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1.
Biogeographic studies separate the Antarctic Notothenioid fish fauna into high- and low-latitude species. Past studies indicate
that some species found in the high-latitude freezing waters of the High-Antarctic Zone have low-serum hysteresis freezing
points, while other species restricted to the low-latitude seasonal pack ice zone have higher serum hysteresis freezing points
above the freezing point of seawater (−1.9°C), but the relationship has not been systematically investigated. Freeze avoidance
was quantified in 11 species of Antarctic icefishes by determining the hysteresis freezing points of their blood serum, in
addition, the freezing point depression from serum osmolytes, the antifreeze activity from serum antifreeze glycoproteins
(AFGPs), and the antifreeze activity from serum antifreeze potentiating protein were measured for each species. Serum hysteresis
freezing point, a proxy for organismal freeze avoidance, decreased as species were distributed at increasing latitude (linear
regression r
2 0.66, slope −0.046°C °latitude−1), which appeared largely independent of phylogenetic influences. Greater freeze avoidance at high latitudes was largely a
result of higher levels of antifreeze activity from serum AFGPs relative to those in species inhabiting the low-latitude waters.
The icefish fauna could be separated into a circum High-Antarctic Group of eight species that maintained serum hysteresis
freezing points below −1.9°C even when sampled from less severe habitats. The remaining three species with low-latitude ranges
restricted to the waters of the northern part of the west Antarctic Peninsula and Scotia Arc Islands had serum hysteresis
freezing points at or above −1.9°C due to significantly lower combined activity from all of their serum antifreeze proteins
than found in the High-Antarctic Zone icefish. 相似文献
2.
Voituron Y Paaschburg L Holmstrup M Barré H Ramløv H 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2009,179(2):223-230
Freeze tolerance and changes in metabolism during freezing were investigated in the moor frog (Rana arvalis) under laboratory conditions. The data show for the first time a well-developed freeze tolerance in juveniles of a European
frog capable of surviving a freezing exposure of about 72 h with a final body temperature of −3°C. A biochemical analysis
showed an increase in liver and muscle glucose in response to freezing (respectively, 14-fold and 4-fold between 4 and −1°C).
Lactate accumulation was only observed in the liver (4.1 ± 0.8 against 16.6 ± 2.4 μmol g−1 fresh weight (FW) between 4 and −1°C). The quantification of the respiratory metabolism of frozen frogs showed that the aerobic
metabolism persists under freezing conditions (1.4 ± 0.7 μl O2 g−1 FW h−1 at −4°C) and decreases with body temperature. After thawing, the oxygen consumption rose rapidly during the first hour (6-fold
to 16-fold) and continued to increase for 24 h, but at a lower rate. In early winter, juvenile R. arvalis held in an outdoor enclosure were observed to emerge from ponds and hibernate in the upper soil and litter layers. Temperature
recordings in the substratum of the enclosure suggested that the hibernacula of these juvenile frogs provided sheltering from
sub-zero air temperatures and reduced the time spent in a frozen state corresponding well with the observed freeze tolerance
of the juveniles. This study strongly suggests that freeze tolerance of R. arvalis is an adaptive trait necessary for winter survival. 相似文献
3.
An insect antifreeze protein gene Mpafp149 was cloned by the RT-PCR approach from the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis dzungarica. Sequence analysis revealed that this gene encoding a protein of 120 amid acids and this protein showed 65–76% homology with
other insect antifreeze proteins, the deduced amino acid sequence displays very high similarities in those regions that contain
tandem the 12-residue repeats (TCTxSxxCxxAx) domain and the TCT motif. Mpafp149 gene was cloned into pET-28a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. A single-step purification based on specific binding of histidine residues was achieved. The purified His-MpAFP149 was SDS–PAGE
analyzed, showing an atypical migration with molecular weight of about 24 kDa. The expression of His-MpAFP149 was confirmed
by Western blot with specific binding to anti-GST-MpAFP149 antibody. The thermal hysteresis activity of the purified recombinant
protein was 0.915°C at 0.09 mg/ml, and the supercooling point was −9.6°C at 0.03 mg/ml. In vitro antifreeze activity assay
by measuring the survival rate of bacteria at −7 and −20°C respectively, with the protection of His-MpAFP149 showed that the
His-MpAFP149 fusion protein was able to enhance the freeze resistance of bacteria. 相似文献
4.
P. Meier J. Zettel 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1997,167(4):297-304
In the Swiss Prealps Entomobrya nivalis hibernates in an inactive state, hidden under bark flakes on spruce. For freeze avoidance it relies on thermal hysteresis
proteins (THPs) and polyols (mainly ribitol, with small amounts arabitol and threitol). Polyols are present only during the
inactive state, THPs additionally protect during the transition phase in spring and autumn, when animals are still active
but frosts may occur. Peak values were recorded in February/March for THPs (3.5 °C hysteresis between melting and freezing
point) and for polyols (26 μg mg−1 FW; hemolymph osmolality 680 mosmol l−1). E. nivalis is able to control its hemolymph osmolality independently of body water content. Mean osmolality in summer was 350– 440 mosmol l−1, in winter it was elevated to 650 mosmol l−1, due to a synthesis mainly of ribitol. Body water content varied between 1.8 and 3.3 mg H2O mg−1 DW, depending on humidity conditions. Experiments on triggering of antifreeze synthesis showed the action of temperature
and photoperiod as cues, but there was also evidence for an endogenous rhythm. No clear correlation between antifreeze concentration
and supercooling ability could be established, suggesting that gut content or other parameters also play an inportant role.
Accepted: 18 November 1995 相似文献
5.
Environmental influences on regulation of blood plasma/serum components in teleost fishes: a review 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Frank G. Nordlie 《Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries》2009,19(4):481-564
Concentrations of both inorganic and organic blood plasma/serum components of teleost fishes were reviewed in seven habitat/life-history
categories. These were: freshwater; inland saline; estuarine and nearshore marine; pelagic and deep-sea; diadromous; southern
cold-water; and northern cold-water. Plasma/serum osmolalities were compared among groups acclimated to/living in fresh and
in salt water. Contributions of inorganic ions and colligative and non-colligative organic molecules were evaluated including
with respect to melting and freezing points, and “antifreeze activity” of plasma/serum in species from cold marine waters.
Possible roles of TMAO in deep-water fishes were reviewed. Discussion also included influences of ambient salinity and temperature
on concentrations of plasma/serum components. Seasonal cycles of blood plasma/serum components were discussed, along with
antifreeze concentrations in other body fluids and tissues of cold-water fishes. Regulatory patterns of plasma/serum osmolalities
were compared among the most euryhaline of teleosts evaluated here. Highest mean values of plasma/serum osmolalities in sea
water were seen in southern cold-water and in pelagic and deep-sea fishes. The southern cold-water group also had the lowest
plasma/serum freezing points among these groups. Comparisons of mean plasma/serum Na+ and Cl− concentrations among fishes from fresh waters did not differ significantly among groups, but species from cold marine waters
showed higher levels than did other groups in marine waters. Plasma/serum osmotic, Na+ and Cl− concentrations of these seven groups of teleosts were compared with those of other fish-like vertebrate groups. Possible
impacts of global warming on regulatory responses of plasma/serum components were discussed. 相似文献
6.
Maturation to adulthood and successful reproduction in the Antarctic fairy shrimp, Branchinecta
gaini, must be completed within a physiologically challenging temporal window of ca. 2.5 months in the southern Antarctic Peninsula.
Although adults show considerable metabolic opportunism at positive temperatures, little is known of their tolerance of two
physiological insults potentially typical to pool life in the maritime Antarctic: sub-zero temperatures and salinity. B. gaini are freeze-avoiding crustaceans with temperatures of crystallisation (T
cs) of −5°C. No antifreeze proteins were detected in the haemolymph. Adults osmoregulate in relation to temperature, but rapid
mortality in saline solutions of even low concentration, indicate they cannot osmoregulate in relation to salinity. Survival
of ice encasement at temperatures above their T
c was found to be pressure but not time dependent: at severe inoculative ice pressures, there was little immediate survival
and none survived after 48 h below −2°C; at mild inoculative ice pressures, immediate survival was ca. 100% at −3°C, but <20%
after 48 h. There was no significant difference in survival after 1 and 6 h encasement at −3°C. Observations of ventilation
suggest that it is not low temperature per se, but ice that represents the primary cryo-stress, with ventilatory appendages
physically handcuffed below the freezing point of pool water. Both sub-zero temperatures and salinity represent real physiological
constraints on adult fairy shrimp. 相似文献
7.
Antarctic fish, such as the Trematomus bernacchii, living at −1.9°C maintain a serum osmolality of around 600 mOsm kg−1, nearly twice that of temperate fish. Upon warm acclimation, Antarctic fish significantly lower their serum osmolality. It
has been suggested that this response to warm acclimation is due to stress. The purpose of this study was to determine, whether
upon warm acclimation there was a change in the levels of the stress hormone cortisol and hematocrit associated with the decrease
in serum osmolality. T. bernacchii were warm acclimated up to 4 weeks and serum osmolality, cortisol and hematocrit were measured. Upon warm acclimation to
+1.6 and +3.8°C over the course of 4 weeks, T. bernacchii significantly lowered their serum osmolality (from 547 ± 4 mOsm kg−1 to 494 ± 6 and 489 ± 4 mOsm kg−1, respectively), yet did not alter their serum cortisol (29 ± 6 nl ml−1) or hematocrit (22 ± 1%) levels. These results suggest that warm acclimation does not induce a stress response in T. bernacchii. 相似文献
8.
Todd Sformo F. Kohl J. McIntyre P. Kerr J. G. Duman B. M. Barnes 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2009,179(7):897-902
Freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance are typically described as mutually exclusive strategies for overwintering in animals.
Here we show an insect species that combines both strategies. Individual fungus gnats, collected in Fairbanks, Alaska, display
two freezing events when experimentally cooled and different rates of survival after each event (mean ± SEM: −31.5 ± 0.2°C,
70% survival and −50.7 ± 0.4°C, 0% survival). To determine which body compartments froze at each event, we dissected the abdomen
from the head/thorax and cooled each part separately. There was a significant difference between temperature levels of abdominal
freezing (−30.1 ± 1.1°C) and head/thorax freezing (−48.7 ± 1.3°C). We suggest that freezing is initially restricted to one
body compartment by regional dehydration in the head/thorax that prevents inoculative freezing between the freeze-tolerant
abdomen (71.0 ± 0.8% water) and the supercooled, freeze-sensitive head/thorax (46.6 ± 0.8% water). 相似文献
9.
The adaptive fitness of a freeze-tolerant insect may be mediated by both endogenous and exogenous interactions. The aim of
the study presented here was to characterize the freeze tolerance of alpine Tiger moth caterpillars (Metacrias huttoni) and highlight two poorly explored indices of the potential attrition of fitness: (1) downstream development and reproduction;
(2) parasitism. Caterpillars survived temperatures as low as −16°C and demonstrated >90% 72-h survival after exposures to
−10°C. Two-week acclimations at 5, 10, and 20°C had no effect on body water content, haemolymph osmolality or survival of
equilibrium freezing, but there was a significant elevation of the temperature of crystallization (T
c) in those caterpillars acclimated to 5°C. Cell viability of fat body tissue was resilient to freezing (−10 to −16°C), but
midgut and tracheal cells showed significant degradation. Pupation and eclosion were unaffected by freezing at −5 or −10°C.
Likewise, there were no significant differences in egg production or the proportion of eggs that hatched between control and
frozen insects. By contrast, the ability of tachinid larvae to survive freezing within their hosts means that parasitism plays
an important role in regulating population size. Mean parasitism of caterpillars by tachinids was 33.3 ± 7.2%. Pupation and
imago emergence of tachinids after host ‘endo-nucleation’ was >75%. Eclosed adult tachinids showed a non-significant increase
in the incidence of wing abnormalities in relation to low temperature exposure. 相似文献
10.
Han Gil Choi Ki Hoon Lee Hyun Il Yoo Pil Jun Kang Young Sik Kim Ki Wan Nam 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(5):729-735
The effects of temperature, irradiance, and daylength on Sargassum horneri growth were examined at the germling and adult stages to discern their physiological differences. Temperature–irradiance
(10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C × 20, 40, 80 μmol photons m−2s−1) and daylength (8, 12, 16, 24 h) experiments were carried out. The germlings and blades of S. horneri grew over a wide range of temperatures (10–25°C), irradiances (20–80 μmol photons m−2s−1), and daylengths (8–24 h). At the optimal growth conditions, the relative growth rates (RGR) of the germlings were 21% day−1 (25°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1) and 13% day−1 (8 h daylength). In contrast, the RGRs of the blade weights were 4% day−1 (15°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1) and 5% day−1 (12 h daylength). Negative growth rates were found at 20 μmol photons m−2s−1 of 20°C and 25°C treatments after 12 days. This phenomenon coincides with the necrosis of S. horneri blades in field populations. In conclusion, we found physiological differences between S. horneri germlings and adults with respect to daylength and temperature optima. The growth of S. horneri germlings could be enhanced at 25°C, 20 μmol photons m−2s−1, and 8 h daylength for construction of Sargassum beds and restoration of barren areas. 相似文献
11.
Part of the Larsen A Ice Shelf (64°15′S to 74°15′S) collapsed during January 1995. A first oceanographic and biological data
set from the newly free waters was obtained during December 1996. Typical shelf waters with temperatures near and below the
freezing point were found. A nutrient-rich water mass (max: PO4
3− 1.80 μmol L−1 and NO3
− 27.64 μmol L−1) was found between 70 and 200 m depth. Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) values (max 14.24 μg L−1) were high; surface oxygen saturation ranged between 86 and 148%. Diatoms of the genera Nitzschia and Navicula and the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis sp. were the most abundant taxa found. Mean daily primary production (Pc) estimated from nutrient consumption was 14.80 ± 0.17 mgC m−3 day−1. Pc was significantly correlated with total diatom abundance and Chl-a. Calculated ΔpCO2 (difference of the CO2 partial pressure between surface seawater and the atmosphere) was –30.5 μatm, which could have contributed to a net CO2 flux from the atmosphere to the sea and suggests the area has been a CO2 sink during the studied period. High phytoplankton biomass and production values were found in this freshly open area, suggesting
its importance for biological CO2 pumping. 相似文献
12.
Wen-Jun Wang Fei-Jiu Wang Jian-Yi Zhu Xiu-Tao Sun Chun-Yan Yao Pu Xu 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(6):1017-1022
In January and February 2010, heavy sea ice formed along the coast of the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea, China. Intertidal
organisms were subjected to serious freezing stress. In this study, we investigated the freezing tolerance of the upper intertidal
economic seaweed Porphyra yezoensis. The maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II (F
v/F
m) in undehydrated thalli remained high after 24 h at −2°C and that in dehydrated thalli decreased in a proportion to thallial
water loss. F
v/F
m dropped sharply after 24 h at −20°C, regardless of absolute cellular water content (AWC). The F
v/F
m in frozen thalli recovered rapidly at 0–20°C. A wide range of water loss in the thalli enhanced their tolerance to freezing.
F
v/F
m values in undehydrated thalli dropped sharply after 3 d at −2°C or 10 d at −20°C while those in dehydrated thalli (20–53%
AWCs) remained at high levels after 9 d at −2°C or 30 d at −20°C. These results indicate that P. yezoensis has high freezing tolerance by means of dehydration during the ebb tide and rapid recovery of F
v/F
m from freezing. A strategy of P. yezoensis industry to avoid heavy loss during freezing season is discussed based on these findings. 相似文献
13.
Antifreeze proteins depress the non-equilibrium freezing point of aqueous solutions, but only have a small effect on the equilibrium
melting point. This difference between the freezing and melting points has been termed thermal hysteresis activity (THA).
THA identifies the presence and relative activity of antifreeze proteins. Two antifreeze protein cDNAs, dafp-1 and dafp-4, encoding two self-enhancing (have a synergistic effect on THA) antifreeze proteins (DAFPs) from the beetle Dendroides canadensis, were introduced into the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana via Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip transformation. Southern blot analysis indicated multiple insertions of transgenes. Both DAFP-1 and/or
DAFP-4 were expressed in transgenic A. thaliana as shown by RT-PCR and Western blot. Apoplastic fluid from T
3 DAFP-1 + DAFP-4-producing transgenic A. thaliana exhibited THA in the range of 1.2–1.35°C (using the capillary method to determine THA), demonstrating the presence of functioning
antifreeze proteins (with signal peptides for extracellular secretion). The freezing temperature of DAFP-1 + DAFP-4-producing
transgenic A. thaliana was lowered by approximately 2–3°C compared with the wild type. 相似文献
14.
Hayashi M Wharton DA 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2011,181(3):335-342
The cold tolerance abilities of only a few nematode species have been determined. This study shows that the oatmeal nematode,
Panagrellus redivivus, has modest cold tolerance with a 50% survival temperature (S
50) of −2.5°C after cooling at 0.5°C min−1 and freezing for 1 h. It can survive low temperatures by freezing tolerance and cryoprotective dehydration; although freezing
tolerance appears to be the dominant strategy. Freezing survival is enhanced by low temperature acclimation (7 days at 5°C),
with the S
50 being lowered by a small but significant amount (0.42°C). There is no cold shock or rapid cold hardening response under the
conditions tested. Cryoprotective dehydration enhances the ability to survive freezing (the S
50 is lowered by 0.55°C, compared to the control, after 4 h freezing at −1°C) and this effect is in addition to that produced
by acclimation. Breeding from survivors of a freezing stress did not enhance the ability to survive freezing. The cold tolerance
abilities of this nematode are modest, but sufficient to enable it to survive in the cold temperate environments it inhabits. 相似文献
15.
M. Helanto K. Kiviharju T. Granström M. Leisola A. Nyyssölä 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,83(1):77-83
l-Ribose is a rare and expensive sugar that can be used as a precursor for the production of l-nucleoside analogues, which are used as antiviral drugs. In this work, we describe a novel way of producing l-ribose from the readily available raw material l-arabinose. This was achieved by introducing l-ribose isomerase activity into l-ribulokinase-deficient Escherichia coli UP1110 and Lactobacillus plantarum BPT197 strains. The process for l-ribose production by resting cells was investigated. The initial l-ribose production rates at 39°C and pH 8 were 0.46 ± 0.01 g g−1 h−1 (1.84 ± 0.03 g l−1 h−1) and 0.27 ± 0.01 g g−1 h−1 (1.91 ± 0.1 g l−1 h−1) for E. coli and for L. plantarum, respectively. Conversions were around 20% at their highest in the experiments. Also partially purified protein precipitates
having both l-arabinose isomerase and l-ribose isomerase activity were successfully used for converting l-arabinose to l-ribose. 相似文献
16.
Phenol is one of the major toxic pollutants in the wastes generated by a number of industries and needs to be eliminated before
their discharge. Although microbial degradation is a preferred method of waste treatment for phenol removal, the general inability
of the degrading strains to tolerate higher substrate concentrations has been a bottleneck. Immobilization of the microorganism
in suitable matrices has been shown to circumvent this problem to some extent. In this study, cells of Pseudomonas sp. CP4, a laboratory isolate that degrades phenol, cresols, and other aromatics, were immobilized by entrapment in Ca-alginate
and agar gel beads, separately and their performance in a fluidized bed bioreactor was compared. In batch runs, with an aeration
rate of 1 vol−1 vol−1 min−1, at 30°C and pH 7.0 ± 0.2, agar-encapsulated cells degraded up to 3000 mg l−1 of phenol as compared to 1500 mg l−1 by Ca-alginate-entrapped cells whereas free cells could tolerate only 1000 mg l−1. In a continuous process with Ca-alginate entrapped cells a degradation rate of 200 mg phenol l−1 h−1 was obtained while agar-entrapped cells were far superior and could withstand and degrade up to 4000 mg phenol l−1 in the feed with a maximum degradation rate of 400 mg phenol l−1 h−1. The results indicate a clear possibility of development of an efficient treatment technology for phenol containing waste
waters with the agar-entrapped bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp. CP4. 相似文献
17.
Slotsbo S Fisker KV Hansen LM Holmstrup M 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2011,181(8):1001-1009
The spread of invasive species is an increasing problem world wide. The invasive slug Arion lusitanicus has spread to most parts of Europe, where it often is considered as a serious pest. There is a need for better knowledge
of its ecophysiology to be able to predict the effect of climatic factors, such as temperature and humidity on the population
dynamics and abundance. The aim of the present study was to assemble data on the water balance and drought tolerance of eggs
and juveniles of A. lusitanicus. Both eggs and juveniles had little capacity to prevent evaporative water loss and lost water when the ambient humidity fell
below 99.8 and 99.5%, respectively. The water conductance of the cuticle of juveniles was 242 μg cm−2 h−1 mmHg−1 and resembles that of other slug species. Both eggs and juveniles of A. lusitanicus tolerate a substantial water loss. There was no difference in water loss resistance between eggs and juveniles, but the eggs
were slightly more tolerant to water loss than the juveniles. The percent water loss causing 50% mortality was 72% for the
juveniles and 81% for the eggs. Despite A. lusitanicus’ tolerance of substantial water loss, its survival depends on humid habitats. 相似文献
18.
Layne JR Stapleton MG 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2009,179(2):215-221
This study documents post-thaw recovery of jump distance and cryoprotectant mobilization in the freeze-tolerant frog Hyla versicolor over two successive years. Cold acclimated frogs had plasma glycerol levels near 1.0 mM in 2004 but it was nearly 70× higher
during 2005. Freezing of frogs induced nearly identical levels of plasma glycerol (ca. 177 mM) during 2004 and 2005. Plasma
glucose was only mobilized upon somatic freezing, with averages ranging between 21 and 36 mM. Control jump distance showed
no difference between the two years of the study. The post-thaw jump response was identical during the first 2 years despite
large differences in glycerol mobilization between these 2 years. Recovery proceeded much faster in 2005 when frogs mobilized
glycerol prior to freeze exposure. Frogs were more impaired in their locomotion performance during the initial stages of recovery
period when they were frozen at a lower temperature (−3 vs. −1.5°C) but they eventually recovered. Moderate lengthening of
the freeze duration (3 vs. 7 days) with the 2004 collection group did not affect recovery of jump distance when frogs were
frozen at −1.5°C. Hence, postfreeze impairment of locomotion is dependent of the intensity of the freeze temperature but it
is a reversible process that is mitigated when glycerol is more freely distributed to body tissues. 相似文献
19.
Bacterial diversity in five Icelandic geothermal waters: temperature and sinter growth rate effects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The microbial ecology associated with siliceous sinters was studied in five geochemically diverse Icelandic geothermal systems.
Bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries were constructed from water-saturated precipitates from each site resulting in a total
of 342 bacterial clone sequences and 43 species level phylotypes. In near-neutral, saline (2.6–4.7% salinity) geothermal waters
where sinter growth varied between 10 and ~300 kg year−1 m−2, 16S rRNA gene analyses revealed very low (no OTUs could be detected) to medium (9 OTUs) microbial activity. The most dominant
phylotypes found in these waters belong to marine genera of the Proteobacteria. In contrast, in alkaline (pH = 9–10), meteoric geothermal waters with temperature = 66–96°C and <1–20 kg year−1m−2 sinter growth, extensive biofilms (a total of 34 OTUs) were observed within the waters and these were dominated by members
of the class Aquificae (mostly related to Thermocrinis), Deinococci (Thermus species) as well as Proteobacteria. The observed phylogenetic diversity (i.e., number and composition of detected OTUs) is argued to be related to the physico-chemical
regime prevalent in the studied geothermal waters; alkaliphilic thermophilic microbial communities with phylotypes related
to heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms developed in alkaline high temperature waters, whereas halophilic mesophilic
communities dominated coastal geothermal waters. 相似文献
20.
Mi-Young Oh Sang Beum Lee Deuk-Hee Jin Yong-Ki Hong Hyung-Joo Jin 《Journal of applied phycology》2010,22(4):453-458
We determined the structure of two compounds, namely, 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and di-n-octylphthalate (DnOP), which have algicidal activity against the toxic dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides. The polyunsaturated fatty acid EPA and the anthropogenic DnOP were isolated from the MeOH extract of the red alga Corallina pilulifera. We also found that a commercial EPA has algicidal activity identical to that of the EPA purified from C. pilulifera. At low inoculum (5.0 × 102 cells mL−1), the highest algicidal activity of a commercial EPA exhibited approximately 92.6% algicidal activity after 1 h and 96.8%
after 6 h treatment at 6 μg mL−1, respectively. At high inoculum (1.0 × 104 cells mL−1), the strongest algicidal activity of EPA showed 69.5% after 1 h and 75.5% algicidal activity after 6 h treatment at 6 μg
mL−1, respectively. However, EPA did not show algicidal activity against several microalgae used in aquaculture such as Pavlova lutheri, Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana, and Nannochloris oculata for 6 h treatment at 6 μg mL−1. The algicidal activity of the five red tide strains to EPA (3 μg mL−1) showed about 86.6%, 86.6%, and 67.3% algicidal activity against Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros curvisetus, and C. polykrikoides after 1 h treatment at low inoculum (5.0 × 102 cells mL−1), respectively, but not against Prorocentrum minimum and Scrippsiella trochoidea. We concluded that EPA might be useful as a controlling agent of harmful algal blooms. 相似文献