Cadmium stress in Dongying wild soybean seedlings: growth,Cd accumulation,and photosynthesis

Photosynthetica - In order to understand better Cd resistance in soybean, Dongying wild soybean treated with different Cd concentrations were evaluated. The biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) content, leaf...     

Antioxidant capacity and cadmium accumulation in parsley seedlings exposed to cadmium stress

Parsley (Petroselinum hortense L.) plants cultivated under controlled conditions were exposed to different doses of cadmium to investigate the antioxidant capacity and cadmium accumulation in the samples. Two-months-old parsley seedlings were treated with four different concentrations of CdCl₂ (0, 75, 150, and 300 μM) for fifteen days. Cadmium level in leaves increased significantly by increasing the Cd contamination in the soil. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid content declined considerably with Cd concentration. Cd treatment caused a significant increase lipid peroxidation in tissue of leaf. Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) increased partially at 75 and 150 μM CdCl₂ concentrations whereas the activity decreased at 300 μM CdCl₂. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activities were reduced by Cd application. Total phenolic compound amount increased significantly with increasing Cd concentration, as ferric reduction power, superoxide anion radical, and DPPH˙ free radical scavenging activities elevated slightly by the concentration. These results suggest that antioxidant enzymes activities were repressed depending on accumulation of cadmium in leaves of parsley while the non-enzymatic antioxidant activities slightly increased.     

镉胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

主要研究了重金属Cd污染对小麦生长和部分生理特性的影响。结果表明,叶绿素含量在0 2 5mmol·L-1Cd处理浓度时达到峰值,随Cd浓度的增加,含量下降。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性随Cd浓度的增加而增加。丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性同样呈上升趋势。根系活力表现为先升高后下降的变化趋势。Cd胁迫下,小麦的生长受到一定程度的抑制,并随溶液中Cd浓度的增加,抑制加重     

Cadmium uptake and translocation in seedlings of near isogenic lines of durum wheat that differ in grain cadmium accumulation

Background  

Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) grain grown in North American prairie soils often exceed proposed international trade standards. To understand the physiological processes responsible for elevated Cd accumulation in shoots and grain, Cd uptake and translocation were studied in seedlings of a pair of near-isogenic durum wheat lines, high and low for Cd accumulation in grain.     

外源脯氨酸对镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长的影响

以高蛋白小麦品种“北农9549”为试材,研究喷施不同浓度脯氨酸(0、1.0、5.0和10.0 mmol·L-1)对镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长和重金属吸收的影响.结果表明:以不施镉为对照,1.0 mmol·L-1CdCl2胁迫下,小麦幼苗的根长、株高和干质量分别显著下降24.0％、15.0％和27.5％,叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素含量分别显著下降23.3％、6.7％和30.8％,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低了18.4％,内源脯氨酸、抗坏血酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量分别显著上升78.6％、31.5％和17.9％,细胞膜相对透性显著升高24.8％,过氧化物酶(POD)活性为对照的2.4倍,并且促进对铜的吸收,抑制锌的吸收.随外源脯氨酸浓度的增加,小麦幼苗的根长、株高、干质量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均逐渐恢复到对照水平,抗坏血酸、内源游离脯氨酸含量和SOD活性均上升,可溶性蛋白含量先上升后下降,POD活性、MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性下降,而锌积累量升高,镉、铜积累量下降.叶面喷施外源脯氨酸可缓解镉对小麦幼苗生长的胁迫,以喷施5.0～10.0 mmol·L-1外源脯氨酸效果最佳.     

镉胁迫对不同品种小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以4个小麦品种(豫麦4、扬麦15、宝丰7228和宁麦13)为材料,研究了镉胁迫对水培条件下小麦幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明:镉胁迫条件下植株的生长、叶绿素合成及硝酸还原酶活性明显受到抑制;植株体内与氧化胁迫有关的CAT和POD活性下降,H2O2和MDA含量上升;4个品种在镉处理后生长抑制和氧化胁迫程度上表现不同,显示出对镉耐性的差异,其中扬麦15对镉耐性高于其他3个品种.     

Effects of cadmium and salicylic acid on growth, spectral reflectance and photosynthesis of castor bean seedlings

Salicylic acid (SA) is a potent signaling molecule in plants and is involved in eliciting specific responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the exogenous application of SA can improve cadmium (Cd) induced inhibition of photosynthesis in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) plants. The effects of SA and Cd on plant growth, spectral reflectance, pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange were examined in a hydroponic cultivation system. Results indicate that Cd exposure significantly decreased the dry biomass, photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), pigment contents, quantum yield of PS II photochemistry (F_v/F_m), and effective quantum yield of PS II (??PS II) in the plants. Pretreatment with SA alone reduced the biomass and P_n in castor bean plants, whereas pigment contents, F_v/F_m and ??PS II remained unaffected. Reduced G_s, C_i and E, as well as increased stomatal limitation (L_s) and water use efficiency (WUE), were observed in plants pretreated with 500???M SA alone, whereas plants treated with 250???M SA were unaffected. Under Cd stress, SA pretreatment led to a significant decrease in P_n, G_s, E, C_i, and chlorophyll contents (Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b, Car, Chl a/b), and an increase in L_s and WUE. Cd exposure enhanced spectral reflectance in the range 550?C680?nm and 750?C1,050?nm. It also decreased the normalized difference vegetation index (_chlNDI), the modified red edge simple ratio index (mSR₇₀₅), the red edge position (REP), water band index, and red/green ratio, whereas the structure independent pigment index (SIPI) was increased. Significant correlations (P?<?0.01) between spectral indices (mSR₇₀₅, _chlNDI, REP, red/green ratio) and pigment contents. SA significantly worsened plant growth and photosynthesis in Cd-stressed castor bean plants, in which a stomatal limitation was involved. The leaf spectral reflectance is a sensitive indicator in determining Cd toxicity in plants.     

Synergistic effects of cadmium and NaCl on the growth,photosynthesis and ion content in wheat plants

The addition of NaCl to cadmium had significant synergistic effect on the wheat root and shoot fresh mass, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate, while showed no significant effects on the dry mass production, leaf area, leaf area ratio, leaf mass ratio and specific leaf area. Additive depression of the rate of photosynthesis and the stomatal conductance was recorded, while no significant effect on the transpiration rate was observed. The Cd stress disturbed the mineral nutrition of the wheat plants either directly or indirectly, NaCl markedly reduce the uptake and internal concentration of K and Ca in the shoot. The combination of cadmium and NaCl showed no additive effects on the content of ions in the root as well as in the shoot of wheat plants.     

Effects of salt stress on growth,photosynthesis and solute accumulation in three poplar cultivars

This study compared the effects of salt (NaCl) stress on growth, photosynthesis and solute accumulation in seedlings of the three poplar (Populus bonatii) cultivars Populus × BaiLin-2 (BL-2), Populus × BaiLin-3 (BL-3), and Populus × Xjiajiali (XJJL). The results showed that BL-2 and BL-3 could not survive at a salinity level of 200 mM but XJJL grew well. The effect of moderate salt stress on leaf extension of the three cultivars was only slight. At a high level of salinity, however, NaCl clearly inhibited leaf extension of BL-2 and BL-3, whereas it did not affect that of XJJL, and the net photosynthetic rate (P _N) in XJJL was much higher than those of BL-2 and BL-3. The lower P _N of BL-2 and BL-3 might be associated with the high concentration of Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻ accumulated in the leaves, which could be toxic in photosynthesis system. In summary, the greater salt-tolerance of XJJL compared with that of BL-2 and BL-3 might be explained by the higher P _N and photosynthetic area, the lower Na⁺/K⁻ ratio and Cl⁻ in the leaf, and the greater accumulation of soluble sugars and SO₄ ²⁻.     

Sugar accumulation,photosynthesis and growth of two indica rice varieties in response to salt stress

Sugar, a final product of photosynthesis, is reported to be involved in the defense mechanisms of plants against abiotic stresses such as salinity, water deficiency, extreme temperature and mineral toxicity. Elements involved in photosynthesis, sugar content, water oxidation, net photosynthetic rate, activity of enzyme and gene expression have therefore been studied in Homjan (HJ), salt-tolerant, and Pathumthani 1 (PT1), salt-sensitive, varieties of rice. Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (FBP) and fructokinase (FK) genes were rapidly expressed in HJ rice when exposed to salt stress for 1–6 h and to a greater degree than in PT1 rice. An increase in FBP enzyme activity was found in both roots and leaves of the salt-tolerant variety after exposure to salt stress. A high level of sugar and a delay in chlorophyll degradation were found in salt-tolerant rice. The total sugar content in leaf and root tissues of salt-tolerant rice was 2.47 and 2.85 times higher, respectively, than in the salt-sensitive variety. Meanwhile, less chlorophyll degradation was detected. Salt stress may promote sugar accumulation, thus preventing the degradation of chlorophyll. Water oxidation by the light reaction of photosynthesis in the salt-tolerant variety was greater than that in the salt-sensitive variety, indicated by a high maximum quantum yield of PSII (F _v/F _m) and quantum efficiency of PSII (Φ_PSII) with low nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), leading to a high net photosynthetic rate. In addition, the overall growth performances in the salt-tolerant variety were higher than those in the salt-sensitive variety. The FBP gene expression and enzyme activity, sugar accumulation, pigment stabilization, water oxidation and net photosynthetic rate parameters in HJ rice should be further investigated as multivariate salt-tolerant indices for the classification of salt tolerance in rice breeding programs.     

Effect of short-term heat stress on growth, physiology and antioxidative defence system in wheat seedlings

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of short-term heat stress on morpho-physiological characters and antioxidants in 10 diverse wheat genotypes. Seed were aseptically grown in test tubes containing filter paper whose lower half was dipped in one-fourth MS media. Heat stress conditions were created by exposing the seedlings at 45 °C for 2 h after 7 days of their germination. Measurements were taken after 3 days of treatment. Heat stress significantly reduced the shoot dry mass, root dry mass, shoot length and root length in all the genotypes. The chlorophyll content and membrane stability index decreased, whereas proline content increased in heat-treated plants. There was significant increase in the activity of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase under stress conditions. The genotypic variations were also significant. On the basis of a coordinated simulation of all these parameters, wheat genotypes Raj 4037 and PBW 373 were identified as tolerant to high temperature stress. The study provides evidence that the tolerant genotypes were equipped with better management of physiological processes along with an efficient antioxidative defence system, sensitivity of which can be evaluated to a sufficient level of certainty at seedling stage.     

Alleviation of exogenous oligochitosan on wheat seedlings growth under salt stress

Hydroponic experiments were carried out to study the role of oligochitosan in enhancing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) resistance to salt stress. Data were collected on plant biomass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (P _n), stomatal conductance (g _s), proline content, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Under 150 mM salt stress, plant growth was significantly inhibited. Shoot length, root length, and dry weight were sharply reduced by 26%, 31%, and 20%, respectively, of the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were increased by 28%, 13%, and 26%, respectively, of the control and MDA content largely accumulated, which was 1.5-fold of the control. However, 0.0625% oligochitosan pretreatment alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress, which was reflected by increasing root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll content, P _n, and g _s. Furthermore, it also showed that oligochitosan pretreatment significantly increased antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and POD) activities, and reduced MDA content in leaves. Meanwhile, the accumulation of proline was markedly accelerated. The results indicated that oligochitosan pretreatment ameliorated the adverse effects and partially protected the seedlings from salt stress during the following growth period.     

馒头柳对镉的耐性、运输途径和累积特征

采用液体培养法研究了馒头柳对镉的耐性、运输过程及富集特征,结果表明:馒头柳具有较强的耐镉特性,水培营养液中镉浓度为0.2 mg·L-1时,镉对柳的生长仍有促进作用;镉从根到地上部的长距离运输具有明显的韧皮部运输特征,表现为植株顶部组织镉含量显著高于底部(P<0.05),韧皮部高于木质部(14倍);馒头柳地上部对镉有非常强的持续富集能力;地上部富集的镉占植株吸收总镉量的52%～62%,且主要集中在叶片,只要秋季清除地表落叶,即可达到清除土壤镉的目的;因此,馒头柳适宜用作镉污染土壤的修复.     

Effects of temperature on growth,morphology, and photosynthesis in wheat

Several morphological characteristics differed when wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Doha 88) was grown under a cool (10 °C), warm (20 °C), and hot (30 °C) regime. Development of leaves was linearly related to shoot meristem temperature, and the time between appearance of successive leaves on the main culm was independent of growth temperature. Area and dry mass of leaves and roots increased exponentially with time, and variations between growth temperature regimes were reduced when plants were compared at a similar developmental age. In isolated thylakoids thermal stability of photosystem 2 and of whole electron transport chain was enhanced with the increase in growth temperature. Therefore this cultivar is able to acclimate to contrasting temperature regimes.     

Stevioside prevents oxidative stress in wheat seedlings

This is the first study on the effect of stevioside, a diterpene glycoside that is a new promising plant growth regulator, on the antioxidant and photosynthetic systems of seedlings of the winter wheat cultivar Kazanskaya 560. Stevioside has been demonstrated to cause a decrease in the malondialdehyde formation rate, an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase), and the accumulation of proline and carotenoids. Apparently, this integrated effect of stevioside can prevent oxidative stress caused by adverse environmental factors in plants.     

Cadmium and mineral nutrient accumulation in potato plantlets grown under cadmium stress in two different experimental culture conditions

In order to evaluate the effect of cadmium (Cd²⁺) toxicity on mineral nutrient accumulation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), two cultivars named Asterix and Macaca were cultivated both in vitro and in hydroponic experiments under increasing levels of Cd²⁺ (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μM in vitro and 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μM in hydroponic culture). At 22 and 7 days of exposure to Cd²⁺, for the in vitro and hydroponic experiment, respectively, the plantlets were separated into roots and shoot, which were analyzed for biomass as well as Cd²⁺, and macro (Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺) and micronutrient (Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺) contents. In the hydroponic experiment, there was no reduction in shoot and root dry weight for any Cd²⁺ level, regardless of the potato cultivar. In contrast, in the in vitro experiment, there was an increase in biomass at low Cd²⁺ levels, while higher Cd²⁺ levels caused a decrease. In general, Cd²⁺ decreased the macronutrient and micronutrient contents in the in vitro cultured plantlets in both roots and shoot of cultivars. In contrast, the macronutrient and micronutrient contents in the hydroponically grown plantlets were generally not affected by Cd²⁺. Our data suggest that the influence of Cd²⁺ on nutrient content in potato was related to the level of Cd²⁺ in the substrate, potato cultivar, plant organ, essential element, growth medium and exposure time.     

Cadmium accumulation in Medicago sativa seedlings treated with salicylic acid

Growth parameters and cadmium accumulation were investigated in alfalfa seedlings treated with 10 μM salicylic acid (SA) at the beginning of seed imbibition. Shoot and root growths were accelerated by SA treatment and suppressed by Cd both in presence and absence of SA. Cd accumulation was stimulated by SA in alfalfa seedlings in dependence of the treatment duration. K, Mg, Ca and Fe contents in roots are decreased in the presence of Cd alone, while SA induces a decrease of Mg, Ca and Fe. Shoot K, Mg and Ca concentrations are increased by Cd only in the absence of SA, while SA induces also an increase of these concentrations, but only in the absence of Cd. High negative correlation of Cd concentration with K and Ca concentrations in root indicates a competition for the same carrier not regulated by SA. Positive correlation between Cd and Mg concentrations in shoots, which is decreased by SA pre-treatment, together with the increase of positive correlation between Cd and Fe concentrations in shoots under the influence of SA, indicates a possible mechanism of SA action through maintenance of ionic homeostasis.     

Alleviation of cadmium toxicity by cerium in rice seedlings is related to improved photosynthesis,elevated antioxidant enzymes and decreased oxidative stress

Cadmium contamination is a critical constraint to plant production in agricultural soils in some regions. Cerium is one of the rare earth elements, it plays a positive role in plant growth with a appropriate content. The present study was conducted to examine the role of cerium nutrition in the amelioration of effects on cadmium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings by a hydroponic experiment. Measurements included growth condition, photosynthesis related parameters, chloroplast ultra-structure and antioxidant enzymes content. Our results showed that the growth of rice seedlings was markedly inhibited by cadmium (100 μM), and the inhibition was significantly alleviated by cerium (10 μM). Fresh weight, single seedling height and chlorophyll content of rice plants in cerium treated groups were increased by 24.4, 18.2 and 32.05 % compared to those of plants cultivated in only cadmium-present condition. Additionally, in cadmium treated plants, the addition of cerium significantly increased the value of the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (F _v /F _m ), indicator of PSII ‘structure and functioning’ (SFI _ABS ) and the performance index on absorption basis (PI _ABS ), elevated the activity of whole chain electron transport activity, enhanced photophosphorylation and its coupling factor Ca²⁺-ATPase activities. The result showed that the chloroplasts and thylakoid membrane of the rice seedlings leaves grown in cerium treatment developed better than that in cerium-absent group under cadmium toxicity. Moreover, addition with 10 μM cerium mitigated cadmium stress by inducing leaf enzyme activities for antioxidation like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, dramatically depressed superoxide (O ₂ ^·? ), hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation. Results indicated that alleviation of cadmium toxicity by cerium application is partly related to improved light-use-efficiency, increased antioxidant enzymes, decreased oxidative stress in rice seedlings.     

镉在泰来藻体内的累积规律及对光合作用的影响

采用化学逐步提取法和叶绿素荧光技术,在实验室无底泥条件下研究了镉(Cd)在热带海草泰来藻(Thalassia hemprichii)不同组织(叶、茎、根)中的累积规律,以及Cd对其光合作用的影响.结果表明:Cd在泰来藻体内的累积模式是叶＞根＞茎;在各处理条件下,泰来藻各组织中氯化钠、醋酸和盐酸提取态的Cd均是优势形态,三者之和占总量的80％ ～99％,表明活性较低且迁移能力较弱的形态是主要形态;随着Cd暴露浓度的增加,泰来藻各组织中盐酸提取态所占的比例下降7％ ～ 24％,而氯化钠和醋酸提取态的分配比例总和增加2％ ～ 24％,叶片中活性较高的乙醇和水提取态所占比例之和不断减小,而茎、根则呈现相反的趋势,这说明泰来藻通过改变各形态Cd在细胞和组织中的分配比例来降低高浓度Cd胁迫的毒性;高浓度Cd胁迫显著降低有效光量子产量△F/Fm′、叶绿素a、b和总叶绿素含量,表明其光合作用受到严重抑制.总之,在较低浓度Cd胁迫下,泰来藻存在一定的保护机制,但在高浓度Cd胁迫下,这种保护机制已不足以维持内环境的稳定,从而引起一系列毒性效应.