Agamermis unka (Mermithidae) Parasitism of Nilaparvata lugens in Rice Fields in Korea

The mermithid Agamermis unka, a parasite of the brown planthopper (BPH), was found in many rice paddies in Gyeongnam Province, Korea. Nematode parasitism of adult BPH varied from year to year, reaching as high as 50% in paddies not treated with an insecticide. Parasitism was lower in insecticide-treated paddies. Generally, mermithid parasitism was higher in BPH adults collected from the lower part (19%) compared with adults collected from the upper part (8%) of the rice plant and in brachypterous (57%) compared with macropterous forms (8%). No difference in parasitism between first (54%) and second (57%) generation was observed.     

Rice planting systems, global warming and outbreaks of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

Brown Planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)) is one of the most serious pests of rice in both temperate and tropical regions of East and South Asia and has become especially problematic over the past few years. In order to analyze the effect of the change of rice cropping system on the population dynamics of BPH, field surveys of the occurrence and distribution of BPH were performed and other relevant data, including light trap data and ovary dissection data were collected in nearly 40 Chinese counties encompassing six provinces (or municipalities), including Hainan, Guangxi, Anhui, Shanghai, Fujian and Guangdong from April to October in 2007.The mixed planting areas of single- and double-cropping rice in China include Hubei, South and Central Anhui, North Hunan, and North Jiangxi. In these areas, double-cropping rice has now been greatly reduced and single-cropping rice has been rapidly increasing since 1997. The surveys revealed that when the immigration peak of BPH occurred in June and July, the single-cropping rice was at the tillering to booting stage and fit for BPH, but early rice had already matured and most of late rice had not yet been transplanted. BPH immigrants from southern rice areas prefer to inhabit and breed in single-cropping rice paddies. Moreover, farming activities between early rice and late rice interrupted the continuous growth of BPH populations in double-cropping rice paddies. As a result, in comparison with data collected 30 years ago, the spatiotemporal dynamics and migration patterns of BPH have dramatically changed in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River. In the mixed planting areas, due to their high suitability, the BPH population in single-cropping rice grew so quickly that it caused serious local damage and there was mass emigration of macropterous progeny to the Yangtze River Delta in late August and early September.Global warming may also affect BPH populations, where results suggest steadily warmer autumns have occurred from the 1990s on, with such conditions gradually the norm. The combination of 'cooler summer' and 'warmer autumn' are conditions known to promote outbreaks of BPH in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Immigrant BPH arrivals in late August and September now cause serious damage to late-maturing mid-season rice and late rice in the lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River.     

A comparison of models for the long-term prediction of Nilaparvata lugens in South China based on future climate in Indochina

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a migratory rice pest that periodically erupts across China, and mainly come from Indochina Peninsula in spring. The climate change in Indochina Peninsula has caused obvious impacts on the immigration of BPH. To further understand the influence of climate change on BPH immigration, the light-trap data of BPH in southern China from 1980 to 2016 were collected, and the best performance data of each meteorological factor (temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind) in Indochina Peninsula by simulating eight Global Climate Models (GCMs) were chosen. The key predicting factors were screened out by identifying correlations between the number of BPH and the meteorological factors. The support vector machine (SVM), back propagation (BP) neural network, and stepwise regression were used to establish medium long-term prediction models of immigration amount of BPH, and their advantages and disadvantages were compared, and prediction of the occurrence of BPH in the future was carried out by using three models based on future climate data provided by GCMs (under RCP4.5 or RCP8.5 scenario). The results showed that: (1) BNU-CSM1–1 model was the best in temperature simulation; CESM1-CAM5 model was the best in humidity simulation; HadGEM2-AO model was the best in precipitation and meridional wind simulation; BCC-CSM1–1 model was the best in zonal wind simulation. (2) The accuracies of retrospective testing and forward forecasting of three models indicated the SVM model was more suitable for medium long-term predicting the occurrence of BPH than BP neural networkmodel and stepwise regression model. (3) The immigration of BPH in Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei would be greater than other provinces in southern China in the next 7 years, and should be taken seriously.     

中南半岛前期异常气候条件对中国南方稻区褐飞虱灾变性迁入的影响及其预测模型

近30多年来,气候变化对中国褐飞虱的灾变性迁入带来了明显的影响,为了进一步了解虫源地的异常气候变化对我国褐飞虱迁入量的影响,利用1980—2016年中国各植保站提供的褐飞虱虫情资料及同期美国国家环境预测中心(NCEP)提供的全球气象再分析资料,分析了中国褐飞虱境外主要虫源地中南半岛前期异常气候条件对中国南方稻区褐飞虱发生程度的影响,并对褐飞虱发生等级与影响其迁飞的气象因子进行了相关性分析,筛选出关键预报因子,分别应用支持向量机(SVM)、BP神经网络和多元回归分析3种方法对代表站点褐飞虱年发生等级进行了预测,并比较了3种预测模型的优劣。结果表明:(1)中南半岛气候异常区主要分布在北部,异常气候的发生次数在中南半岛呈现出北高南低的特征,并从北向南呈环状递减。(2)中南半岛前期温度偏高(暖冬、暖春)、相对湿度偏大(湿冬、湿春),易引起褐飞虱在中国南方稻区的偏重以上发生;若中南半岛前期气候偏冷(冷冬、冷春)、偏干(干冬、干春),则常导致褐飞虱在中国南方稻区的偏轻以下发生。(3)通过比较3种模型的历史回代率和预测准确率,发现3种模型对褐飞虱的发生程度均有一定的预测能力,其中SVM模型的预测效果最好,BP神经网络次之,多元线性回归模型最差,表明SVM更加适用于生产实际中的褐飞虱发生程度预测。     

2020年江苏省稻飞虱虫源地及暴发成因分析

为了明确江苏省稻飞虱(白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera Horváth和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens St?l)在沉寂近10年后再次暴发的成因,通过分析江苏2020年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的田间调查及灯诱数据,并结合气象条件,研究了江苏省稻飞虱暴发的主要影响因素。结果表明：(1)2020年,江苏省白背飞虱虫源主要来自于江西中、北部,湖南东部以及湖北东部;褐飞虱虫源主要来自于安徽南部、浙江北部、本省南部以及江西省中北部。(2)江淮地区自6月中旬至7月下旬的超长降雨期有利于江苏省早期迁入虫源大量降落。(3)9月初,田间已存在大量褐飞虱短翅型成虫,适宜的秋季温度促使田间短翅型褐飞虱大量繁殖,导致后期田间褐飞虱大暴发。总而言之,超长降雨期有利于早期稻飞虱的迁入降落,而秋季的适宜温度引发短翅型成虫大量繁殖,是导致江苏省稻飞虱在沉寂近10年后再次暴发的主要因素。这些结果为稻飞虱暴发规律的阐明及可持续治理提供了理论依据和参考价值。     

安庆褐飞虱近三个大发生年虫源和气候条件的比较分析

比较并分析安庆市1997,2005年和2006年褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugehs(Stal)大发生的虫源、气候条件。1997年,迁入期偏早,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1228~8698头;7、8月份气温比历史均值低0.2~1.3℃,导致单季稻上基数适温协同暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较多,但9月份气温比历史均值低1.0℃,抑制了双季晚稻褐飞虱发生。2005年,迁入期较早,但初迁虫量低,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为200~3334头;7月中旬至8月份气温比历史均值低0.4~0.8℃,9月至10月中旬气温比历史均值高1.8~2.2℃,有利褐飞虱发生的气候条件长达3个月;同时,夏、秋季台风暴雨频繁,再迁补充虫源丰富,8月16日~9月25日每侯灯下≥1000头的回迁峰次多达5个,分别比1997年和2006年多1个和2个,导致多代连续重发。2006年,迁入期早,6月底以前的早迁虫量分别是1997年和2005年同期的6.4倍和2.1倍,初迁虫量大,到7月26日止,单灯累计诱量为1595~7181头;虽然7、8月份气温比历史均值高1.0~2.0℃,但单季稻田间小气候适宜,构成单季稻基数暴发型;再迁补充虫源峰次较少,但8月底~9月初短期内大量集中迁入,9月下旬至10月份气温异常偏高,高于历史均值1.5~3.0℃,引起晚稻持续重发。     

气象因子对江苏省水稻单产的影响

全球气候变暖作为一个不争的客观事实,不可避免地对农业生产产生影响。针对传统多元线性回归分析方法,不能直接分析气象因子与水稻气象单产时序关系,根据1978—2010年间江苏省水稻单产数据和同期气象时序数据,研究了水稻单产的影响因素,提取了水稻气象单产;利用连续小波变换方法研究了水稻气象单产、水稻营养生长与生殖生长期间的日照时数、降水和气温等气象因子的时序变化特征;利用交叉小波和相干小波变换方法,研究了水稻营养生长与生殖生长期间气象因子与水稻气象单产间的相互影响关系。结果显示:(1)近33 a间,江苏省水稻气象单产占实际单产的比重逐渐减小,水稻生产抵御气象灾害能力逐渐增强。(2)水稻气象单产与日照时数、降水量和气温等气象因子有几乎一致的特征周期。(3)在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期与开花结实期,气象单产与日照时数、降水量和气温间的相位差关系较为复杂。水稻分蘖期日照时数的增多有利于水稻单产的增加,降水的增多导致水稻单产的下降。水稻开花结实期日照时数的增强、昼夜温差的变大有利于水稻单产的增加,夜间最低气温的上升会导致水稻单产的下降。为了应对全球气候变暖,需要进一步改变水稻种植方式,加强土地利用监管,积极开展农村土地综合整治,加强高标准基本农田建设,加大农田水利设施建设,调整作物播种期,加强气象灾害应对防范体系建设,更好地发挥生物技术在适应气候变化中的作用。     

Rice LTG1 is involved in adaptive growth and fitness under low ambient temperature

Low temperature (LT) is one of the most prevalent factors limiting the productivity and geographical distribution of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the effect of LT on seed germination and reproductive development in rice, the genetic component affecting vegetative growth under LT remains poorly understood. Here, we report that rice cultivars harboring the dominant LTG1 (Low Temperature Growth 1) allele are more tolerant to LT (15–25°C, a temperature range prevalent in high‐altitude, temperate zones and high‐latitude areas), than those with the ltg1 allele. Using a map‐based cloning strategy, we show that LTG1 encodes a casein kinase I. A functional nucleotide polymorphism was identified in the coding region of LTG1, causing a single amino acid substitution (I357K) that is associated with the growth rate, heading date and yield of rice plants grown at LT. We present evidence that LTG1 affects rice growth at LT via an auxin‐dependent process(es). Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of this locus suggests that the ltg1 haplotype arose before the domestication of rice in tropical climates. Together, our data demonstrate that LTG1 plays an important role in the adaptive growth and fitness of rice cultivars under conditions of low ambient temperature.     

青菜/油菜茬口下水稻栽植方式对温光资源利用和产量的影响

轻简化栽培和优质稻是当前我国水稻生产的主要方向,气象因子是对水稻生长发育和产量形成影响最大的环境因素,但在不同轻简化栽植方式下水稻产量与其田间小气候的关系鲜有研究。为探究西南地区不同前作下杂交稻各生育阶段温、光和水等气候因子与水稻产量形成的关系,在2019—2020年,以杂交籼稻‘宜香优2115'为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,主区为青菜和油菜2种前作,副区为机直播、毯苗机插和人工移栽3种栽植方式,研究杂交稻产量对气候因子的响应及水稻植株对温光资源的利用。结果表明: 与油菜-水稻模式相比,青菜-水稻模式下杂交稻积温生产效率和降水生产效率显著提高,进而提高了有效穗数、结实率和千粒重,2年产量分别提高了12.7%和8.3%。与人工移栽相比,机插稻提高了单位面积有效穗数、全生育期光能生产效率、积温生产效率、籽粒光能利用效率和降水生产效率,2年平均产量提高了4.6%;而机直播全生育期降水生产效率、光能生产效率、积温生产效率、籽粒光能利用效率、每穗粒数和千粒重都显著降低,导致2年平均产量下降了8.7%。与2019年相比,2020年机插稻和人工移栽稻在同一茬口下提前一个月播种造成花后生育期缩短、气温降低和降雨量增多,导致有效积温和光辐射量大幅减少,积温生产效率、光能生产效率、降水生产效率和籽粒光能利用效率以及每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重均大幅降低,进而导致产量严重降低。用偏最小二乘法回归分析建立的气象因子产量预报方程标准化回归系数显示,水稻产量与阶段生育期或全生育期内有效积温和总辐射量呈正相关关系,与全生育期内降水量呈显著负相关关系。综上,青菜-水稻模式下机插秧与西南地区稻季光温资源匹配度最高,更有利于温光资源的充分利用和获得高产,但不宜过早播种或移栽。     

Effects of Carrier Agents and Relative Humidity on the Physicochemical and Microstructural Characteristics of Hot Air-Dried Asian Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka) Powder

For improving the stability of Asian pear powder (APP), rice bran dietary fiber (RD) (used for the first time) and maltodextrin (MD) were employed as carrier agents; the physicochemical and microstructural characteristics of APP during room storage at various relative humidity (RH) levels for 25 days were then evaluated. The RD-containing APP had a higher glass transition temperature, increased flowability, smaller particle size, and lower water adsorption capacity compared to the MD-containing APP. The comparison of the RD- and MD-containing APP samples revealed that the former had a higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, and showed fewer changes in color and agglomeration at the various RH levels. It was evident that the cracked appearance of APP samples was related to the higher degradation rate of the total phenols and higher antioxidant activity, especially at RH levels above 54%, during storage. FT-IR spectroscopy showed the chemical changes in APP caused by the carrier agents and RH. The results of the present study indicate that RD improved the functionality and storage stability of APP compared to MD; RD could be used as a potential carrier agent.

     

有机稻田褐稻虱种群动态及天敌作用分析

为组建有机稻田褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)种群生态控制系统,系统调查实施有机耕作1年后褐稻虱种群动态,并应用生命表技术评价自然天敌的作用。结果表明,有机晚稻田中褐稻虱种群发生2个世代。高峰期分别为9月底~10月初、10月下旬,平均百丛达502.3,164.5头,种群增长率为常规稻田的31.76%。水稻移栽后天敌数量迅速回升,有机稻田中蜘蛛、捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌分别比常规稻田增长66.10%,166.67%,44.24%。将各类天敌作用相加,以"捕食及其它"、"寄生"对褐稻虱种群的控制作用最强,其EIPC值均显著高于常规稻田相应天敌因子EIPC。     

灌浆期气象因子对杂交中籼稻米碾米品质和外观品质的影响

 以`II优7号'和`4228A/江恢15'两个杂交中稻组合为材料,通过分期播种处理,研究了灌浆期气象因子与杂交中稻稻米碾米品质和外观品质的关系。结果表明：在稻谷碾米品质和外观品质的5项指标中,显著受灌浆期气象因子影响的有整精米率、垩白粒率和垩白度3项指标,显著影响这3项指标的是齐穗后0～20 d 6个气象因子中的相对湿度、日均气温、日最低气温3个,齐穗后21～30 d的气象因子对米质的影响不显著。从总体上看, 齐穗后0～20 d的日均气温和日最低气温低, 相对湿度大,有利于提高整精米率,降低垩白粒率和垩白     

桉树人工林冠层气象因子对雨季土壤水分的影响

对雷州桉树人工林集水区土壤水分及林冠层气象因子一年内(1999／10／01—2000／09／30)雨季的定位观测结果进行了典型相关分析,得出如下结果：(1)在雨季,土壤含水量(SMC)随着土壤深度变化而变化,在0-4m范围内层间含水量差异显著;雨季各层SMC主要受降雨量的影响：(2)受充沛降雨量的强烈影响,雨季各层SMC随着时间推移而逐渐升高;雨季各层含水量变异系数较干季同层次的变异系数大;(3)雨季地下50cm深(SM50)处SMC变化曲线波动较大,与太阳辐射(N、降雨量(P)、风速(W)、水汽压差(VPD)、最高温度(Tmax)相关性极显著(α=0．001);(4)较深层次(即150cm,250cm,350cm)土壤含水量变化的影响因素具有某种程度的相似性：但与较浅层(50cm)SMC的主要影响因素和变化趋势均不同;(5)在雨季,三个典型相关系数均达到显著性水平(α=0．01)。三组典型相关及重叠数值以第一典型相关值较大,第二、第三的重叠量较小,故林冠层气象因子主要由第一典型因素影响土壤含水量。林冠层气象因子通过3个典型变量可说明SMC总变异量的30．9％。     

Candidate genes and molecular markers associated with brown planthopper (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nilaparvata lugens</Emphasis> Stål) resistance in rice cultivar Rathu Heenati

Brown planthopper (BPH) is a destructive insect pest of rice and causes severe yield loss. In attempts to develop a BPH-resistant rice variety, Rathu Heenati (RH), a rice cultivar with a strong BPH resistance, has been used as the donor in breeding programs. Quantitative trait loci analysis was conducted for the area under the curve of BPH damage scores of a backcross (BC₃F₅) population infested by six different BPH populations. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on chromosome 4, i.e., LecRK2-SNP and LecRK3-SNP, and markers on chromosome 6, i.e., Bph32-SNP and SSR23, were identified to be associated with resistance against five BPH populations. To identify genes on chromosome 6 that are involved in BPH resistance, expression analysis was conducted for genes located in the genomic region of Bph32-SNP and SSR23. Genes that showed differential expression ofRH at 24 h after BPH infestation, when compared to an RH control, were identified. Those that encode proteins putatively involved in the BPH resistance mechanism are LOC_Os06g03240, LOC_Os06g03380, LOC_Os06g03486, LOC_Os06g03514, LOC_Os06g03520, LOC_Os06g03610, LOC_Os06g03676, and LOC_Os06g03890. SNP markers were developed from several differentially expressed genes and were validated by genotyping in the backcross population. The SNP marker developed from LOC_Os06g03514 showed the highest association with BPH resistance and the gene may be involved in the BPH resistance mechanism. This SNP marker will be useful in breeding programs for BPH resistance.     

不同虫源和致害性的褐飞虱体内共生菌的种群动态

通过对不同地理种群和致害性的褐飞虱体内共生菌,在高温和抗性水稻品种作用下的种群动态研究表明,在正常湿度下褐飞虱体内共生菌的数量随若虫的生长发育而增加,5龄若虫期是共生菌增长的关键期;同一种群的褐飞虱秋季共生菌数量明显高于夏季。广西田间种群的短翅雌虫体内的共生菌数量显高于浙江省的杭州和龙游种群,经高温处理后,3个生物开共生菌数量均显减少,但其子代共生菌的数量在正常温度下马上恢复,与未经高温处理的褐飞虱共生菌数量基本相同,取食抗性品种的生物型1和田间种群的褐飞虱体内的共生菌数量均明显减少,取食抗性品种的第2代的共生菌又均比第1代少。这说明高温对共生菌的影响是暂的,而抗性品种的对共生菌的作用与褐飞虱种群对品种的适应性有关。     

合肥市大气能见度变化特征及其影响因素

利用2013年10月至2015年6月合肥市大气能见度的观测资料以及同期观测的气象要素和PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度的资料,在全面分析大气能见度影响因子的基础上,重点探讨相对湿度(RH)、PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度与大气能见度的关系.结果表明: 研究期间,合肥市大气能见度与RH的相关性最高.当RH<60%时,随着RH的增大,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度与大气能见度的相关系数也逐渐增大;当RH>60%时,颗粒物浓度与大气能见度的相关系数呈递减趋势;当50%≤RH＜60%时,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度与大气能见度的相关系数最大.RH较高时,大气能见度主要受RH影响,反之,颗粒物浓度对大气能见度的影响较大.当RH>70%时,大气能见度等值线变化幅度较大,RH对大气能见度的影响加强.根据RH、PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度与大气能见度的拟合公式,非线性拟合模型优于多元线性拟合模型,可以较好地模拟大气能见度的变化规律.     

Type VI secretion systems of plant-pathogenic Burkholderia glumae BGR1 play a functionally distinct role in interspecies interactions and virulence

In the environment, bacteria show close association, such as interspecies interaction, with other bacteria as well as host organisms. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) in gram-negative bacteria is involved in bacterial competition or virulence. The plant pathogen Burkholderia glumae BGR1, causing bacterial panicle blight in rice, has four T6SS gene clusters. The presence of at least one T6SS gene cluster in an organism indicates its distinct role, like in the bacterial and eukaryotic cell targeting system. In this study, deletion mutants targeting four tssD genes, which encode the main component of T6SS needle formation, were constructed to functionally dissect the four T6SSs in B. glumae BGR1. We found that both T6SS group_4 and group_5, belonging to the eukaryotic targeting system, act independently as bacterial virulence factors toward host plants. In contrast, T6SS group_1 is involved in bacterial competition by exerting antibacterial effects. The ΔtssD1 mutant lost the antibacterial effect of T6SS group_1. The ΔtssD1 mutant showed similar virulence as the wild-type BGR1 in rice because the ΔtssD1 mutant, like the wild-type BGR1, still has key virulence factors such as toxin production towards rice. However, metagenomic analysis showed different bacterial communities in rice infected with the ΔtssD1 mutant compared to wild-type BGR1. In particular, the T6SS group_1 controls endophytic plant-associated bacteria such as Luteibacter and Dyella in rice plants and may have an advantage in competing with endophytic plant-associated bacteria for settlement inside rice plants in the environment. Thus, B. glumae BGR1 causes disease using T6SSs with functionally distinct roles.     

2015年福建省局部地区褐飞虱暴发成灾主要原因分析与防控对策

针对福建省2015年水稻褐飞虱暴发成灾,从昆虫种群生态学原理出发,结合历史相关资料,总结研究了导致2015年褐飞虱暴发成灾的主要原因.褐飞虱本地虫源和外来迁入虫源是重要诱因,极高的种群增长率是决定性关键内因,异常气候与水稻抽穗灌浆期契合形成的适宜环境及食物营养条件是决定性关键外因,田间防治技术问题则是导致灾害并造成重大损失的直接原因.褐飞虱持续治理对策方面,需加强褐飞虱种群监测与预警,开展抗药性监测与治理,实施稻田肥料和农药减施技术,并加强防控应用技术的研究与推广及技术培训,加快推进实施褐飞虱专业化防治.     

Seasonal changes in fluxes of methane and volatile sulfur compounds from rice paddies and their concentrations in soil water

Rice paddies emit not only methane but also several volatile sulfur compounds such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS: CH₃SCH₃). However, little is known about DMS emission from rice paddies. Fluxes of methane and DMS, and the concentrations of methane and several volatile sulfur compounds including hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), carbonyl disulfide (CS₂), methyl mercaptan (CH₃SH) and DMS in soil water and flood water were measured in four lysimeter rice paddies (2.5 × 4 m, depth 2.0 m) once per week throughout the entire cultivation period in 1995 in Tsukuba, Japan. The addition of exogenous organic matter (rice straw) was also examined for its influence on methane or DMS emissions. Methane fluxes greatly differed between treatments in which rice straw had been incorporated into the paddy soil (rice straw plot) and plots without rice straw (mineral fertilizer plot). The annual methane emission from the rice straw plots (37.7 g m^-2) was approximately 8 times higher than that from the mineral fertilizer plots (4.8 g m^-2). Application of rice straw had little influence on DMS fluxes. Significant diurnal and seasonal changes in DMS fluxes were observed. Peak DMS fluxes were found around noon. DMS was emitted from the flood water in the early growth stage of rice and began to be emitted from rice plants during the middle stage. DMS fluxes increased with the growth of rice plants and the highest flux, 15.1 µg m^-2 h^-1, was recorded before heading. DMS in the soil water was negligible during the entire cultivation period. These facts indicate that the DMS emitted from rice paddies is produced by metabolic processes in rice plants. The total amount of DMS emitted from rice paddies over the cultivated period was estimated to be approximately 5–6 mg m^-2. CH₃SH was emitted only from flood water during the first month after flooding.     

Analysis of dominant factors influencing moisture change of broad-ovate leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> Oliv. in extremely arid region

We studied the dominant environmental factors that affect the gas-exchange characteristics and water potential (ψ) of broad-ovate leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv. in extreme arid area of Tarim River, China, and their correlation to water status of P. euphratica by analyzing on-field monitored meteorological data, soil moisture and salinity, P. euphratica leaf gas exchange and ψ, and revealed the indicative threshold of environmental factors for P. euphratica leaf water changes and growth. The results indicated that meteorological factors such as air relative humidity (RH), air temperature (T _air), etc. are the dominant factors. The threshold value of RH is (48.19 ± 1.06)% for P. euphratica growth, i.e. RH from 10.69% to 48.19% is suitable for P. euphratica growth in extremely arid region of Tarim River. This study provides a theoretical basis for reducing drought damage to P. euphratica and maintaining normal growth of P. euphratica by in-time watering.