杭州地区猪尸体上昆虫群落的组成 与演替的初步观察

对杭州地区猪尸体的腐败过程及尸体上昆虫群落的演替规律,进行了初步观察和研究。结果表明,室外地表上猪尸体的腐败过程可以划分为新鲜、肿胀、腐烂、干化和残骸5个连续的阶段;常见昆虫包括3目、19科、33种,其中双翅目的巨尾阿丽蝇、丝光绿蝇、南岭绿蝇、大头金蝇、肥须亚麻蝇等为优势种。尸体上昆虫群落的演替有明显的时间规律可循。许多昆虫类群的出现时间与尸体腐败阶段有明确的对应关系,这种对应关系可以为法医科学中推测死后间隔时间(postmortem interval, PMI)提供依据。     

湖南省永州地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫的研究

为了研究湖南省永州地区夏秋季常见嗜尸性昆虫及螺类的种类及其群落演替,运用观察法研究2007—2009年永州地区夏秋季家兔尸上常见嗜尸性昆虫种类变化及其演替。结果表明,该地区家兔尸体上发现部分昆虫纲和腹足纲的嗜尸性昆虫,昆虫纲主要涉及双翅目和鞘翅目的部分昆虫,其中双翅目6科14种,主要有蝇科的孕幼家蝇、斑蹠黑蝇、厚环黑蝇;丽蝇科的丝光绿蝇、叉叶绿蝇、亮绿蝇、大头金蝇和绯颜裸金蝇、白头裸金蝇;麻蝇科的棕尾别麻蝇、酱亚麻蝇;鼓翅蝇科1种;潜蝇科的Phytomyza thalictrella;果蝇科的Drosophila cuaso;鞘翅目5科8种,主要有大黑葬甲、Silpha carinata、Nicrophorus fossor、双色葬甲;蜣螂科的金龟子;步甲科的毛婪步甲和蠋步甲;拟步甲科;隐翅甲科的大黑隐翅虫、小隐翅虫;膜翅目2科3种,蚁科的路舍蚁;胡蜂科的墨胸胡蜂、黑盾胡蜂;鳞翅目的丝兰蛾;腹足纲的钉螺。上述嗜尸性昆虫及螺类在兔尸上出现的时间和部位表现出较强的规律性。研究结果可望为法医在湖南省永州地区对尸体的死亡时间和地点推测提供依据。     

基于昆虫证据推断死亡时间的研究进展

死亡时间的推断是法医昆虫学鉴定中首先要解决的问题。尸体上昆虫的生长发育及群落演替具有一定的规律,这能够用于推断尸体死亡时间。本文从昆虫证据的收集及种属鉴定、昆虫的发育与群落演替、影响昆虫证据推断死亡时间的因素以及法医昆虫学发展面临的挑战等几个方面展开综述,并对我国法医昆虫学的应用进展做了简要展望。     

贵州省尸食性蝇类的种类和分布

2000～2002年在贵州不同地区和不同海拔高度,设置采样点12个,在每个季度中间月份的中旬日用诱饵法采集一次尸食性蝇类标本,分析了贵州地区与尸体有关的蝇类及其分布。采集到的尸食性蝇类经鉴定隶属于5科15属25种,其中12种是在贵州首次发现,文中列出了尸食性蝇类名录,分析了它们在贵州的地理分布和季节变化,丰富了昆虫学和法医昆虫学的内容,为法医学推测死者的死亡时间提供了参考依据。     

药（毒）物对尸食性蝇类生长发育影响的研究进展

药（毒）物对尸食性蝇类生长发育影响是法医昆虫毒理学领域里一个十分重要的研究方向,其研究结果可对与药（毒）物相关死亡案件的死亡时间作出修正。随着近年来全球毒品及药物滥用情况的日趋严重,其所导致的死亡案件也越来越多。这类案件常常需要应用尸食性蝇类生长发育历期来推算死后经历时间（postmortem interval, PMI）。为了阐明该领域的研究进展以及未来研究的焦点和难点,本文在阐述法医昆虫毒理学概念和特点的基础上,按照不同的药（毒）物分类,对近年来药（毒）物对尸食性蝇类生长发育影响在国内外的研究进展进行了综述。研究表明,某些药（毒）物对尸食性蝇类生长发育具有一定的影响,且这种影响存在种属差异。目前,该领域的研究尚限于宏观现象观察阶段,其研究范围在不断拓宽,既有的研究也在进一步深化,但还有许多问题有待进一步探讨。     

珠江三角洲猪尸体上昆虫群落的演替及其对法医学中死亡时间推断的指示意义

为了解决刑事案件中死者死亡时间推断的难题,不同季节野外环境用18头猪尸体做模拟材料观察和筛选对推断死亡时间高度准确的昆虫指标。结果表明,幼虫开始出现时间、幼虫开始爬离时间、大部分幼虫爬离尸体的时间、开始化蛹的时间、大部分幼虫化蛹的时间、开始羽化的时间、羽化结束的时间等若干昆虫指标比较敏感且稳定可用作死亡时间的精确推断。在珠江三角洲春季、夏季及秋季尸体腐败很快,分别在259±23,202±18,277±20 h进入白骨化期,而冬季则时间较长,约经过1 297±63 h才进入白骨化期。大约有47种嗜尸性昆虫在尸体生态环境出现,大多数种类全年可见,尸体上的昆虫群落的优势种为大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala、绯颜裸金蝇Achoetandrus rufifacies及厚环黑蝇Hydrotaea (Ophyra) spinigera。蝇类昆虫在尸体上只能大规模繁殖一代尸体即白骨化。根据以上结果可确定一些可用于死亡时间推断的关键时间点。     

沈阳地区室内常见尸食性蚤蝇幼期识别

利用尸食性蝇类发育生物学推断死后间隔时间的前提是对其幼期种属的准确鉴定。本文对沈阳地区室内常见的4种尸食性蚤蝇幼期的主要形态特征进行了描述。结果表明：根据其口器、体壁突起、气门和呼吸角等特征不仅可以区分虫龄,还可以鉴别4种蚤蝇。     

西双版纳热带雨林次生演替中昆虫群落的动态研究

通过对西双版纳热带雨林,砍伐后４块处于次生性演替恢复阶段,不同年代林中,所设固定样地中昆虫群落的定时、定点和定量采集观测,对群落中昆虫的数量、种类、群落的多样性、优势度和稳定性进行了分析比较。从年度变化看：昆虫个体数和植食性昆虫数在雨季是最大的。优势度在演替阶段后期是雨季大于旱季,而在前期则是旱季大于雨季。多样性和均匀性在演替后期是旱季大于雨季,而演替前期则是雨季大于旱季。从演替年代变化看：随着演替年代的递增,昆虫群落的多样性、均匀性和稳定性有增加的趋势,而昆虫数量和植食性昆虫数量减少的趋势。对昆虫群落稳定性的讨论,试引入“变异系数”进行讨论。     

双向凝胶电泳图谱用于常见尸食性蝇类初孵幼虫的鉴别

双向凝胶电泳分析技术已在生物科学各领域被广泛应用,蛋白质组作图的意义已经日益显现。通过对4种常见尸食性蝇类初孵幼虫蛋白质组双向凝胶电泳和图象分析,发现各种类间双向凝胶电泳图谱差异显著,并对相应的等电点和相对分子量进行聚类和判别分析,结果表明,建立合适的尸食性蝇类初孵幼虫的双向凝胶电泳图谱可用于鉴别形态学极易混淆的昆虫种类。图4参17     

广西灰象食性的初步观察

本文报道了广西灰象取食３６科６６种植物,对该虫的形态特征及防治也作了简要的描述。广西灰象是园林植物的重要害虫,应引起注意。     

Feed restriction strategy in the growing rabbit. 2. Impact on digestive health, growth and carcass characteristics

A field enquiry mentioned the potential positive impact of a feed restriction on the health of young rabbits, but no objective information relates the intake to digestive health. The effects of a post-weaning feed restriction strategy were thus studied on digestive health and growth and carcass parameters of the growing rabbit, using a monofactorial design that produces a quantitative linear reduction of the intake, from ad libitum (AL group) to 80%, 70% and 60% of AL. The study was performed simultaneously in six experimental sites, on 1984 growing rabbits (496 per treatment) collectively caged from weaning (34 to 38 days of age, depending on the site) to slaughter (68 to 72 days). The feeding programme was applied as followed: restriction during 21 days after weaning, and then ad libitum till slaughter. During the feed restriction period the growth rate was linearly reduced with the restriction level, by 0.5 g/day for each percent of intake reduction. When returning to ad libitum intake (after 54 days old) a compensatory growth and a higher feed efficiency occurred. Therefore, the impact of the feeding programme on the slaughter weight (SW) was significant (-4.5 g/% of restriction), but relatively moderate: the weight loss of the more-restricted rabbits (60%) reached 7.7% (-200 g) compared to the AL group. Over the whole fattening period, the feed restriction reduced linearly and significantly the feed conversion (FC) (-0.0077 unit/% of restriction). Carcass traits were little affected by the feeding programme, except for a slightly lower decrease of the dressing percentage (mean: 1.2 units between AL and the three restricted groups). On the six experimental sites, mortality and morbidity were always caused by acute digestive disorders, namely diarrhoea and/or caecal impaction. Independent of the treatment, the mortality rate strongly varied according to the site (between 7% and 18% from weaning to 54 days and for the AL group). During feed restriction, the mortality was significantly lower from a restriction threshold of 80% (meanly: -9% compared to AL). The morbidity was also significantly reduced (-6%) for the two most restricted groups (70% and 60%). The favourable effect of a lower intake on health did not persist after returning to ad libitum intake (54 days to slaughter), since mortality and morbidity were not significantly different among the treatments. Such a feeding strategy thus represents a double benefit in terms of feed costs and lower losses of young rabbits.     

Functional differences in scavenger communities and the speed of carcass decomposition

Carcass decomposition largely depends on vertebrate scavengers. However, how behavioral differences between vertebrate scavenger species, the dominance of certain species, and the diversity of the vertebrate scavenger community affect the speed of carcass decomposition is poorly understood. As scavenging is an overlooked trophic interaction, studying the different functional roles of vertebrate species in the scavenging process increases our understanding about the effect of the vertebrate scavenger community on carcass decomposition. We used motion‐triggered infrared camera trap footages to profile the behavior and activity of vertebrate scavengers visiting carcasses in Dutch nature areas. We grouped vertebrate scavengers with similar functional roles. We found a clear distinction between occasional scavengers and more specialized scavengers, and we found wild boar (Sus scrofa) to be the dominant scavenger species in our study system. We showed that these groups are functionally different within the scavenger community. We found that overall vertebrate scavenger diversity was positively correlated with carcass decomposition speed. With these findings, our study contributes to the understanding about the different functional roles scavengers can have in ecological communities.     

Refining decomposition stage estimation: A study of seasonal insect composition and carcass weight change

In this study, we explore the interplay of seasonal insect assemblages and carcass weight change to refine the estimation of minimum post-mortem interval (PMI_min), a key variable in forensic investigations. By integrating these parameters, we shed light on their combined influence on decomposition stages, thus paving the way for a more robust method of PMI_min estimation. Our approach relies on rigorous field studies examining pig carcasses across spring, summer and autumn, with comprehensive measurements of carcass weight and detailed documentation of insect succession. We observed distinct insect assemblages and weight-change trends characteristic of each season, underlining the influence of seasonal variability on decomposition dynamics. To further enhance the reliability of our model, we combined the novel parameter of carcass weight change with the conventional total body score (TBS) method, ensuring a more objective assessment of decomposition stages. Although our study indicates promising advancements, it also acknowledges the limitations of using a single pig carcass per season, suggesting future research should incorporate larger sample sizes.     

兔黑素皮质素受体4(MC4R)基因多态性及其与体重及屠体性状的关联研究

以哈尔滨白兔、天府黑兔、比利时兔、齐卡巨型兔以及加利福尼亚兔5个肉兔品种共220个个体为研究对象, 采用PCR-SSCP技术和克隆测序技术进行SNPs检测和基因型的分析。结果发现兔MC4R基因237位发生转换突变(A→G), 5个品种内的AA基因型和A等位基因频率均分别高于AG基因型和G等位基因, 而哈尔滨白兔、比利时兔以及齐卡巨型兔3个品种兔的AG基因型频率和G等位基因频率明显高于天府黑兔和加利福尼亚兔。单位点基因型与屠体性状、饲料转化率以及熟肉率的最小二乘分析表明; AG基因型与兔的体重、全净膛重以及饲料转化率有显著的关系(P<0.05), 而与熟肉率的关系不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明, MC4R基因可以作为影响和控制兔体重及屠体性状的候选基因。     

Influence of cage or pen housing on carcass traits and meat quality of rabbit

Carcass traits and meat quality of rabbits reared in conventional cages (0.385 m2), small pens (0.662 m2) or large pens (4.052 m2) at a similar stock density of 15 rabbits/m2 were compared (n = 30 per group). Pens contained an elevated platform. Slaughter weight (SW; P < 0.01) and cold carcass weight (P < 0.05) decreased in the order of Cage < Small pen < Large pen groups. SW and cold carcass weight were 7% lower in rabbits housed in large pens than in cages. Dressing out and meat-to-bone ratio were not influenced by the housing system. Percentage of fat deposits was highest in caged rabbits (+0.15 point for scapular fat and +0.26 point for perirenal fat compared to rabbits reared in large pens P < 0.05). Rabbits housed in large pens had a bigger proportion of hind part (+1 point), and meat colour was shifted towards greater a* values (P < 0.01) compared to caged rabbits. Water holding capacity and shear test parameters in longissimus lumborum muscle, lipid content and shear test parameters of abductor cruralis cranialis, biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles were not affected by the housing system. Tibia and femur bone moment of inertia increased in the order of Cage < Small pen < Large pen groups (P < 0.05), whereas elastic modulus, which is a measure of intrinsic stiffness, was highest in caged rabbits. This study showed that large pen housing altered carcass traits independently and increased meat redness and fracture resistance of tibia and femur.     

Dried artichoke bracts in rabbits nutrition: effects on the carcass characteristics,meat quality and fatty-acid composition

In this study, the effects of the inclusion of artichoke bracts (AB) in rabbit diets on the carcass characteristics and rabbit meat quality were studied. A total of 120 rabbits aged 38 days were used and divided into three groups that were fed with different isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets supplemented with AB at 0%, 5% and 10%. The animals were single housed in wire cages at a temperature of 22±2°C and had free access to clean drinking water. At 96 days of age, 12 rabbits/group were slaughtered in an experimental slaughterhouse without fasting. The carcass was weighed and the weights of the skin and full gastrointestinal tract were recorded. Carcasses were chilled at +4°C for 24 h in a refrigerated room. The chilled carcass weight (CCW), dressing out percentage (CCW as percentage of slaughter weight), and the ratio of the head and liver were determined as a percentage of CCW. The reference carcass weight was also calculated. Carcasses were halved and the two longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were excised. The left LD muscle was divided into two parts. The fore part was used to measure pH, colour and cooking losses. The hind part of the left LD was vacuum-packed, frozen at –20°C and then freeze-dried. Proximate composition, fatty-acid profile and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances values were determined on freeze-dried samples. Results showed that carcass characteristics, LD muscle traits and its oxidative status were not affected by the AB supplementation, except for the meat ether extract content that increased from 0.68% to 0.94% on fresh matter basis with the increase of the AB supplementation (P<0.01). The α-linolenic acid proportion decreased with the increase of the AB supplementation from 3.58% to 2.59% in the LD muscle and from 4.74% to 3.62% in the perirenal fat, whereas the n-6/n-3 ratio increased significantly with increasing AB inclusion from 7.15 to 10.20 in the LD muscle and from 6.68 to 9.35 in the perirenal fat (P<0.01). Furthermore, no significant difference was found in preference among meat samples from each group. The enrichment of the rabbit’s diet with AB allows the production of rabbit meat with a good degree of unsaturation and low saturation, even if the n-6/n-3 ratio was slightly worse.     

An approach for identifying the influence of carcass type and environmental features on sarcosaprophagous Diptera communities

Summary. Since the entomosarcosaprophagous community is affected by environmental variables, it needs to be studied under different environmental conditions. In addition, because most studies are usually conducted with biomodels rather than human corpses, it is necessary to verify whether or not the type of decomposing animal matter affects the decomposition process itself, as well as the related fauna. For this reason, a study was conducted on the sarcosaprophagous Diptera community in two different environments of the Region of Murcia (SE Spain), using piglet and chicken carcasses, and Schoenly traps as collecting devices. To analyse possible differences regarding faunal composition among samples, a one-way Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) was applied. The results indicate significant differences concerning the bait. In this sense, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae and Sarcophagidae families are the main groups responsible for such differences. In terms of environment-related differences, the only species that contribute are those of the dominant families, Calliphoridae and Muscidae.     

Effects of temporary intensive feed restriction on performance,nutrient digestibility and carcass criteria of growing male Californian rabbits

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a temporary quantitative feed restriction on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass criteria of rabbits. A total of 80 weaned male Californian rabbits (30 d of age) were randomly assigned to four treatments of 20 rabbits each. The Control group was fed ad libitum during the whole experimental period (days 30–72 of age). For the three restricted fed groups the feed intake was reduced by 15%, 30% and 45% compared to the Control group, respectively. The feed restriction was applied after weaning and lasted for 21 d. Thereafter, at 51 d of age, in all treatments the feed supply returned to ad libitum intake till 72 d of age (AL period). The feed restriction decreased the body weight gain of rabbits (during the restriction period and the whole experimental period, p < 0.001) and improved feed conversion ratio during all tested periods (p < 0.001). In the AL period, the daily body weight gain of all groups was similar. After the AL period, the digestibility of all measured nutrients was significantly higher for animals fed restrictively. Furthermore, feed restrictions significantly decreased the proportion of perirenal and scapular fat and increased relative weight and length of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, it can be concluded that the applied feed restriction improved feed conversion, nutrient digestibility and reduced fat at the slaughter age of Californian rabbits, but the reduced body weight gain could not be compensated by a subsequent ad libitum feeding for 3 weeks.     

Effects of water restriction on growth performance,feed nutrient digestibility,carcass and meat traits of rabbits

The study investigates the effects of a post-weaning water restriction on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and meat quality of 84-day-old rabbits. A total of 1388 weaned rabbits (35 days) were randomly divided into two groups on the basis of BW and sex. The two groups were fed the same diets ad libitum both in the post-weaning (35 to 60 days) and fattening (61 to 84 days) periods. In the post-weaning period, one group (AL) also received drinking water ad libitum, whereas the other (WR) had a water restriction from 35 to 41 days 2 h/day; from 42 to 48 days 2.5 h/day; from 49 to 55 days 3 h/day; and from 56 to 60 days 4 h/day. During the fattening period, both groups had water-free access. Individual live weights and feed intake per cage were recorded weekly for 32 cages randomly chosen per group (64 rabbits) to calculate the BW gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The apparent digestibility values of nutrients were measured using acid-insoluble ash. Carcass data were collected from 16 rabbits (8 males and 8 females) per group selected for similar final BW in both groups. Mortality from 35 to 60 days was higher in the AL group (10.1% v. 5.2%, for AL and WR, respectively, P < 0.0001). BW gain was higher for the AL group during both the post-weaning (+22.4%, P < 0.01) and the entire period (+7.5%, P < 0.05). Water restriction reduced feed intake both in the post-weaning (−17.4%, P < 0.0001) and in the entire period (−9.9%, P < 0.05). During the fattening period, FCR was lower for the WR group (5.15 v. 5.75 g/g, for WR and AL, respectively, P < 0.05). The apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, NDF, ADF and cellulose were greater in the restricted rabbits (+4.7%, +4.5%, +10.2%, +18.8% and +12.8%, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). Perirenal and scapular fat percentages were higher in the AL rabbits (+30.7% and +116.6%, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Water restriction increased saturated fatty acids (C16:0, +12.9%, P < 0.05), lauroleic acid (C12:1, +75.0%, P < 0.01), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C20:5, +50.0%, P < 0.01 and C22:5, +16.6%, P < 0.05) and the n-3/n-6 ratio (+28.6%, P < 0.05). The applied water restriction between 35 and 60 days executed during the winter months improved the digestive health of rabbits, with no negative effects on carcass traits, or physical and chemical meat characteristics. However, from the animal welfare point of view, a water restriction can be criticized as a method to restrict feed intake.