不同CRRT治疗时机对脓毒症合并急性肾功能不全患者疗效及预后的影响

目的:探讨不同持续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)治疗时机对脓毒症合并急性肾功能不全患者的临床疗效及预后的影响。方法:将我院ICU收治的60例脓毒症合并急性肾功能不全患者,按照CRRT治疗时机分为早期组(1-2期,n=30)和晚期组(3期,n=30)。比较两组患者治疗前后不同时点平均动脉压(MAP)、白细胞(WBC)计数、血红蛋白(HB)、血小板(PLT)计数、急性生理学与慢性健康状况(APACHE)Ⅱ评分等临床资料的变化,机械通气时间,肾功能恢复率及28 d病死率等。结果:与早期组比较,晚期组治疗后WBC计数明显升高(P0.05)。治疗后12 h、24 h、72 h,早期组ACHEⅡ评分较晚期组显著降低(P0.05)。与晚期组比较,早期组机械通气时间显著缩短,肾功能恢复明显升高,28d内病死率也明显降低(P0.05)。结论:脓毒症合并急性肾功能不全患者应早期启动CRRT治疗,最佳介入时间是KDIGO-AKI 3期之前,有助于改善患者预后。     

CRRT治疗剂量对脓毒症休克合并急性肾损伤患者免疫功能及预后的影响

目的:探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗(Continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)治疗剂量对脓毒症休克合并急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患者免疫功能及预后的影响。方法:选择2016年3月到2017年12月我院ICU科收治的脓毒症休克合并急性肾损伤(AKI)患者120例,随机分为高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组和对照组四组,每组各30例。对照组采用常规治疗,低剂量组采用20 m L/kg CRRT治疗,中剂量组采用35 m L/kg CRRT治疗,高剂量组采用60 m L/kg CRRT治疗。比较4组治疗前后肾功能、免疫功能指标、APACHEⅡ(Acute Physiology and Chronic Health EvaluationⅡ, APACHEⅡ)评分和SOFA(sequential organ failure assessment)评分分数的变化。结果:治疗后,各组患者血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)和血肌酐(Serum creatinine,Scr)水平、APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分均较治疗前显著降低(P0.05),且高剂量组BUN、Scr、APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分均显著低于其他3组(P0.05),中剂量组和低剂量组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05),而低剂量组BUN和Scr明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,各组患者CD3+、CD4+百分比及CD4+/CD8+比值均较治疗前显著升高(P0.05),且高剂量组CD3+、CD4+百分比及CD4+/CD8+比值高于其他3组(P0.05),中剂量组以上指标显著高于低剂量组和对照组(P0.05),低剂量组以上指标明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:连续性肾脏替代治疗能显著改善脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者肾功能和免疫功能,且效果呈一定的剂量依赖性。     

急诊慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者预后相关因素分析

目的:探讨急诊收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的预后相关因素。方法:选取我院2008年12月-2013年12月急诊收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者94例,根据预后结果分为死亡组17例及存活组77例,回顾分析两组患者的相关资料。结果:存活组较死亡组BMI、血肌酐值、清蛋白、pH值、PaCO2、FT3差异具有统计学意义。死亡组较存活组在APACHEⅡ,CCS,有创通气率及合并肺心病率上差异均具有统计学意义。结果显示合并肺心病率、APACHEⅡ评分、肌酐、清蛋白为影响慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者预后的独立因素。结论:急诊收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者如合并肺心病率,APACHEⅡ评分较高,血肌酐较高,清蛋白较低,这些因素提示我们患者预后较差,需及早进行相关治疗。     

连续肾脏替代疗法治疗重症急性胰腺炎时机的探讨

目的:探讨连续肾脏替代疗法(CRRT)治疗重症急性胰腺炎的最佳时机。方法:选取我院收治的30例重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者为研究对象,按发病后行CRRT的时间分将患者随机为A、B两组,A组发病后72小时内治疗,B组发病后72小时后治疗,分析和比较两组治疗后的临床转归及生命体征变化、APACHEⅡ评分变化急性生理与慢性健康状况、住院费用、平均住院时间。结果:经CRRT治疗后,A组死亡率(14.3%)低于B组(43.7%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A、B两组治疗后体温、心率、呼吸、平均动脉压平稳,A组优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);A组的平均住院时间(15.7±8.9)d、住院费用(107000±65000)万元均明显优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者治疗后APACHEⅡ评分均明显优于治疗前,治疗后A组APACHEⅡ评分明显优于B组,差异显著有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:早期行CRRT能明显改善重症急性胰腺炎患者的疗效和预后,最佳治疗时机可能为发病后72小时内。     

RIFLE标准在高容量血液滤过治疗MODS患者疗效的评价

目的：探讨不同肾功能损害时期行高容量血液滤过（HVHF）治疗对多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）疗效的影响。方法：采用RIFLE标准,将入选的MODS患者按急性肾损伤（AKI）分为AKIⅠ期（A组）、AKIⅡ期（B组）、AKIⅢ期（C组）,以不同AKl分期作为HYI-IF治疗的时机,对比分析不同时期行HVHF治疗MODS患者的死亡率、平均重症监护病房0CU）住院时间（T1）、平均机械通气时间（T2）、平均连续血液滤过治疗时间（T3）,并将HVHF治疗前和治疗24h后的APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、血浆白介素-6（IL-6）、氧合指数、血浆肌酐（Cr）、平均动脉压-（MAP）等结果进行比较。结果：1、AKIⅢ期患者死亡率显著高于AKIⅠ期和AKIⅡ期患者（P〈0．01）;AKIⅡ期患者T1、T2和T3显著高于AKIⅠ期患者（P〈0．01）;2、与AKIⅠ期和AKIⅡ期患者比较,AKIⅢ期患者HVHF治疗前APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、IL-6和Cr均显著增高（P〈0．05）;AKIⅡ期患者HVHF治疗前血浆IL-6显著高于AKIⅠ期患者（P〈0．01）;3、与HVHF治疗前比较,三组患者HVHF治疗24h后IL-6、氧合指数、cr和MAP均显著改善（P〈0．01）：AKIⅢ期患者治疗后的IL-6仍显著高于AKIⅠ期和AKIⅡ期患者;AKIⅠ期和AKIⅡ期患者HVHF治疗24h后APACHEⅡ评分SOFA评分显著降低（P〈0．01）,AKIⅢ期患者治疗前后APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分变化无显著统计学差异。结论：RIFLE标准及IL-6对判断预后有指导意义;AKIⅠ期和Ⅱ期行HVHF可明显改善MODS的预后,而AKIⅠ期行HVHF的疗效更好。     

汶川大地震重症伤员疾病分析

目的:分析汶川大地震重症伤员的疾病种类和治疗效果.方法:选加强监护病房(ICU)重症地震伤员21例作为研究对象,比较不同疾病组患者的一般情况、血液学检查结果、急性生理及慢性健康情况评估(APACHE)Ⅱ评分和治疗效果,对部分患者行动态APACHEⅡ评分.结果:挤压伤组患者血钾浓度显著高于骨折伴并发症或者合并症组,血钙浓度显著低于单纯骨折组(P＜0.05);挤压伤组的血肌酐和天冬氡酸转氨酶(AST)浓度均高于其余各组.但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两周时继续治疗组的APACHEⅡ评分显著高于转出ICU组,而血钠浓度和血钙浓度显著减低(P＜0.05);继续治疗组的血钾和血肌酐浓度明显高于转出ICU组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:重症地震伤员的疾病主要以骨折和挤压伤为主;血钾浓度和血肌酐浓度可初步判断病情的严重程度;对挤压伤患者在恰当时机选择截肢手术对防治挤压综合征是有效的,连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)治疗是挤压综合征患者治疗的重要手段之一;动态APACHEⅡ评分在一定程度上可反映重症患者的病情变化.     

探讨肾功能衰竭患者血清VE-Cad、Ang-2及尿KIM-1表达情况及与病情严重程度的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨肾功能衰竭患者血清血管内皮钙黏蛋白（VE-Cad）、血管生成素2（Ang-2）及尿肾损伤分子1（KIM-1）表达情况及与病情严重程度的相关性。方法：选取我院2018年2月到2021年2月收治的76例慢性肾功能衰竭患者作为研究对象,依照其病情严重程度进行分组,分为肾功能代偿组（n=25）,氮质血症组（n=18）,肾功能衰竭组（n=21）和尿毒症组（n=12）,对比四组患者VE-Cad、Ang-2、KIM-1表达情况,并分析VE-Cad、Ang-2、KIM-1与慢性肾功能衰竭病情严重程度的相关性。对所有患者进行电话随访或复查随访,将76例慢性肾功能衰竭患者依照预后情况分为两个亚组,存活组（n=56）和死亡组（n=20）,对比两组患者临床情况和各指标水平,并应用Logistic回归分析分析VE-Cad、Ang-2、KIM-1对慢性肾功能衰竭预后预测价值。结果：四组患者VE-Cad、Ang-2、KIM-1表达水平差异显著,尿毒症组明显高于肾功能衰竭组、氮质血症组和肾功能代偿组（P＜0.05）;Spearman相关分析结果显示：VE-Cad、Ang-2、KIM-1与慢性肾功能衰竭病情严重程度呈正相关（P＜0.05）;存活组与死亡组患者性别、年龄、BMI、器官衰竭≥2个、少尿、VE-Cad水平对比无差异（P＞0.05）,存活组与死亡组患者APACHEⅡ评分、CysC、Ang-2、KIM-1水平对比差异显著（P＜0.05）;logistic回归分析结果表明,APACHEⅡ评分、CysC、KIM-1为影响慢性肾功能衰竭预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：VE-Cad、Ang-2、KIM-1与慢性肾衰竭患者病情严重程度呈正相关,临床可以考虑参考三者水平来评价慢性肾衰竭患者的病情严重程度。而三者中仅有KIM-1与肾功能衰竭患者的预后情况具有一定关系,因此临床可以考虑在APACHEⅡ评分与CysC预测预后的基础上增加KIM-1指标进行判断,进而提升预后预测准确性。     

脓毒症合并急性肾损伤患者尿液NGAL水平与肾动脉阻力指数、APACHEⅡ评分及28 d病死率的关系

摘要 目的：研究脓毒症合并急性肾损伤（AKI）患者尿液中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）水平与肾动脉阻力指数（RRI）、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分及28 d病死率的关系。方法：选取2017年2月～2019年12月期间我院收治的脓毒症患者251例纳入研究,将其按照是否发生AKI分为AKI组116例和非AKI组135例。检测并比较两组尿液NGAL水平、RRI、APACHEⅡ评分。采用Pearson相关性分析尿液NGAL水平与RRI、APACHEⅡ评分的关系。此外,将AKI组患者按照随访28d时是否死亡分为死亡组32例和存活组84例,比较两组尿液NGAL水平、基线资料、序贯性器官功能衰竭（SOFA）评分以及实验室指标,通过多因素Logistic回归分析脓毒症合并AKI患者28 d死亡率与相关因素的关系。结果：AKI组尿液NGAL水平、RRI、APACHEⅡ评分均明显高于非AKI组（均P＜0.05）。经Pearson相关性分析表明：尿液NGAL水平与RRI、APACHEⅡ评分均呈正相关（均P＜0.05）。死亡组AKI分期2～3期人数占比高于存活组,且SOFA评分、APACHEⅡ评分以及尿液NGAL、尿肾损伤分子-1（Kim-1）水平均高于存活组,而尿胱抑素C（CysC）水平低于存活组（均P＜0.05）。经多因素Logistic回归分析发现：AKI分期2～3期、SOFA评分、APACHEⅡ评分、尿液NGAL以及尿Kim-1均是脓毒症合并AKI患者28 d死亡的危险因素,而尿CysC为其保护因素（均P＜0.05）。结论：尿液NGAL在脓毒症合并AKI患者中明显高表达,且和RRI、APACHEⅡ评分及28 d病死率密切相关。     

基于血清阴离子间隙、白蛋白及APACHEⅡ评分预测重症肺结核患者预后的模型构建与评价

目的：分析基于血清阴离子间隙（AG）、白蛋白（Alb）及急性生理和慢性健康评估Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分构建的预测模型对重症肺结核（PTB）患者的价值。方法：选取2020年10月～2023年1月我院收治的60例重症PTB患者纳入重症PTB组,根据院内生存状态分为死亡组21例和存活组39例,另选取同期我院60名体检健康者纳入对照组。检测血清Alb,AG水平,并计算APACHEⅡ评分。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析重症PTB患者预后影响因素并基于影响因素构建预测模型。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清AG、Alb、APACHEⅡ评分和预测模型对重症PTB患者预后的预测价值。结果：与对照组比较,重症PTB组血清AG水平升高,Alb水平降低（P<0.05）。60例重症PTB患者院内死亡率为35.00%(21/60)。多因素Logistic回归模型分析显示,AG升高、APACHEⅡ评分增加为重症PTB患者预后的独立危险因素,Alb升高为独立保护因素（P<0.05）。重症PTB患者预后预测模型方程Ln (P/1-P)=-0.173+0.105×AG-0.057×Alb+0....     

连续性肾脏替代治疗与间歇性血液透析对急性肾损伤的临床疗效比较

目的:比较连续性肾脏替代治疗与间歇性血液透析对急性肾损伤的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析从2014年2月到2016年2月来我院治疗的急性肾损伤患者50例,按照治疗方法分为连续性肾脏替代治疗(Continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)组与间歇性血液透析(Intermittent hemodialysis,IHD)组,每组各25例。记录两组治疗前的基线数据,治疗前与治疗后的血清C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、血肌酐(Serum creatinine,SCr)含量以及尿量恢复时间、重症监护室(Intensive care unit,ICU)住院时间、心血管事件发生率。结果:CRRT组与IHD组治疗前的一般资料以及尿量、血清CRP、SCr水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗1周后,与IHD组相比,CRRT组血清CRP、SCr水平明显下降,尿量恢复时间、ICU住院时间均明显缩短,心血管发生率(32.0%vs.64.0%)明显下降,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:CRRT治疗急性肾损伤能有效改善患者肾功能,缩短ICU住院时间并提高治疗安全性。     

运动性急性肾损伤与新型肾功能生物标志物

大强度运动中,非创伤性急性肾损伤（acute kindey injury, AKI）经常发生,表现为血尿、蛋白尿、血红蛋白尿等。一般认为,中低程度的运动性急性肾损伤是可逆的,可完全恢复。但动物实验与人类研究均发现,严重的运动性肾损伤会导致“功能性”急性肾损伤发展为“结构性”急性肾损伤,并增加慢性肾病的风险。运动性急性肾损伤对机体的潜在健康威胁已引起国内外相关领域学者的广泛关注。血清肌酐 (serum creatinine, Scr)和尿量作为肾功能的传统经典标志物,不能特异性反映早期肾损伤,而新型肾损伤标志物可进一步明确损伤的位置及严重程度。在运动领域,利用新型生物标志物进行无创性检查,识别早期运动性急性肾损伤非常必要。本文综述了反映肾小球或肾小管损伤、细胞周期停滞和肾损伤修复的新型生物标志物,着重论述了尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL)和肾损伤分子-1（KIM-1)与肾功能的关系,以及长时间耐力运动、急性运动和高强度间歇阻力运动3种运动形式对肾功能的影响,旨在引起重视,精准识别风险,及时进行早干预。     

运动性急性肾损伤与新型肾功能生物标志物

大强度运动中,非创伤性急性肾损伤（acute kindey injury, AKI）经常发生,表现为血尿、蛋白尿、血红蛋白尿等。一般认为,中低程度的运动性急性肾损伤是可逆的,可完全恢复。但动物实验与人类研究均发现,严重的运动性肾损伤会导致“功能性”急性肾损伤发展为“结构性”急性肾损伤,并增加慢性肾病的风险。运动性急性肾损伤对机体的潜在健康威胁已引起国内外相关领域学者的广泛关注。血清肌酐 (serum creatinine, Scr)和尿量作为肾功能的传统经典标志物,不能特异性反映早期肾损伤,而新型肾损伤标志物可进一步明确损伤的位置及严重程度。在运动领域,利用新型生物标志物进行无创性检查,识别早期运动性急性肾损伤非常必要。本文综述了反映肾小球或肾小管损伤、细胞周期停滞和肾损伤修复的新型生物标志物,着重论述了尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL)和肾损伤分子-1（KIM-1)与肾功能的关系,以及长时间耐力运动、急性运动和高强度间歇阻力运动3种运动形式对肾功能的影响,旨在引起重视,精准识别风险,及时进行早干预。     

Dialysis-Requiring Acute Kidney Injury in Denmark 2000-2012: Time Trends of Incidence and Prevalence of Risk Factors—A Nationwide Study

Introduction

Dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury is a severe illness associated with poor prognosis. However, information pertaining to incidence rates and prevalence of risk factors remains limited in spite of increasing focus. We evaluate time trends of incidence rates and changing patterns in prevalence of comorbidities, concurrent medication, and other risk factors in nationwide retrospective cohort study.

Materials and Methods

All patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury were identified between January 1^st 2000 and December 31^st 2012. By cross-referencing data from national administrative registries, the association of changing patterns in dialysis treatment, comorbidity, concurrent medication and demographics with incidence of dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury was evaluated.

Results

A total of 18,561 adult patients with dialysis-requiring AKI were identified between 2000 and 2012. Crude incidence rate of dialysis-requiring AKI increased from 143 per million (95% confidence interval, 137–144) in 2000 to 366 per million (357–375) in 2006, and remained stable hereafter. Notably, incidence of continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CRRT) and use of acute renal replacement therapy in elderly >75 years increased substantially from 23 per million (20–26) and 328 per million (300–355) in 2000, to 213 per million (206–220) and 1124 per million (1076–1172) in 2012, respectively. Simultaneously, patient characteristics and demographics shifted towards increased age and comorbidity.

Conclusions

Although growth in crude incidence rate of dialysis-requiring AKI stabilized in 2006, continuous growth in use of CRRT, and acute renal replacement therapy of elderly patients >75 years, was observed. Our results indicate an underlying shift in clinical paradigm, as opposed to unadulterated growth in incidence of dialysis-requiring AKI.     

Use of a Hanging-weight System for Isolated Renal Artery Occlusion

In hospitalized patients, over 50% of cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) are caused by renal ischemia ^1-3. A recent study of hospitalized patients revealed that only a mild increase in serum creatinine levels (0.3 to 0.4 mg/dl) is associated with a 70% greater risk of death than in persons without any increase ¹. Along these lines, surgical procedures requiring cross-clamping of the aorta and renal vessels are associated with a renal failure rates of up to 30% ⁴. Similarly, AKI after cardiac surgery occurs in over 10% of patients under normal circumstances and is associated with dramatic increases in mortality. AKI are also common complications after liver transplantation. At least 8-17% of patients end up requiring renal replacement therapy ⁵. Moreover, delayed graft function due to tubule cell injury during kidney transplantation is frequently related to ischemia-associated AKI ⁶. Moreover, AKI occurs in approximately 20% of patients suffering from sepsis ⁶.The occurrence of AKI is associated with dramatic increases of morbidity and mortality ¹. Therapeutic approaches are very limited and the majority of interventional trials in AKI have failed in humans. Therefore, additional therapeutic modalities to prevent renal injury from ischemia are urgently needed ^{3, 7-9}. To elucidate mechanisms of renal injury due to ischemia and possible therapeutic strategies murine models are intensively required ^7-13. Mouse models provide the possibility of utilizing different genetic models including gene-targeted mice and tissue specific gene-targeted mice (cre-flox system). However, murine renal ischemia is technically challenging and experimental details significantly influence results. We performed a systematic evaluation of a novel model for isolated renal artery occlusion in mice, which specifically avoids the use of clamping or suturing the renal pedicle ¹⁴. This model requires a nephrectomy of the right kidney since ischemia can be only performed in one kidney due to the experimental setting. In fact, by using a hanging-weight system, the renal artery is only instrumented once throughout the surgical procedure. In addition, no venous or urethral obstruction occurs with this technique. We could demonstrate time-dose-dependent and highly reproducible renal injury with ischemia by measuring serum creatinine. Moreover, when comparing this new model with conventional clamping of the whole pedicle, renal protection by ischemic preconditioning is more profound and more reliable. Therefore his new technique might be useful for other researchers who are working in the field of acute kidney injury.     

Acute Kidney Injury Enhances Outcome Prediction Ability of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score in Critically Ill Patients

Introduction

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and also often part of a multiple organ failure syndrome. The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is an excellent tool for assessing the extent of organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome prediction ability of SOFA and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III score in ICU patients with AKI.

Methods

A total of 543 critically ill patients were admitted to the medical ICU of a tertiary-care hospital from July 2007 to June 2008. Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were prospectively recorded for post hoc analysis as predictors of survival on the first day of ICU admission.

Results

One hundred and eighty-seven (34.4%) patients presented with AKI on the first day of ICU admission based on the risk of renal failure, injury to kidney, failure of kidney function, loss of kidney function, and end-stage renal failure (RIFLE) classification. Major causes of the ICU admissions involved respiratory failure (58%). Overall in-ICU mortality was 37.9% and the hospital mortality was 44.7%. The predictive accuracy for ICU mortality of SOFA (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves: 0.815±0.032) was as good as APACHE III in the AKI group. However, cumulative survival rates at 6-month follow-up following hospital discharge differed significantly (p<0.001) for SOFA score ≤10 vs. ≥11 in these ICU patients with AKI.

Conclusions

For patients coexisting with AKI admitted to ICU, this work recommends application of SOFA by physicians to assess ICU mortality because of its practicality and low cost. A SOFA score of ≥ “11” on ICU day 1 should be considered an indicator of negative short-term outcome.     

老年重症肺炎患者机械通气后短期预后的相关影响因素分析

目的：探讨分析该疾病患者短期预后的相关影响因素。方法：对120例老年重症肺炎机械通气患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,采用Logistic回归分析法,对老年重症肺炎患者的机械通气后的病死率与并发症的相关因素进行分析。结果：病死率为29．17％,经回归分析后,病死率与心力衰竭、电解质紊乱与酸碱失衡、肝功能衰竭以及呼吸衰竭等因素有关（P〈0．05）;而与循环衰竭、胃肠损害（消化道出血异常）以及气胸等因素无关（P〉0．05）;影响患者短期预后的独立预测因素包括：高急性生理与慢性健康评分（APACHEII）、高急性生理学评分（APS）、低格拉斯哥昏迷（GCS）评分以及低白蛋白水平。结论：老年重症肺炎患者机械通气后,能够引起心力衰竭等症状,影响患者短期预后情况的重要因素。     

Incidence and Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Aims

Acute kidney injury is a classical complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has reported the incidence and characteristics of acute kidney injury since the consensus definition was issued.

Methods

Retrospective study of all cases of severe diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalised consecutively in a medical surgical tertiary ICU during 10 years. Patients were dichotomised in with AKI and without AKI on admission according to the RIFLE classification. Clinical and biological parameters were compared in these populations. Risk factors of presenting AKI on admission were searched for.

Results

Ninety-four patients were included in the study. According to the RIFLE criteria, 47 patients (50%) presented acute kidney injury on admission; most of them were in the risk class (51%). At 12 and 24 hours, the percentage of AKI patients decreased to 26% and 27% respectively. During the first 24 hours, 3 patients needed renal replacement therapy. Acute renal failure on admission was associated with a more advanced age, SAPS 2 and more severe biological impairments. Treatments were not different between groups except for insulin infusion. Logistic regression found 3 risk factors of presenting AKI on admission: age (odds ratio 1.060 [1.020–1.100], p<0.01), blood glucose (odds ratio 1.101 [1.039–1.166], p<0.01) and serum protein (odds ratio 0.928 [0.865–0.997], p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Acute kidney injury is frequently associated with severe diabetic ketoacidosis on admission in ICU. Most of the time, this AKI is transient and characterised by a volume-responsiveness to fluid infusion used in DKA treatment. Age, blood glucose and serum protein are associated to the occurrence of AKI on ICU admission.     

Renal Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury: A Mouse Model of Injury and Regeneration

Renal ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients and occlusion of renal blood flow is unavoidable during renal transplantation. Experimental models that accurately and reproducibly recapitulate renal IRI are crucial in dissecting the pathophysiology of AKI and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Presented here is a mouse model of renal IRI that results in reproducible AKI. This is achieved by a midline laparotomy approach for the surgery with one incision allowing both a right nephrectomy that provides control tissue and clamping of the left renal pedicle to induce ischaemia of the left kidney. By careful monitoring of the clamp position and body temperature during the period of ischaemia this model achieves reproducible functional and structural injury. Mice sacrificed 24 hr following surgery demonstrate loss of renal function with elevation of the serum or plasma creatinine level as well as structural kidney damage with acute tubular necrosis evident. Renal function improves and the acute tissue injury resolves during the course of 7 days following renal IRI such that this model may be used to study renal regeneration. This model of renal IRI has been utilized to study the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of AKI as well as analysis of the subsequent renal regeneration.