东北地区蒙古栎群落区系成分

根据吴征镒、王荷生区系分析方法, 分析了东北地区蒙古栎群落中２６１ 种维管植物的区系成分, 其中温带成分占４７－４７ ％ , 东亚成分占４２－０２ ％ , 中国特有成分占１０－５１ ％ （ 世界分布不统计在内） 。并分析了种所在属的分布区类型, 温带分布属占９０－３％ 。还分别分析了蒙古栎群落的乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及层间植物的区系成分。     

四川自贡蜥脚类一新属

记述了产自四川省自贡市的一具蜥脚类幼年个体材料。根据枢椎极短而高,颈神经棘低、上缘平直、前后延长,背神经棘呈横宽的板状,中部颈肋的前突分叉等特征将它命名为一新属新种——张氏大安龙Daanosaurus zhangi gen.etsp.nov.,并将它归入巧龙亚科Bellusaurinae。     

十八个产地兴安落叶松种皮微形态的研究

对18个不同产地的兴安落叶松种皮微形态进引扫描电镜观察。结果表明,种子背面均为条网状纹饰,腹面为拟脑状纹饰,种孔周围呈条带状皱波纹饰,种孔周围形态存在三种类型。种皮纹饰在种内基本上是稳定的,其中腹面纹饰较背面纹饰的变异幅度大。种皮纹饰特征可以作为兴安落叶松种子鉴定的依据之一。     

腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿的形态特征及其系统关系——下颌骨的形态与比较

本文通过禄丰腊玛古猿和西瓦古猿的下颌骨与现代大猿类和其它同时代的古猿及南方古猿类的下颌骨的比较得出:禄丰的两类古猿有不少特征与猩猩相似,因此它们可能与猩猩有较密切的关系,两类古猿可能是同一类型的雌雄个体。但另一方面,禄丰腊玛古猿又显示出一些与南方古猿相似的性状,因而另一种可能是腊玛古猿是与西瓦古猿不同的类型,它比西瓦古猿更接近于人猿的共同主干。     

离体草鱼肠道对亮氨酸和酪氨酸的吸收与利用

采用同位素示踪和肠道离体灌流方法,研究了草鱼离体肠道对亮氨酸(Leu)、酪氨酸(Tyr)的吸收转运与利用。实验结果表明:当Leu浓度从1.0mmol/L增加到5.0mmol/L、10mmol/L时,肠道吸收转运的速度表现出“高浓度抑制”效应,运输到肠道外的比例为83%、66%和35%;合成肠道蛋白质的比例为2%、5%和13%;肠道组织内游离形式的比例为9%、28%和49%;其他形式的比例为6%、1%和3%。Tyr浓度从0.5mmol/L增加到1.5mmol/L、2.5mmol/L时,肠道对Tyr的吸收转运速度也随之增加,运输到肠道外的比例为52%、55%和55%;合成肠道蛋白质的比例为17%、15%和16%:肠道组织内游离形式的比例为7%、10%和16%;其他形式的比例为24%、20%和13%。肠道在吸收转运Leu和Tyr的同时,也利用它们合成蛋白质的和其他方面,Leu的吸收利用受灌流试验氨基酸浓度影响较大、而Tyr受影响较小;随着肠道内灌流的试验氨基酸浓度增加,吸收转运到肠道外的比例下降、留存于肠道内的比例增加,肠道合成的蛋白质绝对量也增加。       

Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of the India goat, Capra aegagrus.

The anatomy and neurohistology of the tongue of the Indian goat, Capra aegagrus, have been described. The apex linguae is notched in the centre. The foramen caecum is found to be absent. The sublingua could not be traced. The filiform papillae are the most common and divided into three types: the simple, giant, and true filiform papillae. The true filiform papillae are the most developed of the three types. The foliate papillae are absent. There are 13--14 circumvallate papillae arranged in two rows in a V-shaped pattern. The fungiform papillae are large and could easily be seen with the naked eye. They are scattered over the entire dorsum, being in abundance at the tip. The tongue of the goat is richly innervated. On the dorsum, the lamina propria is innervated by thick nerve fibres. In the fungiform papillae quite a large number of nerve fibres could be seen. The circumvallate papillae are also abundantly provided with nerves. A few ganglion cells are found below the circumvallate papillae. Thick nerve fibres are seen across the numerous glands and their ducts. Muscle fibres and connective tissue are also richly innervated.     

Cotton embryogenesis: The sperm

Summary The sperm of cotton were observed in the pollen tube in the style. They are true cells but relatively simple in organization. The nuclei are small and each contains a single, very small nucleolus. Nuclear pores are common and heterochromatin lines the nuclear membrane. The plastids and mitochondria are so reduced in internal structure that it is impossible to separately identify them. The suggestion is put forward that only mitochondria are present in the sperm. Dictyosomes are few but appear to be producing large numbers of vesicles. Single membrane vesicles of a large range of sizes are common. ER is scarce but polysomes are numerous.     

中国大蒜芥属(十字花科)叶表皮微形态学研究

利用光学显微镜观察了中国十字花科大蒜芥属9种1变种植物的叶表皮形态。结果表明：中国大蒜芥属植物叶上表皮细胞通常为多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形,少有稍浅波状,叶下表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁波状或深波状;气孔器类型均以不等细胞型为主,少有无规则型,偶有平列型。依据叶表皮特征,可将中国大蒜芥属划分为三种类型： （1）叶上表皮无气孔分布或偶见; （2）叶上表皮气孔常明显几个聚成一簇或排成短列,气孔密度小于叶下表皮; （3）叶上表皮气孔比较均匀分布,气孔密度与叶下表皮近相似。     

Ultrastructure of muscle cells in Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora)

Two different muscle types are found in the body of Siboglinum fiordicum: body wall muscle and blood vessel muscle. Both are of a myomesothelial type. The myofibrils of the body wall muscle are non-striated and consist of thick and thin myofilaments. Scattered dense bodies and attachment plaques are described. The sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a three-dimensional network in the myofibrils and only peripheral couplings are observed. The thick filaments are of a paramyosin type and have a diameter ranging from 400-1500 A. The blood vessels muscle is non-striated, but sometimes a sarcomere-like organization has been observed. Both thick and thin filaments are present. The thick filaments have a diameter of 250-400 A and lack transverse striations. Dense bodies and attachment of plaques are few. The sparse sarcoplasmic reticulum is restricted to the myofibril periphery where it makes peripheral couplings with sarcolemma. The luminal surface of the vessels is lined by a basal lamina with collagen-like inclusions. No endothelium is found. The body wall muscle and the blood vessel muscle are compared with other muscle types described in invertebrates.     

Allelic Negative Complementation at the Abruptex Locus of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The mutations of the Abruptex locus in Drosophila melanogaster fall into three categories. There are recessive lethal alleles and viable alleles. The latter can be divided into suppressors and nonsuppressors of Notch mutations. The recessive lethals are lethal in heterozygous combination with Notch. As a rule the recessive lethals are lethal also in heterozygous combination with the viable alleles. Heterozygous combinations of certain viable alleles are also lethal. In such heterozygotes, one heteroallele is a suppressor of Notch and the other is a nonsuppressor. Other heterozygous combinations of viable alleles are viable and have an Abruptex phenotype. The insertion of the wild allele of the Abruptex locus as an extra dose (carried by a duplication) into the chromosomal complement of the fly fully restores the viability of the otherwise lethal heterozygotes if two viable alleles are involved. The extra wild allele also restores the viability of heterozygotes in which a lethal and a suppressor allele are present. If, however, a lethal and a nonsuppressor are involved, the wild allele only partly restores the viability, and the effect of the wild allele is weakest if two lethal alleles are involved. It seems likely that of the viable alleles the suppressors of Notch are hypermorphic and the nonsuppressors are hypomorphic. The lethal alleles share properties of both types, and are possibly antimorphic mutations. It is suggested that the locus is responsible for a single function which, however, consists of two components. The hypermorphic mutations are defects of the one component and the hypomorphic mutations of the other. In heterozygotes their cumulative action leads to decreased viability. The lethal alleles are supposed to be defects of the function as a whole. The function controlled by the locus might be a regulative function.     

Lipid-cholesterol interactions. Monte Carlo simulations and theory.

Results of Monte Carlo calculations of order parameter profiles of lipid chains interacting with cholesterol are presented. Cholesterol concentrations in the simulations are sufficiently large that it is possible to analyze profiles for chains which are near neighbors of two or more cholesterol molecules, chains which are neighbors to a single cholesterol, and chains which are not near any cholesterol molecules. The profiles, show that cholesterol acts to significantly decrease the ability of neighboring chains to undergo trans-gauche isomeric rotations, although these chains are not all forced into all-trans conformations. The effect is significantly greater for chains which are neighbors to more than one cholesterol. The Monte Carlo results are next used as a guide to develop a theoretical model for lipid-cholesterol mixtures. The properties of this model and the phase diagram which it predicts are described. The phase diagram is then compared with experimentally determined phase diagrams. The model calculations and the computer simulations upon which they are based yield a molecular mechanism for several of the observed phases exhibited by lipid-cholesterol mixtures. The theoretical model predicts that at low temperatures the system should exhibit solid phase immiscibility.     

The ultrastructure of the paratympanic organ (Vitali) in Gallus domesticus: preliminary studies

The sensory epithelium of the paratypanic organ (Vitali) was studied by means of the electron microscope. Two kinds of cells are present. One type extends from the basement membrane to the surface of the epithelium; their nuclei are arranged close to the connective tissue and are surrounded by a pale cytoplasm. The distal part of these cells, which are denser and richer in organelles, possess microvilli. The cells of the second type are located above the basement membrane and are found between the upper parts of the cells of the first type. Their cytoplasm is rich in small round vesicles, free ribosomes and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum are present especially in the infranuclear zone. The apical part contains a Golgi apparatus lysosomes and multive sicular bodies. At the apex each cell possesses a cuticular plate numerous stereocilia and one kinocilium. The stereocilia become increasingly longer from one side of the cell surface to the other and the kinocilium is situated on the side where the stereocilia are longest. Nervous fibers are present in the epithelium and are in close contact with the cells of the second type. The cells we have described are remarkably similar to the supporting and hair cells of the vestibular sensory epithelium.     

Economics and success factors of flexible manufacturing systems: The conventional explanation revisited

This article analyzes costs and relative benefits of several hundred flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) in the world. The analyses are based on the computerized data bases, which make it easy to correlate different cost and benefit indicators with each other and to look for regular patterns and tendencies in the applications. Both investment cost distributions and the system complexity distributions are analyzed. The relative benefits and advantages and their relationships are shown. Finally, technical and economic explanations for successful implementation strategies are given. The results show that there are two classes of economically successful systems. The small-scale and technically compact systems are usually used in small-batch production for the replacement of semimanual production. The main benefits are increased capacity and productivity as well as quality improvements. The large-scale and technically complex systems are used in large-volume production for the replacement of fixed automation and transfer lines. The benefits are mainly due to the increased potential for flexibility and capital savings.     

THE FLESHY,CYLINDRICAL, SUBTERRANEAN GAMETOPHYTE OF SCHIZAEA MELANESICA

The gametophytes of Schizaea melanesica from Fiji are described. The unbranched body has a near-basal, tuberous portion and a more distal thinner portion. The basal portion becomes tuberous as the result of a peripheral thickening meristem. The apex of the gametophyte has an apical cell with three cutting faces. Scattered over the surface are rhizoid-like outgrowths which seem to be the homologs of the hairs and not the rhizoids in other schizaeaceous genera. Antheridia are likewise scattered and are particularly similar to those of other members of the family. No archegonia were seen. Superficial buds are produced. The internal tissues are entirely parenchymatous and contain fungal hyphae. Phylogenetic and morphological implications are discussed.     

Ultrastructural studies on the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons of the rat

Summary The general ultrastructural features of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI-rats, Brattleboro strain) are described. There is no decisively distinguishing difference between the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The neurons of both nuclei show signs of active protein synthesis. The perikarya of the neurons are markedly hypertrophic, the nuclei are large and the nucleoli prominent. In the cytoplasm there are numerous ribosomes, abundant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and extensive Golgi complexes. However, very few neurosecretory granules are to be seen. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract are likewise enlarged and the paucity of neurosecretory granules is a striking feature also in the area of the tract. The majority of nerve endings in the posterior pituitary of DI-rats are devoid of neurosecretory granules. Microvesicles are abundant in the nerve endings and there are findings which suggest that microvesicles are involved either in endoor exocytosis. The signs of active protein synthesis and the concomitant paucity of neurosecretory granules are interpreted to imply transportation of the secretory proteins in an extragranular phase. The possible mode of release of the secretory proteins from the nerve endings and the role of microvesicles therein are discussed.This study has been supported by grants from the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation. The collaboration of Professors Antti Arstila and Tapani Vanha-Perttula is gratefully acknowledged.The Brattleboro-rats were kindly provided by Dr. Heinz Valtin, to whom we express our thanks.     

Concepts of classic and modern biogeography: Contribution of Russian entomologists

The main stages and ways of development of insect biogeography in Russia are discussed. Three general research programs (studies of ranges, zones, and regions) are described. The role of the regional approach in biogeography is characterized. Some problems related to studies of insect ranges are evaluated, and the need for creating practical range maps is emphasized. The relationships between the insect distribution patterns and the life zones are discussed. The specific features of zonation in insect biogeography are noted. Special attention is paid to establishing the zones with unified population distribution patterns within a species range. The role of geozoological investigations and opportunities of modern information technologies are characterized relative to evaluation of general patterns of insect assemblage distribution. The problems of regionalization in insect biogeography are discussed. Three main approaches (intuitive, a priori, and a posteriori) are determined. Some advantages of using population and assemblage distribution patterns in regionalization are emphasized. The role and possibilities of insect biogeography studies for in the field of reconstruction of past and long-term forecasting are characterized.     

红豆杉营养器官的解剖学研究

通过对红豆杉营养器官的解剖学研究,阐明其根、茎、叶的结构特征,为红豆杉的开发利用研究提供了解剖学依据。研究结果表明红豆杉营养器官具有以下特征：（1）根、茎、叶中均无树脂道;（2）根、茎皮层中均有含单宁类物质的细胞分布;（3）根、茎中均有石细胞分布,（4）叶气孔器为双环型,略内陷;（5）根为二原型,（6）幼根的内皮层具凯氏带加厚,中柱鞘细胞富含单宁类物质;（7）根的次生维管组织中射线发达。     

Revision of the Genera Thyca, Stilifer, Scalenostoma, Mucronalia and Echineulima (Mollusca, Prosobranchia, Eulimidae)

All species that have been described of the genera mentioned in the title are listed and their systematic position given. The species of Stilifer (with 11 species, including S. inflatus sp.n. and 5. concavus sp.n.) are parasites of starfishes. Scalenostoma (3 species) are parasites of stone corals. Thyca (with 8 species) is removed from Capulidae, and included in Eulimidae. T. hawaiiensis sp.n. is described. The species of Thyca are parasites of starfishes. The species of Mucronalia (including M. trilineata sp.n.) are probably parasites of ophiuroids and Echineulima (with 4–6 species, including E. ponderi sp.n.) are parasites of echinoids. All species are figured, their characteristics are given and their host species and distributions are listed. Keys are given to the species of each genus, except Mucronalia. The genera Stilimella Laseron and Hyperlia Pilsbry are synonymized with Scalenostoma and the genera Kiramodulus Kuroda, Granulithyca Habe and Bessomia Berry are considered subgenera of Thyca.     

Simulation of electron beam formation and transport in a gas-filled electron-optical system with a plasma emitter

The results of computer simulations of the electron-optical system of an electron gun with a plasma emitter are presented. The simulations are performed using the KOBRA3-INP, XOOPIC, and ANSYS codes. The results describe the electron beam formation and transport. The electron trajectories are analyzed. The mechanisms of gas influence on the energy inhomogeneity of the beam and its current in the regions of beam primary formation, acceleration, and transport are described. Recommendations for optimizing the electron-optical system with a plasma emitter are presented.