丙醇-硫酸铵双水相体系及应用探讨

通过研究丙醇-水-硫酸铵双水相分相情况,确定了刚好分相时丙醇和硫酸铵含量.测定了上、下相电导率和折光率,得出一定丙醇和硫酸铵含量分相后上、下相组成,上相主要富含丙醇,下相主要富含硫酸铵.将该双水相体系应用于西红柿和柠檬皮中色素分离,得到较好分离效果.     

Downstream antibody purification using aqueous two‐phase extraction

The extraction of antibodies using a polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐citrate aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) was investigated. Studies using purified monoclonal antibody (mAb) identified operating ranges for successful phase formation and factors that significantly affected antibody partitioning. The separation of antibody and host cell protein (HCP) from clarified cell culture media was examined using statistical design of experiments (DOE). The partitioning of antibody was nearly complete over the entire range of the operating space examined. A model of the HCP partitioning was generated in which both NaCl and citrate concentrations were identified as significant factors. To achieve the highest purity, the partitioning of HCP from cell culture fluid into the product containing phase was minimized using a Steepest Descent algorithm. An optimal ATPS consisting of 14.0% (w/w) PEG, 8.4% (w/w) citrate, and 7.2% (w/w) NaCl at pH 7.2 resulted in a product yield of 89%, an approximate 7.6‐fold reduction in HCP levels relative to the clarified cell culture fluid before extraction and an overall purity of 70%. A system consisting of 15% (w/w) PEG, 8% (w/w) citrate, and 15% (w/w) NaCl at pH 5.5 reduced product‐related impurities (aggregates and low molecular product fragments) from ～40% to less than 0.5% while achieving 95% product recovery. At the experimental conditions that were optimized in the batch mode, a scale‐up model for the use of counter‐current extraction technology was developed to identify potential improvements in purity and recovery that could be realized in the continuous operational mode. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010     

Formulation Variables Influencing Drug Release from Layered Matrix System Comprising Chitosan and Xanthan Gum

The purpose of this study was to investigate the formulation variables influencing the drug release from the layered tablets containing chitosan and xanthan gum as matrix component. Increasing the amount of lactose could diminish pH sensitive release behavior of these matrix tablets. Effect of formulation variables on drug release from the prepared three-layered matrix tablets was investigated. The amount of drug loading did not affect the drug release which was influenced by the hydrodynamic force and the matrix composition. An increase in stirring rate correspondingly increased the release rate. Moreover, incorporation of soluble diluents in core or barrier could enhance the drug release. Least square fitting the experimental dissolution data to the mathematical expressions (power law, first order, Higuchi’s and zero order) was carried out to study the drug release mechanism. Most dissolution profiles of the prepared three-layered tablets provided a better fit to zero order kinetic than to first order kinetic and Higuchi’s equation.     

乙醇-磷酸氢二钾双水相体系萃取L-精氨酸

采用乙醇-磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)双水相体系萃取L-精氨酸。实验考察了乙醇浓度、K2HPO4浓度、pH、萃取温度对萃取分离L-精氨酸的影响。结果表明,L-精氨酸在该双水相体系的分配系数K随体系乙醇浓度、K2HPO4浓度的增大、萃取温度的升高而增大,随着体系pH的增大而减小;L-精氨酸在该双水相体系的萃取率随体系乙醇浓度和pH的增大而减小,随着体系K2HPO4浓度增大、萃取温度的升高而增大。     

Correlation for the partition behavior of proteins in aqueous two-phase systems: effect of surface hydrophobicity and charge

Correlations to describe the effect of surface hydrophobicity and charge of proteins with their partition coefficient in aqueous two-phase systems were investigated. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000/phosphate, sulfate, citrate, and dextran systems in the presence of low (0.6% w/w) and high (8.8% w/w) levels of NaCl were selected for a systematic study of 12 proteins. The surface hydrophobicity of the proteins was measured by ammonium sulfate precipitation as the inverse of their solubility. The hydrophobicity values measured correlated well with the partition coefficients, K, obtained in the PEG/salt systems at high concentration of NaCl (r = 0.92-0.93). In PEG/citrate systems the partition coefficient correlated well with protein hydrophobicity at low and high concentrations of NaCl (r = 0.81 and 0.93, respectively). The PEG/citrate system also had a higher hydrophobic resolution than other systems to exploit differences in the protein's hydrophobicity. The surface charge and charge density of the proteins was determined over a range of pH (3-9) by electrophoretic titration curves; PEG/salt systems did not discriminate well between proteins of different charge or charge density. In the absence of NaCl, K decreased slightly with increased positive charge. At high NaCl concentration, K increased as a function of positive charge. This suggested that the PEG-rich top phase became more negative as the concentration of NaCl in the systems increased and, therefore, attracted the positively charged proteins. The effect of charge was more important in PEG/dextran systems at low concentrations of NaCl. In the PEG/dextran systems at lower concentration of NaCl, molecular weight appeared to be the prime determinant of partition, whereas no clear effect of molecular weight could be found in PEG/salt systems.     

Aqueous biphasic systems composed of ionic liquids and sodium carbonate as enhanced routes for the extraction of tetracycline

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) using ionic liquids (ILs) offer an alternative approach for the extraction, recovery, and purification of biomolecules through their partitioning between two aqueous liquid phases. In this work, the ability of a wide range of ILs to form ABS with aqueous solutions of Na₂CO₃ was evaluated. The ABS formed by IL + water + Na₂CO₃ were determined at 25°C, and the respective solubility curves, tie‐lines, and tie‐line lengths are reported. The studied ILs share the common chloride anion, allowing the IL cation core, the cation isomerism, the presence of functionalized groups, and alkyl side chain length effects to be evaluated. An increase in the cation side alkyl chain length leads to a higher ability for liquid–liquid demixing whereas different positional isomers and the presence of an allyl group have no major influence in the phase diagrams behavior. Quaternary phosphonium‐ and ammonium‐based fluids are more able to form an ABS when compared with imidazolium‐, pyridinium‐, pyrrolidinium‐, and piperidium‐based ILs. Moreover, the presence of an aromatic cation core has no major contribution to the formation of ABS when compared to the respective nonaromatic counterparts. Finally, to appraise on the systems applicability in downstream processing, selected systems were used for the partitioning of tetracyclines (neutral and salt forms) — a class of antibiotics produced by bacteria fermentation. Single‐step extraction efficiencies for the IL‐rich phase were always higher than 99% and confirm the great potential of ILs to be applied in the biotechnological field. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:645–654, 2013     

双水相萃取技术在白藜芦醇提纯工艺中的应用

论文研究了双水相萃取体系在提纯白藜芦醇工艺中的应用,用乙醇-硫酸胺-水双水相体系使虎杖提取液中的各物质按极性不同在油水两相中得到分离。双水相萃取时,白藜芦醇的含量远高于有机溶剂萃取,达34.29%。可见双水相技术可以完全代替有机溶剂萃取技术提纯白藜芦醇,产品纯度高,具有工艺简单,毒性小,成本低等优点。     

苦瓜籽蛋白的PEG/（NH4）2SO4双水相分离及抑菌作用的研究

优化试验条件影响因素,建立PEG/(NH4)2SO4双水相系统,确定出分离苦瓜籽蛋白的最适PEG6000和(NH4)2SO4质量分数分别是22%、25%,分配系数为0.089,回收率为96%。双水相分离的苦瓜籽蛋白经SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳显示,主要蛋白质是50 KD4、3 KD和10 KD亚基结合形成的多聚体12S(327 KD)球蛋白,还原条件下出现诸多小于35 kD的蛋白组分,表明蛋白质亚基是通过二硫键结合。抑菌试验显示苦瓜籽蛋白对受试细菌菌和真菌产生明显的抑菌活性,其MIC远低于苯甲酸钠,而且在不同盐离子浓度、温度、pH及紫外线等因素处理时,均具有一定的稳定性。此外试验还表明苦瓜籽蛋白也具有较强的清除羟自由基能力和总抗氧化能力。     

Purification of IgG and albumin from human plasma by aqueous two phase system fractionation

The current shortages in human plasma products at global levels justify the development of new, cost effective plasma fractionation methods. We have developed a fractionation process to obtain immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin‐enriched fractions based on polymer‐salt aqueous two phase system (ATPS). A small‐scale (0.02 L) ATPS composed of polyethyleneglycol 3350 (PEG), potassium phosphate and sodium chloride, at pH 6.1, was evaluated and subjected to 50‐fold scale‐up (1 L). Further purification of the fractions was performed using caprylic acid precipitation and ion exchange chromatography. Similar yield and purity were obtained at both small and large scales. IgG precipitated in the PEG rich upper phase at 83% recovery and 2.75‐fold purification factor. An 81% pure albumin fraction was obtained in the salt rich bottom phase with a 91% yield. After polishing, IgG was obtained at a recovery of 70% and a purity of 92%. Corresponding values for albumin were 91% and 90%. This IgG and albumin fractionation technology deserves further evaluation as it may represent a potential alternative to conventional plasma fractionation methods. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 1005–1011, 2012     

Equations for Obtaining Melting Points for the Ternary System Ethylene Glycol/Sodium Chloride/Water and Their Application to Cryopreservation

The present study describes the H(2)O-NaCl-ethylene glycol ternary system by using a differential scanning calorimeter to measure melting points (T(m)) of four different ratios (R) of ethylene glycol to NaCl and then devising equations to fit the experimental measurements. Ultimately an equation is derived which characterizes the liquidus surface above the eutectic for any R value in the system. This study focuses on ethylene glycol in part because of recent evidence indicating it may be less toxic to pancreatic islets than Me(2)SO, which is currently used routinely for islet cryopreservation. The resulting physical data and previously determined information regarding the osmotic characteristics of canine pancreatic islets are combined in a mathematical model to describe the volumetric response to equilibrium-rate freezing in varying initial concentrations of ethylene glycol.     

Partitioning of Proteins using a Hydrophobically Modified Ethylene Oxide/SDS Aqueous Two-phase System

Summary A novel aqueous two-phase system containing hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide (HM-EO) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was developed to enhance the selectivity of protein partitioning in two phases. Phase diagrams of HM-EO/H₂O and HM-EO/SDS/H₂O were measured, and the mechanism of interaction between HM-EO polymer and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was also discussed. It was found that the improvement of selectivity of protein partitioning was related to the increase of electrostatic potential difference between the two phases because of the charged network formed by mixed micelles of HM-EO and SDS in the bottom phase. With bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme as model proteins, some factors, such as pH, SDS concentration, conductivity and temperature of the system, were investigated for the influences of protein partition in HM-EO/SDS/H₂O systems. The results showed that the addition of SDS not only changed the phase behaviour, but also played an important role in protein partitioning.     

Different types of aqueous two‐phase systems for biomolecule and bioparticle extraction and purification

Upstream improvements have led to significant advances in the productivity of biomolecules and bioparticles. Today, downstream processes are the bottleneck in the production of some biopharmaceuticals, a change from previous years. Current purification platforms will reach their physical limits at some point, indicating the need for new approaches. This article reviews an alternative method to extract and purify biomolecules/bioparticles named aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS). Biocompatibility and readiness to scale up are some of the ATPS characteristics. We also discuss some of ATPS applications in the biotechnology field. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1343–1353, 2013     

Enhancement of a Novel Extracellular Uricase Production by Media Optimization and Partial Purification by Aqueous Three-Phase System

Uricase (urate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3), an enzyme belonging to the class of oxidoreductases, catalyzes the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid to allantoin and finds a wide variety of application as therapeutic and clinical reagent. In this study, uricase production ability of the bacterial strains isolated from deep litter poultry soil is investigated. The strain with maximum extracellular uricase production capability was identified as Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources on uricase productivity was investigated. The uricase production for this strain was optimized using statistically based experimental designs and resulted in uricase activity of 306 U/L, which is 2 times higher than initial uricase activity. Two-step purification, such as ammonium sulfate precipitation and aqueous two-phase system, was carried out and a twofold increase in yield and specific activity was observed.     

酵母双杂交技术及其在蛋白质组研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代出现的一个新兴的研究领域,它的主要任务是识别鉴定细胞,组织或机体的全部蛋白质,并分析蛋白质的功能及其模式。因此,揭示蛋白质组中蛋白质间的相互作用关系也是蛋白质组学的重要内容之一。酵母双杂交技术是用来检测蛋白质间是否相互作用的一个非常有效的手段,该技术在酵母蛋白质组研究中的初步成功应用,表明它有望在人类蛋白质且研究中发挥重要作用。     

双水相体系萃取分离杜仲叶中桃叶珊瑚甙的研究

建立了由高分子化合物聚乙二醇(PEG4000)与葡聚糖40000(D40)形成的双水相体系萃取分离杜仲叶中桃叶珊瑚甙的新方法.考察了萃取体系相图,研究了PEG4000/D40质量分数、样品溶液加入量、pH值和温度等因素对双水相成相及桃叶珊瑚甙萃取率的影响.结果表明:PEG4000的质量分数为11%,D40质量分数为8%、样品溶液加入量为8 g,温度为60℃,溶液pH为7时,双水相体系对桃叶珊瑚甙有较高的萃取率,重复三次可达到66.32%,而且萃取得到的桃叶珊瑚甙产品的纯度达到48.67%,远远高于粗提物中的8.750%.     

Effect of aeration and agitation on extractive fermentation of clavulanic acid by using aqueous two‐phase system

In this work, the effects of agitation and aeration rates on aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS)‐based extractive fermentation of clavulanic acid (CA) by Streptomyces variabilis DAUFPE 3060 were investigated through a 2² full factorial design, where oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) were selected as the responses. Aeration rates significantly influenced cell growth, OUR, and CA yield, while OTR was practically the same in all the runs. Under the intermediate agitation (950 rpm) and aeration conditions (3.5 vvm) of the central point runs, it was achieved OTR of 1.617 ± 0.049 mmol L^?1 h^?1, OUR of 0.132 ± 0.030 mmol L^?1 h^?1, maximum CA production of 434 ± 4 mg L^?1, oxygen mass transfer coefficient of 33.40 ± 2.01 s^?1, partition coefficient of 66.5 ± 1.5, CA yield in the top and bottom phases of 75% ± 2% and 19% ± 1%, respectively, mass balance of 95% ± 4% and purification factor of 3.8 ± 0.1. These results not only confirmed the paramount role of O₂ supply, broth composition and operational conditions in CA ATPS‐extractive fermentation, but also demonstrated the possibility of effectively using this technology as a cheap tool to simultaneously produce and recover CA. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1444–1452, 2016     

Phase separation and drop size distributions in “homogeneous” Na-alginate/Na-caseinate mixtures

Phase separation and drop size distributions in dilute Na-caseinate/Na-alginate mixtures has been investigated using simultaneously two different measuring techniques: light scattering and image analysis. It has been found that even at very low concentrations of either polymer, where according to literature data the mixture should be homogenous, two phases can be observed. This phase separation was detected by both techniques and in each case, the drop size distributions measured by each of them were in good agreement.     

Economic analysis of uricase production under uncertainty: Contrast of chromatographic purification and aqueous two‐phase extraction (with and without PEG recycle)

Uricase is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of uric acid, the key molecule leading to gout in humans, into allantoin, but it is absent in humans. It has been produced as a PEGylated pharmaceutical where the purification is performed through three sequential chromatographic columns. More recently an aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) was reported that could recover Uricase with high yield and purity. Although the use of ATPS can decrease cost and time, it also generates a large amount of waste. The ability, therefore, to recycle key components of ATPS is of interest. Economic modelling is a powerful tool that allows the bioprocess engineer to compare possible outcomes and find areas where further research or optimization might be required without recourse to extensive experiments and time. This research provides an economic analysis using the commercial software BioSolve of the strategies for Uricase production: chromatographic and ATPS, and includes a third bioprocess that uses material recycling. The key parameters that affect the process the most were located via a sensitivity analysis and evaluated with a Monte Carlo analysis. Results show that ATPS is far less expensive than chromatography, but that there is an area where the cost of production of both bioprocesses overlap. Furthermore, recycling does not impact the cost of production. This study serves to provide a framework for the economic analysis of Uricase production using alternative techniques. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:126–133, 2016