Geographical Distribution of Testate Amoebae in Tibet and Northwestern Yunnan and their Relationships with Climate

In Asia, especially in China, our knowledge of the distribution of testate amoebae is still limited. In this paper, the geographical distribution of testate amoebae in Tibetan Plateau and northwestern Yunnan Plateau, southwest China and their relationships with the climatic factors have been studied. We found testate amoebae shifted in the most dominant species and increased in species (or genus) richness from northwest to southeast. Further, the linear regression analyses revealed that both species richness and genus richness have higher positive correlations with the mean temperature of the warmest month and annual mean precipitation as contrasted with the mean altitude, which showed weak negative correlation. This indicates that the temperature and precipitation are more significant influences on the richness than the altitude. The cluster analysis based on the community structure, defined by Sørenson’s coefficient matrix, suggested four groups from the 10 physiographical regions. This geographical distribution pattern was also closely related with the climatic regionalization. The present climatic regionalization pattern of the study area originated from the uplift of Tibetan Plateau and mainly occurred in or after the late Pleistocene. Therefore, the geographical distribution of testate amoebae in our study area may have experienced complicated and drastic changes corresponding to the variation of the climate caused by the geological events.     

末次盛冰期以来红豆树在不同气候变化情景下的分布动态

红豆树(Ormosia hosiei Hemsl. et Wils.)是中国的特有种,具有极高的经济价值、景观价值和药用价值。由于木材珍贵,人工盗伐严重,其种群数量和分布范围不断减少,被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录列为近危物种。气候变化会对物种的分布造成严重影响,理解该影响将有助于物种保护策略的制定,尤其是为濒危物种未来的保护提供重要参考。本研究基于红豆树在中国的地理分布数据,借助经相关性分析后筛选出的9个变量因子,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)模拟红豆树在末次盛冰期、全新世中期、当代和未来气候情景下的潜在分布区和影响其分布的主导环境因子,并且通过空间分析模拟其在不同气候变化情景下空间分布格局的变化。结果表明MaxEnt在各时期训练集和测试集的AUC(受试者工作特征曲线下的面积)均值均达到0.9以上,表明模型有很好的预测能力。刀切法(Jackknife)表明年均降水量、温度季节性变化标准差和昼夜温差月均值是主导其分布的三大因子,累计贡献率达到91.8%。将模拟结果导入到ArcGIS后,处理得到不同时期红豆树适生区空间分布格局变化。结果表明,自末次盛冰期以来,红豆树的适生...     

阿尔泰山萨彦岭4种优势树种径向生长对气候因子的响应

气候变化深刻地影响森林树木的生长,而树种对气候变化敏感度的差异可能影响了气候变化下的森林生态系统响应。因此,研究优势树种间生长对气候变化的敏感度差异,对正确认识气候变化下林分生长动态及分布格局十分重要。基于树木年代学的方法,研究了阿尔泰山萨彦岭西伯利亚落叶松（Larix sibirica）、西伯利亚红松（Pinus sibirica）、西伯利亚冷杉（Abies sibirica）以及西伯利亚云杉（Picea obovata）4种优势树种的径向生长-气候关系。结果显示：（1）西伯利亚冷杉径向生长与上一年10-11月、当年1-9月的干旱指数、2-4月的降水显著正相关,与1月的平均温和最高温呈显著负相关关系,与当年4、6月份的水汽压正相关;（2）西伯利亚落叶松径向生长与上一年8月和当年8月的平均温、最高温以及当年8月的最低温显著负相关,而与当年6月的最低温则正相关,与8月份的水汽压显著负相关;（3）西伯利亚红松径向生长与3月降水、7月最低温、上一年10月的水汽压显著正相关;（4）西伯利亚云杉径向生长与6月平均温、最高温、水汽压正相关,与上一年10-11月、当年2-4月和9月的干旱指数正相关,同时与3、4月的降水量显著正相关。西伯利亚冷杉和西伯利亚云杉、西伯利亚云杉和西伯利亚落叶松、西伯利亚云杉和西伯利亚红松对于特定气候因子表现出相似的响应结果,与年表间相关性的结果一致。但差异也是明显的,西伯利亚冷杉和西伯利亚云杉对区域水分变化敏感,而西伯利亚落叶松和西伯利亚红松主要对区域温度变化敏感。综上所述,气候变化下,该区域优势树种对气候变化响应的差异可能导致区域林分动态和格局的改变,因此,多树种径向生长-气候关系研究有助于正确反映森林动态。研究结果可以为区域森林管理与生态保护工作提供理论依据。     

不同干扰下阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物优势种对气候变化的响应

气候变化已对物种分布范围和丰富度产生了极大的影响。荒漠生态系统对气候变化的反应可能更加敏感。作为荒漠生态系统的重要组成者,了解荒漠啮齿动物特别是优势鼠种将对气候变化如何响应,对于荒漠地区生物多样性的维持将具有重要意义。2002—2010年,采用标志重捕法对阿拉善荒漠4种不同生境下啮齿动物优势种群进行了研究,分别利用Spearman相关分析以及典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence analysis,CCA)对啮齿动物优势种群动态与年平均温度和年降水量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,不同啮齿动物优势种对温度和降雨的响应不同,尤其以子午沙鼠表现最为显著。跳鼠对温度的适宜性要高于仓鼠科的子午沙鼠和黑线仓鼠,而仓鼠科啮齿动物对降雨的适宜性高于跳鼠。较小尺度上的人为干扰更可能从改变食性和生境的途径上加剧或缓冲降雨对荒漠啮齿动物优势种的影响,而不是改变温度对啮齿动物的作用。     

滇西北石卡雪山2个针叶树种森林上限径向生长对温度和降水的响应

基于树木年轮学的理论和方法,建立滇西北高原石卡雪山森林上限丽江云杉(Picea likiangensis)和高山松(Pinus densata)差值年表,运用响应函数研究其与气候因子的关系,进而阐明影响滇西北高原针叶树种径向生长的主要气候因子,并利用冗余分析(RDA)进一步分析并验证树木生长与温度和降水的关系。研究结果表明:石卡雪山森林上限针叶树种径向生长主要受温度影响,温度和降水对树木生长有滞后效应,2个树种对气候响应存在差异。具体表现为(1)丽江云杉径向生长受温度和降水的共同作用,与上年10月平均最低温呈显著负相关,与上年11月平均最高温以及当年7月温度呈显著正相关,上年8月和当年5月降水抑制其生长;(2)高山松径向生长与上年10月平均温和平均最高温、11月平均温呈显著正相关,与当年7月平均温和平均最高温呈显著负相关,与降水未达到显著相关水平;(3)冗余分析与响应函数分析结果基本一致,进一步证明该方法能够有效量化树木径向生长与气候因子的关系。能够为气候变化背景下的滇西北高原森林生态系统管理与保护提供理论依据。     

Role of topography and soils in grassland structuring at the landscape and community scales

The relative importance of abiotic factors in community assembly is debated and thought to be dependent on the scale. I investigated the relative role of topography and soils as structuring agents at the landscape and the community scales in 126 subalpine calcareous grasslands in the Pyrenees, in terms of species composition and abundance. I wished to know: (1) the role of abiotic factors in the organization of plant communities across the landscape; (2) how much of the variation in community distribution was accounted for by abiotic factors; and (3) how well their role applied to the distribution of dominant species at the landscape and the community scales. The hypothesis was: abiotic factors play an important role in community distribution in the landscape, but species interactions are more important within communities. Multivariate methods generated four communities, organized in two contrasting groups along the main vegetation axis, which explained 13% of the variation: mesic grasslands (Nardus stricta and Festuca nigrescens communities) and xeric grasslands (Carex humilis and Festuca gautieri communities). Mesic communities were more acidic and fertile than xeric communities. Changes in the abiotic environment, accounting for up to 80% of the variation in the vegetation, were smooth, while the transition between xeric and mesic grasslands was sharp in terms of species composition. The distribution in the landscape of the first main species from each community was closely related to abiotic factors, which modeled poorly the abundance of the main species at smaller scales. At the within-community scale, the explanatory power of biotic relationships was community dependent, producing the most significant models for plants highly dominant within their communities, such as N. stricta and F. gautieri. Contrary to current hypothesis, there was a shift from mainly positive relationships among dominant species in fertile mesic communities to mainly negative in infertile xeric ones.     

水菜花种群潜在生境选择与空间格局预测

国家二级保护野生植物水菜花(Ottelia cordata)，喜生于清洁的水环境中，对环境变化极为敏感，是检验湿地环境及气候变化的关键指示物种之一，在我国仅零星分布于海南北部的火山熔岩湿地区，生存状况不容乐观。研究水菜花种群潜在生境选择及其空间格局演变，有利于加强濒危物种保护保育及湿地生态系统修复、管理。该研究基于GIS平台和MaxEnt模型，结合气候、地形和土壤因子，探究水菜花种群环境限制因子及其在气候变化背景下潜在适宜生境的演变格局。结果表明，水菜花种群对温差与降水量变化敏感，等温性、最冷季度降水量、土壤类型和年均降水量对水菜花种群分布影响显著；全新世中期-当前-2070年气候变化背景下，水菜花适宜生境面积先减小后增大，分布重心呈西南-东北-西南转移格局；未来气候情景下，水菜花种群高度和中度适宜生境缩减，低适宜生境增加，南部地区将出现新增适宜生境，东北、西北及西南部适宜生境将发生消减。该研究从气候环境角度论证了水菜花种群的潜在生境选择及空间变化特征，可为濒危物种保护保育、湿地管理及其生物多样性维护工作提供参考和指导。     

中国特有植物雪落樱桃潜在分布及其生态特征

为明确中国特有植物雪落樱桃(Cerasus xueluoensis)的潜在分布与居群生态特征,利用DIVA-GIS软件及其耦合的BIOCLIM模型,首次绘制了雪落樱桃适生区分布模拟图,并对影响其分布的主导气候因子进行了定性定量分析。结果表明,雪落樱桃当前潜在适生区主要分布在亚热带长江流域1 200 m以上高海拔山区,其中渝-鄂-湘三省交界的大巴山-巫山山脉可视为现代核心分布区,湘黔交界及湘南的南岭山脉可视为雪落樱桃潜在分布的南界,陕-豫-鄂交界山区的秦岭南麓可能是其潜在分布的北界。主成分分析(PCA)筛选的主导气候因子及其贡献率依次为:年降水量(bio12)最冷季降水量(bio19)最暖季降水量(bio18)最湿季降水量(bio16),累计频率曲线进一步确定其适宜范围分别为:993.00～1 870.22、500.00～680.00、430.00～669.16和500.00～680.00mm,表明降水是影响雪落樱桃当下分布格局的主导气候限制因子。Pearson相关性分析表明,雪落樱桃分布格局在区域尺度上受海拔、经、纬度影响;最小树分析和聚类分析表明,雪落樱桃7个野生居群可划分为中西部与东部两大分支;受试者工作特征曲线(ROC) AUC值达到0.751,满足模型预测精度的基本要求。这些有助于为雪落樱桃制定科学合理的资源保护与科学引种规划。     

基于青冈和滇青冈生态位模拟的湿润和半湿润常绿阔叶林替代分布及气候解释

为揭示湿润常绿阔叶林和半湿润常绿阔叶林替代分布的气候制约变量,该研究选择其代表性优势树种青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和滇青冈(C.glaucoides)为研究对象,收集两个物种的标本分布点数据和19个生物气候变量图层数据,运用MaxEnt模型,模拟其潜在分布区,通过判别分析(DFA)、方差分析(...     

Patterns of plant invasions in China: Taxonomic,biogeographic, climatic approaches and anthropogenic effects

This study was aimed to determine the patterns as well as the effects of biological, anthropogenic, and climatic factors on plant invasions in China. About 270 volumes of national and regional floras were employed to compile a naturalized flora of China. Habit, life form, origin, distribution, and uses of naturalized plants were also analyzed to determine patterns on invasion. Correlations between biological, anthropogenic and climatic parameters were estimated at province and regional scales. Naturalized species represent 1% of the flora of China. Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae are the dominant families, but Euphorbiaceae and Cactaceae have the largest ratios of naturalized species to their global numbers. Oenothera, Euphorbia, and Crotalaria were the dominant genera. Around 50% of exotic species were introduced intentionally for medicinal purposes. Most of the naturalized species originated in tropical America, followed by Asia and Europe. Number of naturalized species was significantly correlated to the number of native species/log area. The intensity of plant invasion showed a pattern along climate zones from mesic to xeric, declining with decreasing temperature and precipitation across the nation. Anthropogenic factor, such as distance of transportation, was significantly correlated to plant invasions at a regional scale. Although anthropogenic factors were largely responsible for creating opportunities for exotic species to spread and establish, the local biodiversity and climate factors were the major factors shaping the pattern of plant invasions in China. The warm regions, which are the hot spots of local biodiversity, and relatively developed areas of China, furthermore, require immediate attentions.     

未来气候变化对粤港澳地区杜鹃花适生区的影响

位于我国南方丘陵的粤港澳地区拥有丰富杜鹃花资源,长期以来受杜鹃花不适宜在高温低海拔地区进行开发利用等思想的影响,该区域野生杜鹃花的开发、保护与利用研究寥寥无几,但低海拔野生杜鹃花在气候变化下正面临较高灭绝风险。基于粤港澳地区杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)14个筛选后的野生物种229个标本点位数据,利用最大熵模型(Maxent)模拟粤港澳地区野生杜鹃花在2070年低、中、高3种温室气体排放模式(RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5)下的适生区范围大小与方向的变化及其主导环境变量。研究发现未来粤港澳地区野生杜鹃花的适生区范围整体呈缩小趋势,且随着温室气体排放浓度的增加,即从RCP2.6到RCP8.5,越来越多杜鹃花物种适生区呈现向高纬度、高海拔方向迁移的趋势;对杜鹃花分布影响最大的变量为最冷月的最低温、温度季节性和最干月降水量。本研究通过探究气候变化对野生杜鹃花适生区范围的影响,以期为粤港澳地区野生杜鹃花的保护与开发利用提供科学指导。     

Latitudinal gradients of parasite richness: a review and new insights from helminths of cricetid rodents

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), or the trend of higher species richness at lower latitudes, has been well documented in multiple groups of free‐living organisms. Investigations of the LDG in parasitic organisms are comparatively scarce. Here, I investigated latitudinal patterns of parasite diversity by reviewing published studies and by conducting a novel investigation of the LDG of helminths (parasitic nematodes, trematodes and cestodes) of cricetid rodents (Rodentia: Cricetidae). Using host–parasite records from 175 parasite communities and 60 host species, I tested for the presence and direction of a latitudinal pattern of helminth richness. Additionally, I examined four abiotic factors (mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, annual temperature range and annual precipitation range) and two biotic variables (host body mass and host diet) as potential correlates of parasite richness. The analyses were performed with and without phylogenetic comparative methods, as necessary. In this system, helminths followed the traditional LDG, with increasing species richness with decreasing latitude. Nematode richness appeared to drive this pattern, as cestodes and trematodes exhibited a reverse LDG and no latitudinal pattern, respectively. Overall helminth richness and nematode richness were higher in areas with higher mean annual temperatures, annual precipitation and annual precipitation ranges and lower annual temperature ranges, characteristics that often typify lower latitudes. Cestode richness was higher in areas of lower mean annual temperatures, annual precipitation and annual precipitation ranges and higher annual temperature ranges, while trematode richness showed no relationship with climate variables when phylogenetic comparative methods were used. Host diet was significantly correlated with cestode and trematode species richness, while host body mass was significantly correlated with nematode species richness. Results of this study support a complex association between parasite richness and latitude, and indicate that researchers should carefully consider other factors when trying to understand diversity gradients in parasitic organisms.     

Climatic Control on Forests and Tree Species Distribution in the Forest Region of Northeast China

North-east （NE） China covers considerable climatic gradients and all major forests types of NE Asia. in the present study, 10 major forest types across the forest region of NE China were sampled to Investigate forest distribution in relation to climate. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） revealed that growing season precipitation and energy availability were primary climatic factors for the overall forest pattern of NE China, accounting for 66% of the explanatory power of CCA. Conversely, annual precipitation and winter coldness had minor effects. Generalized additive models revealed that tree species responded to climatic gradients differently and showed three types of response curve： （i） monotonous decline; （ii） monotonous Increase; and （iii） a unimodai pattern. Furthermore, tree species showed remarkable differences in limiting climatic factors for their distribution. The power of climate in explaining species distribution declined significantly with decreasing species dominance, suggesting that the distribution of dominant species was primarily controlled by climate, whereas that of subordinate species was more affected by competition from other species.     

气候变化对阔叶红松林潜在地理分布区的影响

物种地理分布主要取决于它对气候、地形等环境因子的适应性。基于22个环境因子和阔叶红松林的4类主要建群树种——红松、紫椴、水曲柳和蒙古栎的地理分布数据,采用最大熵模型模拟了阔叶红松林的潜在分布区域,并分析决定阔叶红松林地理分布的主要气候和地形因子,最后利用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)发布的3种排放场景(SRES-A2、SRES-A1B、SRES-B1)下2020、2050、2080年的气候数据预测阔叶红松林的未来潜在分布区。结果表明:各树种的受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC值)都大于0.8,说明模型有很好的预测能力;影响阔叶红松林分布的主导环境因子是年降雨量、季节性降雨量、海拔、年平均温度、最湿季度的平均温度。在基准气候条件下,阔叶红松林的高度适宜分布区主要分布在长白山和小兴安岭地区,占研究区总面积的11.69%,低度适宜区面积、不适宜区面积分别占研究区总面积的23%和65.31%。模型预测结果显示,未来在A2、A1B和B1气候情景下,阔叶红松林高度适宜区的南界与北界都向北移动,其面积有缩减的趋势,而低度适宜区的面积有增加的趋势。     

Age-dependent tree-ring growth responses to climate in Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.)

Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii kom.) is one of the dominant tree species on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and has been used in dendroclimatological studies. Here we designed a test to examine whether or not the climate–growth responses in tree rings of Qilian Juniper vary with the change in tree's age. A total number of 135 increment cores were sampled from Qilian Juniper trees at five sites, in which 112 cores were selected and grouped into five 100-year age classes for analysis of age-dependent climate–growth relationships. Chronology statistics, response functions and ANOVA F-test were used to test the consistency of five age-class mean chronologies (AGCs). The results showed that mean sensitivity (MS) and standard deviation (SD) did not change significantly with age. Response function analysis indicated that (a) climate accounts for a high amount of variance in tree-ring widths; (b) tree-ring growth has significant positive correlation with mean monthly air temperature of previous October and November, and with total monthly precipitation of current January and June, while has significant negative correlation with mean monthly air temperature of current May; and (c) AGC-2, AGC-3 and AGC-4 have stronger response to climate change than AGC-1 and AGC-5. The ANOVA F-test showed that generally there are significant differences between the first age class and other four age classes, but among the four classes in which trees are older than 200 years, the differences are usually insignificant. Overall the long-lived Qilian Juniper is still an ideal tree species for dendroclimatic reconstruction.     

气候变化条件下苦参在我国潜在分布区的预测分析

为了解气候变化情景下苦参在中国的潜在分布区变化,探讨生物气候因子与苦参适宜分布格局的关系.该文通过收集苦参的地理分布点并结合19项生态因子,运用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)对末次盛冰期、当前气候、未来气候三种气候情景下苦参在我国适生区的分布格局进行模拟,并分析影响苦参生长的主导生态因子.结果...     

长白山群落交错带长白松和鱼鳞云杉径向生长对气候变暖的响应

长白山是典型的温性针阔叶混交林分布区,也是受全球气候变化影响最为显著的地区之一.为了解该区森林生态系统对气候变化的响应,本研究选取该区阔叶红松林与云冷杉林(又称暗针叶林)群落交错带内优势乔木树种长白松和鱼鳞云杉作为对象,获取树木年轮宽度资料建立标准年表,明确限制2个树种径向生长的关键气候因子.结果表明:长白松和鱼鳞云杉...     

黔中喀斯特次生林优势物种空间分布格局及关联性

以黔中天龙山2 hm²喀斯特次生林为对象,采用成对相关函数g(r)结合完全随机模型(CSR)研究重要值前4位优势树种的空间分布格局及其关联性。结果表明: 样地树种的径级结构呈倒“J”型分布,在优势树种窄叶石栎和圆果化香的影响下,第Ⅴ径级(≥10 cm)的数量较多。窄叶石栎呈现倒“J”型分布,种群更新良好,处于生长发育初级阶段;而圆果化香和云南鼠刺随着径级的增大数量逐渐递增,成年树、大树数量远多于幼树、小树,表明该种群更新不足,处于生长发育的中后期并逐渐衰退。除窄叶石栎外,其余优势树种整体呈现出在较大尺度上聚集分布,聚集程度随着尺度的增大逐渐下降并趋于随机分布,此规律在幼树径级中表现得尤为突出;而受各种因素的影响,各个树种不同径级呈现出不同的空间分布格局。在种间关联上,4个优势树种之间大多呈现负关联或者无关联关系,树种重要值越高与其他优势树种关联程度越低,呈现负关联的2个树种在小尺度上关联程度最低,随着尺度的增大负关联程度逐渐降低并趋向于无显著关联。     

Leaf life span as a simple predictor of evergreen forest zonation in China

Aim Our aim was to investigate how the average life span of canopy leaves might be used to predict the geographical distribution of natural forests at large geographical scales, and to explore the link between leaf characteristics and ecosystem functioning. We examine whether there is a general relationship between canopy mean leaf life span and climate (i.e. temperature and precipitation) that can be used to predict evergreen forest zonation in China. Location Forest areas in China. Methods During July and August of 2002–2004, we conducted a latitudinal forest transect spanning about 30° of latitude in eastern China. The canopy mean leaf life span was calculated to include all tree species (groups) in each forest plot through weighted averages scaled up from branch‐level measurements. Data from our previous work conducted in the Tibetan Alpine Vegetation Transects (TAVT) and from other investigators were compiled to supplement our results. Based on regression equations developed on the pooled data, and using gridded temperature and precipitation datasets, we simulated the distribution of canopy mean leaf life span for forests in China. The predicted leaf life span zonation was compared with a map of Chinese forest vegetation divisions published in 1980. Results Canopy mean leaf life span across 10 evergreen forest plots in eastern China showed a decreasing trend as mean annual temperature increased, following a common logistic pattern consistent with the data from the TAVT and other investigators. In pooled data for 40 evergreen forest plots across tropical and boreal regions, canopy mean leaf life span generally showed a negative relationship with mean annual temperature (r² = 0.72, P < 0.001), and a positive correlation with mean annual precipitation where mean annual temperature was > 8°C (r² = 0.45, P < 0.01). The climate‐based simulations of leaf life span zonation compared well with the previously published boundaries of forest vegetation divisions in eastern China. Main conclusions Our results reveal that mean leaf life span in evergreen forests follows a common logistic pattern associated with mean annual temperature and precipitation, which can in turn be used to predict evergreen forest zonation in eastern China.     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林地上碳储量空间分布特征及其影响因素

旨在探讨南亚热带常绿阔叶林地上碳储量空间分布特征及其影响因素,为了解该区域森林的碳汇功能提供理论依据。通过对鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20 hm²固定森林样地调查数据,采用一元线性回归分析和主成分分析方法,划分优势种和非优势种,研究地上碳储量的空间分布和生物/非生物因素的影响,获取了以下结果:(1)优势种对鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林地上碳储量贡献更大(1533.85 Mg,74.72%),尤其是大径级物种(1389.68 Mg,67.69%)。优势种地上碳储量(CV=0.635)的空间分布较非优势种(CV=0.690)更加均匀。(2)物种多样性与优势种和总体地上碳储量负相关,而与非优势种正相关。(3)群落总体、优势种和非优势种的地上碳储量均与结构多样性显著正相关。然而,结构多样性对非优势种地上碳储量的影响程度高于优势种。(4)群落中的土壤营养度、凹凸度与地上碳储量正相关。综上所述,通过提升非优势种的物种多样性可以增加鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林地上碳储量。此外,改善土壤营养条件也有助于提升南亚热带森林的碳汇功能。