sandland layer depths were affected by different water supply treatments and different plants. The water storage of the three plant growing sandlands and the moisture of different sandland layer depths increased as water supply was increased. The moisture of different water supply treatments and plants increased with the increase of sandland layer depth. The water storage and moisture of the same layer depth of Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz. growing sandland were larger than that of Salix psammophila C. Wang et Ch. Y. Yang growing sandland, which were in turn higher than that of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. growing sandland in the same water supply treatment. Water supply significantly affected the seasonal changes of evaporation and transpiration of the three plant growing sandlands. With the increased levels of water supply, viz. 157.5 mm, 315.0 mm, 472.5 mm and 630.0 mm, the total evaporation was 123.66 mm, 258.68 mm, 376.30 mm, 458.57 mm, respectively, and the total transpiration of A. ordosica was 50.80 mm, 68.93 mm, 108.39 mm, 163.36 mm, respectively, and that of S. psammophila , 47.37 mm, 68.17 mm, 93.65 mm, 135.97 mm, respectively, and that of H. mongolicum 46.73 mm, 67.37 mm, 86.07 mm, 109.64 mm, respectively. Evaporation was significantly higher than transpiration in the experiment.     

干热河谷主要植被恢复树种蒸腾作用

以金沙江干热河谷区10多种自然生长树种为试材,探讨了不同季节典型晴天里各树种叶片水平的蒸腾速率日动态规律,以揭示极端干热生境条件下供试树种蒸腾作用的动态特征.实验结果表明:在干旱生境(3月份)转向干热生境(5月份)时,大多数供试树种蒸腾速率的日变化峰值有所提前,蒸腾作用受到明显限制,而当干热胁迫解除、湿润生境(10月份)来临时,蒸腾作用受限程度减轻或消失,多数供试树种呈现出比较典型的峰状曲线;在干旱、干热以及湿润季节里,供试树种均可分为高、亚高、亚低和低蒸腾速率树种等4个类别,且随着季节的变化,树种所属类别或蒸腾速率大小排序存在明显变动,体现了树种特性在水分生理反应上的多样性表达;随着干热胁迫的加深,供试树种蒸腾速率的变化可分为增强型、减弱型及稳定型3种;树种蒸腾速率的变化方向与气孔导度的变化方向存在不一致的现象,树种蒸腾速率的季节性增减可能表现为气孔因素为主与非气孔因素为主两种控制形式.     

Sensitivity of canopy transpiration to altered precipitation in an upland oak forest: evidence from a long-term field manipulation study

Climate‐induced changes in regional precipitation could have important implications for the carbon, water, and nutrient cycles of forest ecosystems. However, few studies have examined the response of deciduous forests to increases or decreases in precipitation. Therefore, the throughfall displacement experiment (TDE) was established in 1993 near Oak Ridge, Tennessee to examine the sensitivity of an upland oak (Quercus spp.) forest to ambient, wet (+33%), and dry (?33%) precipitation regimes. Sap flux measurements on co‐occurring tree species were scaled using species‐specific estimates of stand sapwood area to derive daily and seasonal rates of canopy transpiration (E_C) from 2000 to 2003. With the exception of 2003, which was an extremely wet year, daily E_C in the dry plot, and occasionally during extended droughts in the ambient and wet plots, declined as water potential in the upper 0.35 m soil profile approached ‐3.0 MPa. Seasonal patterns of soil water potential and treatment‐specific differences in E_C were dependent on precipitation frequency and intensity. Supplemental precipitation added to the wet plot increased seasonal E_C on average by 9% (range ?1% to 19%), whereas extended periods of drought on the dry plot in 2000, 2001, and 2002 were sufficient to reduce seasonal E_C by 26–30% compared with the ambient plot. There was a strong correlation between seasonal E_C and the water stress integral, a cumulative index of drought severity and duration. A polynomial fitted to these data indicated that reductions in seasonal E_C on the order of 40% were possible given TDE‐imposed reductions in soil water potential. Application of this equation to all years of the TDE (1994–2003) revealed considerable interannual and treatment‐specific variation in canopy transpiration. In general, a 33% removal of throughfall on the dry plot during 1995, 1998, and 2002 resulted in a 23–32% reduction in seasonal E_C compared with the ambient plot. While droughts in deciduous forests are often limited in duration and tend to occur late in the growing season, soil water deficits of the magnitude observed in this study have the potential to impact local and regional forest water budgets.