广西紫金牛属野生观赏植物的综合评价

利用层次分析法,综合观赏价值、资源开发潜力、生物学特性三大约束因素共14个指标,对分布于广西的29种紫金牛属野生观赏植物进行综合评价。结果表明:按照开发利用价值的高低,可将29个种(变种)根据轻重缓急划分为4个等级,其中:Ⅰ级:开发利用价值高的种类,5个;Ⅱ级:开发利用价值较高的种类,9个;Ⅲ级:开发利用价值一般的种类,9个;Ⅳ级:开发利用价值较低的种类,6个。研究结果将为科学、合理地开发利用广西紫金牛属野生观赏植物资源提供决策依据。     

基于AHP法黑龙江多宝山铜业矿山排土场植物筛选

以黑龙江多宝山铜业矿山排土场边坡植被恢复和景观重建的植被筛选为目的,在对矿区本底植物调查、黑龙江省栽培植物调查的基础上,运用层次分析法（analytic hierarchy process,AHP）构建生态适应性、生态防护性、绿化效果、经济性4个方面10个具体指标的筛选评价体系,对74种植物进行权重排序,最终筛选出适用于多宝山铜业矿山排土场植被修复的乔木、灌木、草本共计20种,为矿山排土场生态环境的改善和景观重建提供了植物选择,也为我国寒区其他矿山排土场生态修复植物的选择提供一些实践借鉴。     

Breed differences in frequency of BoLA specificities*

A total of 675 cattle of five purebred and one crossbred group were tested for lymphocyte antigens. The purebred animals represented progeny of 107 sires. Lymphocytotoxicity sera obtained from parous cows were used to detect six antigens which are controlled by codominant alleles at the BoLA-TxA locus. Gene frequencies for the six alleles varied within breeds and large differences were observed between breeds for a given allele.     

黄河三角洲人工恢复芦苇湿地生态系统健康评价

研究目的是对黄河三角洲人工恢复芦苇湿地生态系统的健康状况进行评价。按照层次分析法的思想,从环境、植物群落和植物生理生化特征等3个方面构建评价指标体系。在专家意见的基础上,确定各个指标的权重,计算生态系统健康指数。通过与自然芦苇湿地对比,对人工恢复芦苇湿地的健康状况进行评价。结果显示:人工恢复芦苇湿地的土壤有机质、全氮和全盐含量、群落盖度、密度和地上生物量等指标显著低于自然芦苇湿地,地表水电导率、叶片的APX、DHAR、MDHAR等酶的活性显著高于自然芦苇湿地,其生态系统健康指数低于自然芦苇湿地。这说明在短时间内,人工恢复芦苇湿地的健康状况和自然芦苇湿地还存在一定差距。恢复时间对生态系统健康评价有重要影响,长时间尺度上监测数据的积累是全面、深入了解生态系统、评价生态系统健康状况所必需的。     

大型医院科技节能整体解决策略研究与实践

医院节能工作是一项系统工作,采用层次分析法建立医院节能策略评估模型,对医院节能领域进行分析,指导节能工作决策,制订医院节能建设规划,将节能技术的突破和合理使用作为节能的核心,统筹安排,分步实施,同时利用专业化能源诊断、审计及能源信息化的手段做好节能管理,提高了我院的能源使用效率,降低运行成本。     

Determination of forest fire risk with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and its mapping with the application of GIS: The case of Turkey/Çakırlar

The objectives of this study are the determination of forest fire risks with the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and the mapping of risk levels with the use of geographic information systems (GIS). Socioeconomic, topographic, climatic, and stand structures have been taken into consideration as instrumental criteria in terms of fire risk. Each risk criteria and their sub-criteria membership grades have been determined with the fuzzy set theory. Five-scale fuzzy linguistic importance has been used for pairwise comparison matrices. Criterion weights have been mapped with the use of GIS, and a final risk map was established with weighted overlay analysis. Socioeconomic properties had the highest impact on fire risk with 35%. The high risk degree of this criterion manifests in shrublands with substantial fuel loads and young Calabrian pine forests in low elevation areas at the edge of roads, urban and urban periphery areas, south sloping, and steep sloped areas. The lowest risk degree was manifest in stands of cedar, black pine, and juniper forests, qualifying as old growth spreading in sub-mountain areas where land usage is rather low. Experiences regarding high accuracy fire risk determination and decision support approaches for fire risk management have been discussed and concluded in terms of applied FAHP and GIS procedures.     

层次分析法在粤北高速公路沿线绿化树种选择中的运用

以广东省仁化至博罗高速公路(仁化至新丰段路)为例,通过对该路段沿线乡土植物调查,运用层次分析法(AHP)对388种乡土植物的环境适应性、培植特性、功能特性和经济效应进行评价和综合分析。结果表明,在一级指标中,环境适应性权重最大(0.5476);其次是功能特性(0.2051)。在选取的14个二级指标中, 耐贫瘠权重最大(0.1642),耐旱能力和耐寒性的权重相对也比较大,分别为0.1533、0.0916。根据AHP模型,对所调查的388种乡土植物进行评价,其中评分80分以上适宜高速公路绿化的有64种。结合观赏性、耐寒性评价和市场苗木供应情况最终筛选出20种乡土植物作为仁新高速沿线绿化的建议树种。     

Genetic structure of Eurasian cattle (Bos taurus) based on microsatellites: clarification for their breed classification1

We pool three previously published data sets and present population genetic analyses of microsatellite variation in 48 Bos taurus cattle breeds from a wide range of geographical origins in Eurasia, mostly its northern territory. Bayesian model‐based clustering reveals six distinct clusters: besides a single‐population cluster of the Yakutian Cattle from Far Eastern Siberia and a cluster of breeds characteristic of an early origin, the other four major clusters largely correspond to previously defined morphological subgroups of Red Lowland, Lowland Black‐Pied, Longhorned Dairy and North European Polled cattle breeds. The results highlighted past expansion events of the productive breeds such as Danish Red, Angeln, Holstein‐Friesian and Ayrshire in northern and Eastern Europe. Based on genetic assignment of the breeds and the availability of breed information, we provide a preliminary classification of the five breeds that were to date undefined. Furthermore, in the analysis of molecular variance, despite some correspondence between geographical proximity and genetic similarity, the breed classification appears to be a better predictor of genetic structure in the cattle populations (the among‐group variance component: breed classification, 2.47%, P < 0.001; geographical division, 0.77%, P < 0.001).     

向海退化盐沼湿地修复效果评估

向海自然保护区位于中国东北地区西部的半湿润半干旱气候区,是盐碱沼泽湿地集中分布区。近年来,受到气候变化和人类活动的影响,湿地退化严重,生物多样性下降。基于\"压力—状态—响应\"理论,利用层次分析方法构建湿地修复效果评估模型,构建了3个综合指标和19个评价因子在内的湿地评价指标体系,对退化湿地修复效果进行评估。结果表明,与2015年相比,2017年仙鹤岛修复示范区湿地植被盖度在原有基础上提高45.83%,水禽数量和种类分别提高40.41%和61.54%,水质综合污染指数下降了8.70%,土壤盐度指数下降了8.82%。与2015年的湿地评价值0.4481相比,2017年湿地评价值为0.5537,修复效果值提高了23.57%,向海湿地的退化状况得到明显改善,达到了湿地的修复效果,该研究对于湿地的恢复与管理具有一定意义。     

森林资源质量状况评价方法及其在川西米亚罗林区的应用

为明确每一森林小班内森林资源的质量状况,以便为林场采取合理的森林经营措施提供科学依据。以森林小班调查内容为基础,借鉴前人的研究成果,结合专家咨询,构建了一套森林资源质量状况的评价指标体系,并提出了简便易行、贴近生产实践的森林资源质量状况评价方法。评价指标体系由森林的自然性、森林生产力的维持能力和森林群落的结构完整性与稳定性3个方面构成,包括林分起源、龄组、林分密度等15个评价指标。采用层次分析法、专家咨询法确定各评价指标的权重值,并引入黄金分割理论,结合专家意见、相关标准规范划分了各评价指标的评价级别及其得分。整个林场森林资源质量状况等级根据森林小班评价结果的加权得出。以川西林业局管辖的301林场和303林场为例进行了评价试用,结果表明:301林场的一级质量小班数比例为45.65%,森林资源质量状况评价得分为0.59,评价级别为二级(一般);303林场的一级质量小班数比例为64.80%,森林资源质量状况评价得分为0.63,评价级别为一级(好)。结合有关研究成果和研究区域的实际情况,认为评价结果能较客观地反映森林资源质量的真实状况,评价方法具有较强的实用性。探讨了本方法在森林资源质量状况评价研究中的优缺点。     

基于层次分析法的厦门环岛路区域植物景观彩化提升评价

运用层次分析法,从生态价值、景观价值、主观感知、经济适用性和功能性5个方面出发,采用物种丰富度、植被类型多样性、植物单体观赏特性、平面构图、色彩构成、意境美、文化内涵、植物健康度等22个指标构建厦门-环岛路区域金砖会议期间植物景观彩化提升评价模型。使用评价标准对77个景观单元进行评价分级,其中,16个Ⅰ级景观单元可作为今后景观提升的参考。最后,综合此次评价结果对厦门市植物景观彩化提升项目提出几点改良建议。     

基于层次分析法的67种爵床科植物观赏价值综合评价

基于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园收集保存的爵床科植物资源,运用层次分析法构建评价体系,对67种具有园林应用潜力的爵床科植物进行观赏价值综合评价。结果表明,在一级指标中,花观赏性所占权重最大,表示花观赏性在爵床科植物观赏价值综合评价中是最重要的方面;在二级指标中,花(序)量、花(序)色鲜艳度和盛花期时长对爵床科植物观赏价值的影响权重均超过10%,对评价结果有较大影响,而花(序)大小、花后观赏性和叶片盖度对爵床科植物观赏价值的影响权重均低于5%,对评价结果影响较小。依据指标权重和评分标准,对67种爵床科植物的观赏价值进行综合评分并划分等级,赤苞花(Megaskepasma erythrochlamys)、宽叶十万错(Asystasia gangetica)、鸟尾花(Crossandra infundibuliformis)、翠芦莉(Ruellia simplex)、翼叶山牵牛(Thunbergia alata)、金苞花(Pachystachys lutea)、黄花老鸦嘴(Thunbergia mysorensis)、白苞爵床(Justicia betonica)、叉花草(Strobilanthes hamiltoniana)、绯红珊瑚花(Pachystachys coccinea)、白金羽花(Schaueria calytricha)、山牵牛(Thunbergia grandiflora)等12种植物的观赏价值较高,综合评价等级为Ⅰ级,具有较好的园林应用前景。     

基于AHP法构建龙船花属植物园林应用综合评价体系

为使龙船花属Ixora 植物在园林配置中得到合理、科学的应用,采用层次分析法(AHP法)构建龙船花属植物园林应用综合评价体系。从观赏性、适应性、配置应用等3方面选取花色、花序大小、小花数量、花冠裂片形状、花期、花叶比例、叶色、株高、株型、耐寒性、光照适应性、耐湿性、耐旱性、丛植或片植、孤植、盆栽等16个指标,通过构建判断矩阵计算各层次指标权重,准则层的权重范围为0.2017～0.4547,指标层的权重范围为0.0159～0.1308。采用3个标度赋值各指标的相对重要性,制定评价体系的评分标准。为检验该评价体系的可行性,选取9种常见龙船花植物进行综合评价,评价显示：邦德红仙丹草I. coccinea var. bandhuca、橙红龙船花I. coccinea、龙船花I. chinensis得分最高,具有较好的园林应用前景。该评价体系具有可行性,可为龙船花属植物引种及园林应用提供参考。     

基于层次分析法对白垩纪短脉螽科昆虫后足胫节端距的游泳能力检测*

短脉螽科是直翅目昆虫的一个中生代灭绝类群,其最重要特征之一是后足胫节末端具有3—4根较长的距,可以分为长刺状、棒状和叶状等3种类型。在假设短脉螽科具有游泳能力条件下,利用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)探讨短脉螽不同后足胫节端距类型对游泳能力的贡献。分析表明短脉螽科昆虫中,具有叶状端距的类型更有利于提高该类昆虫的游泳能力。短脉螽科昆虫后足端距的高分异度,表明该科昆虫在白垩纪的近水环境不同生态位中均具有较好的适应性。     

酵母菌快速鉴定新方法:用DHPA法及ID 32C试条鉴定酵母菌

目的：建立酵母菌快速鉴定新方法。方法：依据双歧鉴定法和层次分析原理建立DHPA法,用DHPA法及ID32C试条鉴定酵母菌。结果：DHPA法和32C法对酵母菌63个KIU鉴定的正确性均为100％。DHPA法与32C法对酵母菌3759个试验编码分析的总符合率为81．5％。结论：DHPA法解决了32C法存在的缺码或不能鉴定问题,是酵母菌准确、快速、简便、经济和实用的鉴定方法。     

基于层次分析法的江苏宁镇山脉乡土树种评价

为了筛选适宜南京地区的优良城市绿化树种,在野外调查和问卷调查的基础上,利用层次分析法(AHP)建立江苏宁镇山脉乡土树种评价体系,对该区域的乡土树种进行客观的定量分析。结果表明:(1)乡土树种作为城市绿化树种应首先考虑抗逆性,其次是生态价值、美学价值和生物学特性;(2)参与评价的41种宁镇山脉乡土树种可分为4类,其中I类乡土树种应大力推广应用,Ⅱ类乡土树种可作为森林城市树种多样性的有益补充,Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类乡土树种作为城市绿化树种仍有一定的差距。13种Ⅰ类乡土树种作为城市绿化树种具有良好的应用前景。     

Linkage disequilibrium structures in cattle and their application to breed identification testing

We examined the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) block lengths in four breed populations: Japanese Black, Angus, Hereford and Holstein. Three chromosomal regions in which QTL were previously mapped in Japanese Black populations were scanned with 84 microsatellite markers. The estimated LD lengths in these four purebred populations varied from 535 to 683 kb, which is much shorter than the values reported previously. Our findings suggest that QTL can be mapped in sub-centimorgan regions in these populations using an LD-mapping method. We also developed breed identification methods to distinguish Japanese Black from Angus, Hereford, Holstein and F₁ animals (Japanese Black × Holstein) respectively using the haplotypic frequencies of a pair of markers in the breed populations. After assessing the distributions of posterior probabilities to be Japanese Black, we obtained several pairs of markers that completely distinguished Japanese Black from the other breeds. We also obtained several combinations of six markers that completely distinguished Japanese Black animals from F₁ animals.