谈中国植物科学基础研究与农业发展

该文讨论了加强植物科学基础研究的必要性及其对我国农业发展的重要影响。为了更好地为中国的农业发展服务,进一步加强植物科学基础研究非常重要。为了促进植物科学的发展,我国既要积极参与国际竞争,又要重视知识创新、技术发展以及技术平台建设等多个方面,还要重视传统学科如植物分类学等的发展。过去10年间,我们见证了中国科学家在植物科学领域取得的重要成就,随着越来越多的高水平人才回国,建议国家增加投入支持我国的植物科学基础研究。     

Research Progress and Application of Plant Branching

Plant branching development plays an important role in plant morphogenesis (aboveground plant type), the number and angle of branches are important agronomic characters that determine crop plant type. Effective branches determine the number of panicles or pods of crops and then control the yield of crops. With the rapid development of plant genomics and molecular genetics, great progress has been made in the study of branching development. In recent years, a series of important branching-related genes have been validated from Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, pea, tomato and maize mutants. It is reviewed that plant branching development is controlled by genetic elements and plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin and lactones (or lactone derivatives), as well as by environment and genetic elements. Meanwhile, shoot architecture in crop breeding was discussed in order to provide theoretical basis for the study of crop branching regulation.     

Hydrolytic enzymes and their proteinaceous inhibitors in regulation of plant–pathogen interactions

This review considers the main groups of hydrolytic enzymes associated with plant pathogens, as well as proteinaceous inhibitors of these enzymes, acting as the components of plant defense system. The role of hydrolases is described in the development of a pathological process in plant tissues. Significance of hydrolase inhibitors in the development of plant resistance to pathogens is analyzed. It is proposed that specific interactions in the “host plant–pathogen” system, involving hydrolytic enzymes and their proteinaceous inhibitors, depend on the nutritional specialization of fungi.     

谈中国植物科学基础研究与农业发展

该文讨论了加强植物科学基础研究的必要性及其对我国农业发展的重要影响。为了更好地为中国的农业发展服务, 进一步加强植物科学基础研究非常重要。为了促进植物科学的发展, 我国既要积极参与国际竞争, 又要重视知识创新、技术发展以及技术平台建设等多个方面, 还要重视传统学科如植物分类学等的发展。过去10年间, 我们见证了中国科学家在植物科学领域取得的重要成就, 随着越来越多的高水平人才回国, 建议国家增加投入支持我国的植物科学基础研究。     

结构植物学在中国的五十年发展

结构植物学由植物解剖学发展而来,是植物学的一个重要分支学科.本文根据其近代的发展,分别就植物发育解剖学向植物发育生物学的发展、植物比较解剖学向植物系统发育生物学的发展,以及环境生态结构植物学三个主要部分简要介绍了50年来在我国的发展,并对它们的发展趋势进行了预测.     

结构植物学在中国的五十年发展

结构植物学由植物解剖学发展而来 ,是植物学的一个重要分支学科。本文根据其近代的发展 ,分别就植物发育解剖学向植物发育生物学的发展、植物比较解剖学向植物系统发育生物学的发展 ,以及环境生态结构植物学三个主要部分简要介绍了 5 0年来在我国的发展 ,并对它们的发展趋势进行了预测     

OBPC Symposium: Maize 2004 &; beyond—Plant virus-based vectors in agriculture and biotechnology

Summary The study of plant viruses and their interaction with the plant host has contributed greatly to our understanding of plant biology. The recent development of plant viruses as transient expression vectors has not only enhanced our understanding of virus biology and antiviral defense mechanisms in plants, but has also led to the use of plant viral-based vectors as tools for gene discovery and production of recombinant proteins in plants for control of human and animal diseases. An overview of the state-of-the-art of viral expression systems, is presented, as well as examples from our laboratory on their use in identifying nuclear targeting motifs on viroid molecules and development of therapeutic proteins for control of animal diseases.     

Strigolactones are regulators of root development

Strigolactones (SLs) have been defined as a new group of plant hormones or their derivatives that suppress lateral shoot branching. Recently, a new role for SLs was discovered, in the regulation of root development. Strigolactones were shown to alter root architecture and affect root-hair elongation. Here, I review the recent findings regarding the effects of SLs on root growth and development, and their association with changes in auxin flux. The networking between SLs and other plant hormones that regulate root development is also presented. Strigolactone regulation of plant development suggests that they are coordinators of shoot and root development and mediators of plant responses to environmental conditions.     

Auxin: a master regulator in plant root development

The demand for increased crop productivity and the predicted challenges related to plant survival under adverse environmental conditions have renewed the interest in research in root biology. Various physiological and genetic studies have provided ample evidence in support of the role of plant growth regulators in root development. The biosynthesis and transport of auxin and its signaling play a crucial role in controlling root growth and development. The univocal role of auxin in root development has established it as a master regulator. Other plant hormones, such as cytokinins, brassinosteroids, ethylene, abscisic acid, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, polyamines and strigolactones interact either synergistically or antagonistically with auxin to trigger cascades of events leading to root morphogenesis and development. In recent years, the availability of biological resources, development of modern tools and experimental approaches have led to the advancement of knowledge in root development. Research in the areas of hormone signal perception, understanding network of events involved in hormone action and the transport of plant hormones has added a new dimension to root biology. The present review highlights some of the important conceptual developments in the interplay of auxin and other plant hormones and associated downstream events affecting root development.     

Modeling plant growth and development

Computational plant models or 'virtual plants' are increasingly seen as a useful tool for comprehending complex relationships between gene function, plant physiology, plant development, and the resulting plant form. The theory of L-systems, which was introduced by Lindemayer in 1968, has led to a well-established methodology for simulating the branching architecture of plants. Many current architectural models provide insights into the mechanisms of plant development by incorporating physiological processes, such as the transport and allocation of carbon. Other models aim at elucidating the geometry of plant organs, including flower petals and apical meristems, and are beginning to address the relationship between patterns of gene expression and the resulting plant form.     

番茄果实早期发育的分子生理机制研究进展

番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)是目前世界上种植面积最广且最受欢迎的蔬菜作物之一, 也是肉果及茄科的重要模式植物。番茄果实发育主要分为早期果实发育和果实成熟2个时期, 但果实形态结构和大小主要决定于早期果实发育时期。该文围绕番茄早期果实发育时期植物激素、细胞周期、表观遗传和源库代谢等多方面调控的分子机制进行了综述, 旨在认识植物生长与发育的基本生物学问题及促进基础理论研究成果在生产中应用。     

植物蛋白质组学研究进展Ⅱ.蛋白质组技术在植物生物学研究中的应用

蛋白质组技术已广泛应用于植物遗传、发育和生理生态等诸多生物学领域, 主要研究植物的遗传多样性、植物发育(如种子成熟与发芽过程)、组织器官的分化过程、不同亚细胞结构的新蛋白组分的发现及其功能鉴定、植物对非生物逆境(包括高温、低温、高盐和干旱等)和生物逆境(病虫害)的适应机制和植物与微生物(根瘤共生体)相互作用机制。同时对植物蛋白质组学的发展前景进行了讨论。     

Dynamics of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation in plant development

The development of multicellular organisms is governed partly by temporally and spatially controlled gene expression. DNA methylation, covalent modifications of histones, and the use of histone variants are the major epigenetic mechanisms governing gene expression in plant development. In this review, we zoom in onto histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), a repressive mark that plays a crucial role in the dynamic regulation of gene expression in plant development, to discuss recent advances as well as outstanding questions in the deposition, recognition, and removal of the mark and the impacts of these molecular processes on plant development.     

The Physiological,Biochemical and Molecular Roles of Brassinosteroids and Salicylic Acid in Plant Processes and Salt Tolerance

Plant hormones regulate plant growth and development by affecting an array of cellular, physiological, and developmental processes, including, but not limited to, cell division and elongation, stomatal regulation, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake and transport, initiation of leaf, flower and fruit development, and senescence. Environmental factors such as salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures may cause a reduction in plant growth and productivity by altering the endogenous levels of plant hormones, sensitivity to plant hormones, and/or signaling pathways. Molecular and physiological studies have determined that plant hormones and abiotic stresses have interactive effects on a number of basic biochemical and physiological processes, leading to reduced plant growth and development. Various strategies have been considered or employed to maximize plant growth and productivity under environmental stresses such as salt-stress. A fundamental approach is to develop salt-tolerant plants through genetic means. Breeding for salt tolerance, however, is a long-term endeavor with its own complexities and inherent difficulties. The success of this approach depends, among others, on the availability of genetic sources of tolerance and reliable screening techniques, identification and successful transfer of genetic components of tolerance to desired genetic backgrounds, and development of elite breeding lines and cultivars with salt tolerance and other desirable agricultural characteristics. Such extensive processes have delayed development of successful salt-tolerant cultivars in most crop species. An alternative and technically simpler approach is to induce salt tolerance through exogenous application of certain plant growth–regulating compounds. This approach has gained significant interest during the past decade, when a wealth of new knowledge has become available on the beneficial roles of the six classes of plant hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids) as well as several other plant growth–regulating substances (jasmonates, salicylates, polyamines, triacontanol, ascorbic acid, and tocopherols) on plant stress tolerance. Among these, brassinosteroids (BRs) and salicylic acid (SA) have been studied most extensively. Both BRs and SA are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, affecting plant growth and development in many different ways, and are known to improve plant stress tolerance. In this article, we review and discuss the current knowledge and possible applications of BRs and SA that could be used to mitigate the harmful effects of salt-stress in plants. We also discuss the roles of exogenous applications of BRs and SA in the regulation of various biochemical and physiological processes leading to improved salt tolerance in plants.     

RUS家族对植物生长发育的调控作用

叶绿体基因组编码许多参与光合作用和其他代谢过程的关键蛋白质,在叶绿体中合成的代谢物对于植物正常的生长发育至关重要。根对紫外线-B辐射敏感[Root-UVB (ultraviolet radiation B)-sensitive, RUS]蛋白属于叶绿体蛋白,由高度保守的DUF647结构域组成,在参与植物形态发生、物质运输和能量代谢等多种生命活动的调控中发挥作用。本文就近年来关于RUS家族在植物的胚胎发育、光形态建成、维生素B6稳态、生长素转运和花药发育等生长发育过程中的相关研究进行回顾和总结,为深入研究其在植物生长发育中的分子调控机制提供了参考。     

Sonication and ultrasound: impact on plant growth and development

Plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture in particular, could benefit from new means to stimulate plant growth and development. Although the number of studies is still limited, there is evidence that sonication using low frequencies of sound (as little as a few dozen Hz) to as high as ultrasound (several dozen kHz) may increase organogenesis. In this brief review, we look at those examples in detail and explore how sound influences growth and development. Where available, we try to offer a mechanism by which sound affects or influences plant growth.     

Genetic control of chloroplast pigment development in soybeans as a function of leaf and plant maturity

Changes in the major chloroplast pigments of pigment-deficient genotypes of soybeans were studied as a function of leaf age and plant age. The trends of pigment development are plotted as a function of relative leaf age at two periods of plant development. Comparisons are made between aging leaves from different nodes and leaves of different ages from the same node. In addition, trends of pigment development are expressed as a ratio of pigment-deficient/normal genotypes for five different genotypes and seven sampling periods. Those genotypes that exhibit a lag in production of pigments during leaf development show a similar lag in overall plant pigment development.     

植物表皮毛研究进展

表皮毛是大多数植物地上部分表皮组织所延伸出来的一种特化的毛状结构附属物。表皮毛在植物表皮层和环境间构筑了一道天然的物理屏障, 不但对植物的生长发育具有重要意义, 而且还具有非常高的应用价值和经济价值。近几年, 研究者从不同植物中不断克隆出新的表皮毛发育相关基因, 在揭示植物调控表皮毛生长发育的分子机制方面取得很大进展。该文综述了植物表皮毛的最新研究进展, 并展望了植物表皮毛的研究方向及应用开发价值。