家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-2对细菌细胞渗透性及代谢功能影响

研究了家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-2与细菌相互作用时,抗菌肤MDL-2对细菌细胞壁的溶解作用、细胞膜渗透性和代谢的影响.抗菌肽MDL-2在抗菌过程中首先与细菌的细胞壁相互作用,使其破裂,抗菌肽对革兰氏阴性细菌大肠杆菌细胞壁的作用有浓度依赖性,而对革兰氏阳性细菌金黄色葡萄球菌MDL-2在较低的浓度时即可发生细胞壁破坏作用;抗菌...     

不同细菌对家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白/肽的诱导效应

利用抑菌圈测量法和毛细管电泳研究、比较不同细菌对家蝇Musca domesticaL.幼虫抗菌蛋白/肽的诱导效应。结果表明,家蝇幼虫受细菌诱导后抗菌活性比对照都有不同程度的增加,同时不同细菌诱导表达样品对于相应的诱导菌均表现很高的抗菌活性。毛细管电泳图谱表明鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Salmonella typhimurium50013诱导后抗菌蛋白/肽表达强度增加了50倍,其它细菌诱导后抗菌蛋白/肽表达强度增加了1～40倍。与G+细菌相比,G-细菌具有更强的诱导效应。结论:家蝇幼虫对不同的细菌刺激有特异性反应,即不同细菌诱导抗菌蛋白/肽的强度、种类和数量都不一致。     

家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-1的分离纯化及其对大肠杆菌超微结构的影响

通过体壁损伤和大肠杆菌同时诱导家蝇幼虫产生免疫血淋巴,经沸水浴热变性,透析浓缩处理,然后经Tricine-SDS-PAGE得到诱导前后家蝇幼虫血淋巴中蛋白差异表达条带,将该条带电泳回收、复性、抗菌活性检测等步骤,分离纯化得到抗菌肽MDL-1, 其分子中富含Gly和碱性氨基酸,分子量为6 200 D,对革兰氏阴性菌Escherichia coli有较强抗性。通过MDL-1对大肠杆菌通透性分析和透射电镜超微结构观察表明,MDL-1首先可能与细菌的外膜结合,然后与细胞内膜作用,扰乱膜脂分子的排列,改变细胞膜的通透性,从而影响细胞膜的结构和功能,使细胞膜形成的许多孔道,造成细胞内的原生质扩散,并从孔道向胞外渗漏,影响了细菌的代谢系统,最终引起细胞膜破碎,细胞完全解体,从而起到抑菌杀菌作用。     

家蝇幼虫抗菌相关蛋白/多肽的诱导及抗菌活性分析

对家蝇Musca domestica 3龄幼虫进行针刺、带菌针刺、热激和超声4种处理,并于处理后不同时间分别收集提取家蝇幼虫体内耐热总蛋白,比浊法测定其抗菌活性,经逐步回归分析确定抗菌相关蛋白/多肽。结果表明,4种处理均能诱导家蝇幼虫产生抗菌物质,其中表观分子量为22 kD的蛋白对藤黄微球菌和大肠杆菌均有抗菌作用,50 kD,13 kD,26 kD,7 kD的蛋白抗菌活性具有专一性。还发现一种37 kD的蛋白对抗菌活性有负作用,推测它可能是促进细胞生长的物质。     

家蝇幼虫抗菌肽MDL-2的电泳制备及其抗菌作用机理

通过体壁损伤和感染大肠杆菌同时诱导家蝇Musca domestica幼虫产生免疫血淋巴,经沸水浴热变性,透析浓缩处理,然后经Tricine-SDS-PAGE得到诱导前后家蝇幼虫血淋巴中蛋白差异表达条带,将该条带电泳回收,复性,抗菌活性检测等步骤,分离纯化得到抗菌肽MDL-2,其分子中富含Pro,Gly和碱性氨基酸,分子量为11 kD,对革兰氏阴性菌Escherichia coli和革兰氏阳性菌Staphylococcus aureus均有较强抗性,因此电泳制备抗菌肽的方法为此类生物微量活性物质的分离纯化提供一种行之有效的途径。通过MDL-2对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌通透性和透射电镜超微结构的图谱分析,MDL-2首先与细菌的外膜结合,然后抗菌肽形成柔性的两亲空间构象与细胞内膜作用,扰乱了膜脂分子的排列,改变了细胞膜的通透性,影响细胞膜的结构和功能,细胞膜上形成了许多孔道,同时造成细胞内的原生质扩散,并从孔道向胞外渗漏,影响了细菌的代谢系统,最终引起细胞膜破碎,细胞完全解体,从而起到抑菌杀菌作用。     

家蝇C-型凝集素的克隆与功能分析

【目的】从家蝇Musca domestica中克隆一种C-型凝集素(C-type lectin)基因,并分析其在家蝇免疫过程中的功能。【方法】根据家蝇转录组信息,克隆了一条C型凝集素基因,将其命名为Mdlectin-C1。构建Mdlectin-C1的原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中表达并纯化r Mdlectin-C1蛋白,制备多克隆抗体。利用实时定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)及Western blot技术对家蝇不同发育阶段和细菌感染前后Mdlectin-C1的表达水平进行检测。运用RNAi技术敲低家蝇1龄幼虫Mdlectin-C1基因表达,然后进行细菌刺激并观察幼虫存活率变化。【结果】Mdlectin-C1 c DNA包含一个546 bp完整开放阅读框,编码181个氨基酸残基,所推导多肽N端包含由21个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽,成熟肽中含有一个保守的碳水化合物识别结构域(carbohydrate-recognition domain,CRD)。qRT-PCR及Western blot结果显示,家蝇从1龄幼虫到蛹的发育过程中,Mdlectin-C1表达量逐步上升,蛹期达到最大值。在革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌E.coli和革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus刺激后,家蝇2龄幼虫Mdlectin-C1均上调表达,并分别在36和3 h时达到最高值。利用RNAi技术成功敲低Mdlectin-C1表达。对Mdlectin-C1基因敲低的1龄幼虫进行细菌刺激,敲低实验组幼虫存活率显著低于正常对照组。【结论】Mdlectin-C1可能参与家蝇抗菌免疫应答,并在此过程中具有重要作用。     

急性化脓性骨髓炎患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:分析急性化脓性骨髓炎患者病原菌的分布特点及耐药情况。方法:取急性化脓性骨髓炎患者窦道深部分泌物或病灶组织做细菌培养及药敏试验。结果:80例患者共培养出病原菌18种110株:其中7例同时培养出3种细菌,15例同时培养出2种细菌,58例培养出1种细菌。110株细菌中,革兰氏阳性(G+)菌55株,占50.0%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌14株,占25.5%;革兰氏阴性(G-)菌52株,占47.3%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌13株,占25.0%。真菌3株,占2.7%。金黄色葡萄球菌对抗菌药物万古霉素最敏感,耐药率为7.1%,对青霉素耐药率最高,耐药率为92.9%;铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物头孢哌酮最敏感,耐药率为7.7%,对亚胺培南的耐药率最高,为92.3%。结论:化脓性骨髓炎的致病菌中革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的的占比基本持平,大多数病原菌对常用的抗菌药物均具有耐药性。     

家蝇幼虫血细胞类型及免疫功能的初步研究

目的用不同方法观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞的形态,并对血细胞进行分类和免疫功能研究,为昆虫血细胞形态、分类及免疫研究提供实验依据。方法 (1)应用姬氏染色结合相差显微镜及荧光染色方法观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞形态,并对家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞进行分类;(2)观察家蝇3龄幼虫感染大肠杆菌后不同时间血细胞总数(THC)、各类血细胞数量(DHC)及形态的变化;(3)应用倒置显微镜观察家蝇3龄幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后的形态变化;(4)采用酶细胞化学技术测定感染前后家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞中ACP、POD活性的变化。结果 (1)家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞可分为原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞5类,其中浆血胞又分为大核浆血胞和小核浆血胞两种;(2)感染后各时间组血细胞总数、浆血胞和粒血胞数量均显著升高,且浆血胞和粒血胞聚集成堆,出现细胞变形、空泡等形态变化;感染后16h、24h组的珠血胞数显著升高;原血胞和类绛血胞数量和形态无明显变化;(3)家蝇幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后粒血胞周围见大量细菌聚集,浆血胞、粒血胞聚集成团将细菌包裹形成包囊,未见原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞形态的变化;(4)感染后浆血胞和粒血胞中ACP、POD的活性增强,感染前后原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞中均未见ACP、POD的阳性反应物。结论通过3种方法能很好地将家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞分为5类,其中浆血胞和粒血胞是家蝇幼虫参与免疫反应的主要细胞类型,珠血胞不参与感染后的早期细胞免疫反应。     

家蝇Mdsirt1基因在细菌、高温和重金属胁迫下的表达分析

【目的】探究家蝇Musca domestica sirt1基因(Mdsirt1)在各种胁迫条件下的表达模式。【方法】以家蝇2龄幼虫cDNA为模板,PCR扩增Mdsirt1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析;实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测Mdsirt1在家蝇不同发育阶段(卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)的表达变化,2龄幼虫不同组织(表皮、肠道、脂肪体和血细胞)中的表达分布,以及胁迫条件(细菌刺激、热激及CdCl_2刺激)下的转录水平变化;通过RNAi干扰Mdsirt1基因表达,观察敲低Mdsirt1表达后家蝇幼虫抗病能力变化,并检测机体氧化应激水平。【结果】家蝇Mdsirt1基因编码蛋白含有SIR2结构域,与厩螫蝇Stomoxys calcitrans SIR2氨基酸序列一致性为66%。qRT-PCR结果显示,Mdsirt1基因主要在家蝇蛹期表达,在家蝇2龄幼虫脂肪体中表达量较高。家蝇幼虫Mdsirt1分别在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli刺激3 h,金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus刺激6 h,42℃热激30min以及30 mmol/L CdCl_2刺激48 h时表达量达到最高峰。敲低Mdsirt1表达的家蝇幼虫受到细菌感染(大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌1∶1混合感染)后存活率较对照组显著降低1.47倍,且敲低Mdsirt1后机体处于氧化应激状态,活性氧自由基水平和丙二醛含量较对照组分别升高1.58和1.59倍。【结论】Mdsirt1参与家蝇幼虫的抗菌免疫应答和抗逆反应。     

鹅β-防御素3基因的分离、鉴定及其表达产物的生物学特性

为了克隆鹅β-防御素(AvBD)3基因,并在原核表达重组鹅AvBD3蛋白,进一步研究鹅AvBD3蛋白的生物学特性,利用RT-PCR方法从鹅脾脏和法氏囊组织中扩增到鹅AvBD3基因片段,其cDNA片段大小为182 bp,编码60个氨基酸残基.经同源性分析发现鹅AvBD3氨基酸序列与鸡AvBD3氨基酸序列同源性最高,为100％.将该基因亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1的BamH Ⅰ和SalⅠ双酶切位点上,构建重组表达质粒pGEX-goose AvBD3.将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21,于37℃用IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳表明,重组鹅AvBD3蛋白在原核高效表达(分子量约31 kDa).该重组蛋白经纯化后测定其体外抗菌活性与理化特性,结果显示,重组鹅AvBD3蛋白具有广谱的抗菌活性,对12种细菌,包括革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均具有抑菌作用.高盐离子浓度显著降低重组鹅AvBD3蛋白的抗菌活性.此外,该重组蛋白的溶血活性极低,并对酸碱度具有较高的稳定性.     

Functional,antioxidant and antibacterial properties of protein hydrolysates prepared from fish meat fermented by Bacillus subtilis A26

Composition, functional properties and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of protein hydrolysates prepared with a proteolytic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis A26, through fermentation of fish proteins were investigated. Fermented fish meat protein hydrolysates (FPHs) were prepared from sardinelle (SPH), zebra blenny (ZPH) goby (GPH) and ray (RPH). The protein content of freeze-dried FPHs ranged from 74.3% to 81%. All fermented hydrolysates had an excellent solubility and possessed interfacial properties. The antioxidant activities of FPHs were evaluated by different methods, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method, reducing power assay, β-carotene bleaching and DNA nicking assay. All hydrolysates showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities. Further, FPHs exhibited antibacterial activity and SPH was the most effective, particularly against Gram positive bacteria.     

Case studies in current drug development: 'glycylcyclines'

Glycylcyclines represent a new class of tetracycline antibiotics with potent antibacterial activities against resistant pathogens. One of the glycylcyclines, Tygacil, was selected for further development and has been approved by the FDA. It has an expanded broad-spectrum of antibacterial activity both in vitro and in vivo. It is active against a wide range of clinically relevant pathogens including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, atypical, and anaerobic bacteria and bacterial strains carrying either or both of the two major forms of tetracycline resistance (efflux and ribosomal protection). Most importantly, it is active against the multiply antibiotic resistant Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).     

Importance of the disulfide bridges in the antibacterial activity of human hepcidin

Hepcidin was first identified as an antimicrobial peptide present in human serum and urine. It was later demonstrated that hepcidin is the long sought hormone that regulates iron homeostasis in mammals. The native peptide of 25 amino acids (Hepc25) contains four disulfide bridges that maintain a β-hairpin motif. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the intramolecular disulfide bridges are necessary for Hepc25 antimicrobial activity. We show that a synthetic peptide corresponding to human Hepc25, and which contains the four disulfide bridges, has an antibacterial activity against several strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. On the contrary, a synthetic peptide where all cysteines were replaced by alanines (Hepc25-Ala) had no detectable activity against the same strains of bacteria. In a further step, the mode of action of Hepc25 on Escherichia coli was studied. SYTOX Green uptake was used to assess bacterial membrane integrity. No permeabilization of the membrane was observed with Hepc25, indicating that this peptide does not kill bacteria by destroying their membranes. Gel retardation assay showed that the Hepc25 binds to DNA with high efficiency, and that this binding ability is dependent on the presence of the intramolecular disulfide bridges. Reduction of Hepc25 or replacement of the eight cysteines by alanine residues led to peptides that were no longer able to bind DNA in the in vitro assay. Altogether, these results demonstrate that Hepc25 should adopt a three-dimensional structure stabilized by the intramolecular disulfide bridges in order to have antibacterial activity.     

Expression and activity of cyclic and linear analogues of esculentin-1, an anti-microbial peptide from amphibian skin.

Esculentin-1 is a potent anti-microbial peptide present in minute amounts in skin secretions of Rana esculenta. It contains 46 amino-acid residues and a C-terminal disulfide bridge. We have explored the possibility of producing analogues of this peptide by recombinant expression in Escherichia coli of a fusion protein which is sequestered in inclusion bodies. The peptide of interest has been inserted at the N-terminus of the protein, from which it can be released by cyanogen bromide cleavage. The anti-microbial activities of the recombinant peptide as well as that of a mutant linear form devoid of the disulfide bridge are presented. The recombinant analogues retain the biological activity of the natural peptide, as tested with an inhibition zone assay against a variety of microorganisms. However, experiments on the rate of bacterial killing show that gram-negative bacteria are more sensitive to the peptides than the gram-positive bacterium, the effect of the cyclic peptide being in all cases faster than that of the linear molecule. Moreover, the activity against gram-negative bacteria for both peptides is not affected by salts, whereas the activity against Staphylococcus aureus is lost at high salt concentration.     

Influence of truncation of avian β-defensin-4 on biological activity and peptide-membrane interaction

Defensins are important components in host defense systems. The therapeutic use of β-defensins is limited by their innate toxicity and high cost due to the size and complex disulfide pairing. In this study, we used linear avian β- defensin-4 (RL38) without disulfide bonds as model peptide to derive two peptides by the truncation. GL23 is the C-terminal truncated sequence of RL38, and GLI23 is the derivative of GL23 by the replacement of cysteines with isoleucines. Results showed that these peptides exhibited strong antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. An exception was that GL23 showed weak antimicrobial activity against gallinaceous pathogenic bacteria Salmonella Pullorum C79-13. Two truncated peptides GL23 and GLI23 displayed no or weak hemolysis, which was in accordance with little blue shifts of the peptides in the presence of synthetic eukaryotic membranes. CD spectroscopy demonstrated that these peptides appeared to be unfolded in aqueous solution but acquire structure in the presence of membrane- mimicking phospholipids. GLI23 kept the antibacterial activity at high concentrations of NaCl or low concentration of divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+). The peptides preferentially bound to negatively charged phospholipids over zwitterionic phospholipids, which led to greater cell selectivity. The outer and inner membranes assay displayed that GLI23 killed bacteria by targeting the cell membrane. These results suggest the peptides derived by truncation of linear β-defensins may be a promising candidate for future antibacterial agent.     

Antibacterial activities of synthetic peptides corresponding to the carboxy-terminal region of human beta-defensins 1-3

The antibacterial activities of synthetic human beta-defensin analogs, constrained by a single disulfide bridge and in the reduced form, have been investigated. The peptides span the carboxy-terminal region of human beta-defensins (HBD-1-3), which have a majority of cationic residues present in the native defensins. The disulfide constrained peptides exhibited activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus whereas the reduced forms were active only against E. coli. The antibacterial activities were attenuated in the presence of increasing concentrations of NaCl and divalent cations such as Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). The site of action was the bacterial membrane. Peptides spanning the carboxy-terminal region of human beta-defensins could be of help in understanding facets of antimicrobial activity of beta-defensins such as salt sensitivity and mechanisms of bacterial membrane damage.     

Isolation and identification of three bactericidal domains in the bovine alpha-lactalbumin molecule

Proteolytic digestion of alpha-lactalbumin by pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin yielded three polypeptide fragments with bactericidal properties. Two fragments were obtained from the tryptic digestion. One was a pentapeptide with the sequence EQLTK (residues 1-5) and the other, GYGGVSLPEWVCTTF ALCSEK (residues (17-31)S-S(109-114)), was composed of two polypeptide chains held together by a disulfide bridge. Fragmentation of alpha-lactalbumin by chymotrypsin yielded CKDDQNPH ISCDKF (residues (61-68)S-S(75-80)), also a polypeptide composed of two polypeptide chains held together by a disulfide bridge. The three polypeptides were synthesized and found to exert antimicrobial activities. The polypeptides were mostly active against Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were only poorly susceptible to the bactericidal action of the polypeptides. GYGGVSLPEWVCTTF ALCSEK was most, EQLTK least bactericidal. Replacement of leucine (23) with isoleucine, having a similar chemical structure but higher hydrophobicity, in the sequence GYGGVSLPEWVCTTF ALCSEK significantly reduced the bactericidal capacity of the polypeptide. Digestion of alpha-lactalbumin by pepsin yielded several polypeptide fragments without antibacterial activity. alpha-Lactalbumin in contrast to its polypeptide fragments was not bactericidal against all the bacterial strains tested. Our results suggest a possible antimicrobial function of alpha-lactalbumin after its partial digestion by endopeptidases.     

黑眶蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽的制备及其性质

收集黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物,经Sephadex G-25去除大分子蛋白后,利用微量测定法进行抗菌活性分析。结果发现:黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物对革兰氏阳性菌——金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较强,对革兰氏阴性菌中的嗜水气单细胞菌也表现出较强的抑制作用,对溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、大肠杆菌的抑制相对较弱。利用胰蛋白酶对黑眶蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽水解后,其抗菌活性消失。将黑眶蟾蜍皮肤抗菌肽在37~95℃和pH 2.5~5.0下保温,发现其抗菌活性成分对热及酸耐受性较强。黑眶蟾蜍皮肤分泌物在低浓度无溶血活性。     

Role of amino acid residues within the disulfide loop of thanatin,a potent antibiotic peptide

Thanatin, a 21-residue peptide, is an inducible insect peptide with a broad range of activity against bacteria and fungi. It has a C-terminal disulfide loop, like the frog skin secretion antimicrobial peptides of the brevinin family. In this study, we tried to find the effect of a number of amino acids between the disulfide bond. Thanatin showed stronger antibacterial activity to Gram negative bacteria than other mutants, except Th1; whereas, the mutant peptides with deletion had higher activity to Gram positive bacteria than thanatin. An increase in the number of amino acid(s) using the alanine residue decreased the antibacterial activity in all of the bacteria. Th1 with deletion of threonine at position 15 (Thr(1)(2)) showed similar antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, but had higher activity against the Gram positive bacteria. In order to study the structure-function relationship, we measured liposome disruption by the peptides and CD spectra of the peptides. Th1 also showed the highest liposome leaking activity and alpha-helical propensity in the sodium dodecyl sulfate solution, compared with other peptides. Liposome disruption activity was closely correlated with the anti-Gram positive bacterial activity. All of the peptides showed no hemolytic activity. Th1 was considered to be useful as an antimicrobial peptide with broad spectrum without toxicity     

鸭β-防御素5基因的分离、鉴定及其生物学作用

为克隆与表达鸭β-防御素5 (AvBD5)基因及测定其生物学特性,采用RT-PCR方法从鸭肺脏组织中扩增到鸭AvBD5,将测得的序列与已发现的禽β-防御素和部分哺乳类动物β-防御素的氨 基酸序列构建进化树进行同源性分析.结果显示鸭AvBD5 cDNA大小为201 bp,编码66个氨基酸残基,内含6个位置保守的半胱...