几种没有细胞壁结构的原核微生物

几种没有细胞壁结构的原核微生物陈宏伟（黑龙江省克山师范专科学校生物系１６１６０１）朱蕴兰（黑龙江省克山师范专科学校附中１６１６０４）原核生物细胞壁对其形态和生命活动是有一定意义的。原核生物均具有细胞壁,一型细菌类菌体、枝原体及类菌枝原质体是原核微生物...     

我国微生物分类学发展现状及面临的挑战——“第七届全国微生物资源学术暨国际微生物系统与分类学研讨会”专刊序言

2015年8月,"第七届全国微生物资源学术暨国际微生物系统与分类学研讨会"在浙江省杭州市顺利召开。会议重点围绕微生物资源与分类领域的新技术、新方法和新进展开展学术研讨与交流,展示了我国微生物资源与分类领域的研究水平和发展前景;会议特别举办了"微生物系统与分类学"专题培训。"微生物资源学术研讨会"与《微生物学通报》首次合作,出版了一期"微生物资源"主题刊,在微生物新分类单元有效发表方面做了有益探索,期望该期论文集有助于促进我国微生物资源与分类领域的交流和发展。     

原核微生物的多样性

微生物是一群以分解代谢为主的重要生物类群,其生物学多样性十分丰富。但由于它们的微观性,尤其原核微生物简单的单细胞结构、以无性方式进行快速地繁殖而造成的无准确的基线难以对其进行种群数目和数量的统计,因而对微生物的多样性研究远没有宏观生物那样深入和受到重视。本文根据原核微生物的特性,从其物种、所代表的进化分支、生理代谢类群及遗传背景几个方面简述了它们的多样性及重要意义,意在引起科学界和全社会对这类生物资源的认识和保护的重视。     

与日本有关的一些原核微生物种属的规范和分类

以地理位置和人名命名是原核微生物命名中最常见的方式之一。基于中日(东亚汉语圈)同文,从拉丁文转译时,错译和/或误译涉及日本和琉球的菌名是不允许的。本文初步介绍一些涉及日本和琉球地名、机构和人名的原核微生物,提出了机构简写的中文规范命名,指出日本有优势的领域如放线菌研究,从打破文化隔阂的角度,藉此加强中日微生物领域的交流与合作。     

原核微生物铁超氧化物歧化酶的分子进化

超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）在维持生物体内超氧阴离子自由基产生与消除的动态平衡中起着重要的作用。铁超氧化物歧化酶（ge—SOD）是原核生物和真核生物细胞器中专一的SOD酶,通过GenBank中搜集的原核生物Fe—SOD进行比对分析发现,Fe-SOD是相对保守的蛋白质,其中包含2个保守区域和1个可变区域,金属结合位点固定,Fe．SOD序列的比对可以反映物种间的进化关系,是研究原核生物分子进化的理想素材。     

从IJSEM发表的论文看我国的微生物分类

介绍了各国 2 0 0 3年在IJSEM杂志发表论文的情况 ,我国学者在微生物分类学领域所做的工作 ,并对几个值得重视的问题进行了述评。     

不同药用植物根际土壤原核微生物多样性研究

为研究不同药用植物根际土壤中的原核微生物多样性,分别采集白术(Atractylodes macrocephala)、白芍(Paeonia sterniana)、牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)、玄参(Scrophularia ningpoensis)四种药用植物的根际土壤以及非种植区的土壤,针对16S rRNA基因的V3～V4区进行测序,分析土壤细菌群落的组成。结果表明,药用植物根际土壤中的细菌群落多样性指数显著高于非种植区土壤。五组样本的优势类群差异不大,总体相对丰度较高的有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)等,药用植物根际中的放线菌相对丰度高于非种植区。属水平上四种药用植物根际细菌和非种植区的群落结构有较大差异,四种中药材的根际土壤中各自富集了特异性的有益细菌属。药用植物根际土壤中的NMD1、Dongia、Gaiella、Streptomyces等相对丰度高于非种植区,而非种植区土壤中Lysoba...     

蓝钟花属的种子形态学研究及其分类学意义

对蓝钟花属(Cyananthus)11种植物的种子在体视显微镜和扫描电镜下的外部形态、内部结构以及微形态特征进行研究.结果表明:蓝钟花属种子呈窄卵形,表面光滑,颜色多为黑色、褐色至棕色,其中多年生组表面具有特殊黑色斑纹;胚属短小型,胚乳白色或棕色,胶质或脂质;种皮表面纹饰为条纹型,网壁螺旋排列或平行排列,又可细分为阔网状条纹、窄网状条纹与一般性条纹三种类型.种子形态在属下三组间差异明显,种子长度、表面颜色及表面纹饰为属内组的划分提供了重要依据.此外,一年生组各种在种子形态上分化最为明显,可能与其较强的适应性有关.     

原核微生物之竿菌

140多年前发表的竿菌和杆(小杆)菌同属最早发现和定名的细菌类之一,迄今已有成百上千的菌种得到鉴定、分类和命名。中文微生物学命名和整理滞后,引发了一些不必要的麻烦和困惑,不利于我国微生物学的普及发展和国际交流。本文试图对已经合格发表的近100属1 130多种竿菌进行系统的形态学(含芽孢和/或孢子)、生境、生物化学和细菌属性梳理和分类,理清和制定竿菌种属的中文-拉丁文互译规则,有利于推动中外交流和发展。     

球类原核微生物

球类或类球(果菌、球菌、璆菌、卵菌、橄菌等)微生物是原核微生物最早发现、最重要和最常见的细胞生命形态之一,迄今已有果菌140余属800多种60多亚种,球菌30余属60多种,璆菌10余属20多种,八球菌7属40多种,橄菌9属10多种,卵菌10余属30多种,合计约210属1 000余种和亚种。国内外对这些微生物的总结分析较少,本文试图对此进行系统的总结和规范,明确其形态特征、生境、生化、多样性和域归属,以推动对此类微生物分类和功能的进一步研发,推动国际间的交流与合作。     

微生物在成矿及矿区环境修复中的应用研究现状

随着近代微生物学与地质学研究的不断发展和深入,微生物在矿业相关领域的基础和应用研究日益受到重视。本文总结了近年来微生物及其技术在找矿、选矿、采矿等方面的应用研究进展情况,并着重对微生物在矿产的成矿以及废弃矿区的环境修复方面的研究进行了详细介绍。     

2008-2017年度微生物资源分类方向申请与资助情况

本文简要统计分析了2008至2017年度国家自然科学基金微生物学科在资源、分类和系统发育方向的项目申请、受理和资助情况。针对本方向项目资助与管理过程中的突出问题,对未来工作提出若干建议。     

A phylogenomic resolution for the taxonomy of Aegean green lizards

Lacerta pamphylica and Lacerta trilineata are two currently recognized green lizard species with a historically problematic taxonomy. In cases of tangled phylogenies, next-generation sequencing and double-digest restriction-site-associated DNA protocols can provide a wealth of genomic data and resolve difficult taxonomic issues. Here, we generated genome-wide SNPs and mitochondrial sequences, and applied molecular species delimitation approaches to provide a stable taxonomy for the Aegean green lizards. Mitochondrial gene trees, genetic cluster delimitation and population structure analyses converged into recognizing the populations of (a) L. pamphylica, (b) east Aegean islands, Anatolia and Thrace (diplochondrodes lineage), (c) central Aegean islands (citrovittata), and (d) remaining Balkan populations and islands (trilineata), as separate clusters. Phylogenomic analyses revealed a split into two major clades, east and west of the Aegean Barrier, unambiguously showing a sister–clade relationship between pamphylica and diplochondrodes, rendering L. trilineata paraphyletic. Species delimitation models were tested in a Bayesian framework using the genomic SNPs: lumping all populations into a single ‘species’ had the lowest likelihood but the current taxonomy was also outperformed by all other models. All lines of evidence support the Pamphylian green lizard as a valid species; thus, east Aegean L. trilineata should also be considered a distinct species under the name Lacerta diplochondrodes. Finally, evidence from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes is overwhelmingly in favour of recognizing the morphologically distinct Cycladian green lizards as a distinct species. We propose their elevation to full species under the name Lacerta citrovittata. All remaining insular and continental populations of the Balkan Peninsula represent the species L. trilineata.     

The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists

This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional "kingdoms." The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.     

Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus

The tribe Cercosaurini is one of the most poorly studied groups of the lizard family Gymnophthalmidae. Recent studies have suggested that two cercosauriine genera, Neusticurus and Proctoporus , are polyphyletic. The aim of the current study was to rectify the polyphyletic relationships and construct a phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini that is congruent with evolutionary history. Neusticurus is divided into two genera, one of them new ( Potamites ), based on the clades recovered by molecular studies and previously discussed morphological data. Proctoporus is divided into three genera, one of which is new ( Petracola ), while an older name ( Riama ) is resurrected for another. All five genera are described and defined and taxonomic keys are presented. This study represents an important advance in rectifying the taxonomy of the Cercosaurini. Many other para- and polyphyletic genera remain in the Gymnophthalmidae and much future work on this group is warranted.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 143 , 405–416.     

Characters: the central mystery of taxonomy and systematics

Taxonomic and systematic theory is hopelessly confused because the term character has nine different, previously confused, meanings. After a historical analysis, it is shown that some form pairs, one used in taxonomy (= operational identification of phenetic patterns of character x individual spread) and the other in systematics (= theoretical analysis of patterns of taxonomy). On the basis of a stratigramy model, names are given to each usage and are defined for taxonomy, then systematics, as necessary: component : (tax.) a defined bit-or-piece of one individual (no syst. meaning); homology : (tax.) conceptual identity of components of several individuals, attributable (syst.) to common ancestry; homology avatar : (tax.) case of recognized homology which (syst.) shows broad phylogenetic continuity (e.g. eye) (= character sensu Sokal and Sneath); homolostratum/homology state : (tax.) specified condition of a homology avatar whose distribution (syst.) enables cladogenetic happenings to be identified (e.g. colour:red/green/blue/etc.) (= character state of Sokal and Sneath); character sensu stricto : (tax.) homolostratum limited to a taxon which (syst.), with hierarchy, identifies chronological sequences of most cladogenetic happenings; taxonomoids : (tax.) mixed group of homolostrata, including yet unknown characters, that identifies a taxon and so (syst.) has same role as characters (= roughly symplesiomorphies); Ante- (Ah) and Post-(Ph) happening characters : (tax.) the hierarchy levels immediately above and below an empty level which (syst.) reveal a cladistic happening (= roughly one usage of synapomorphies and apomorphies).     

我国植物种级水平分类学研究刍议

对洪德元先生最近在《生物多样性》(2016年第24卷第3期)发表的《关于提高物种划分合理性的意见》一文中的部分观点进行了进一步阐述。强调我国植物确实还存在大量种级水平的分类学问题有待解决, 我国植物分类学研究在一些重要发展阶段(如系统阶段和物种生物学阶段)上存在明显缺失, 需要弥补。指出分类学发展到今天, 不宜再强调“经典分类学”和“实验分类学”之分, 应采用多学科手段解决分类学问题; 我国应加强植物分类专著水平的研究工作, 注意培养年轻一辈植物分类学专著工作者; 在分类处理中应用居群概念和统计学方法时应特别谨慎; 在系统植物学中接受物种概念的多元性是必要的, 但要向达到广义的生物学种概念努力, 不宜以有所谓的“归并派”和“细分派”之分为借口而完全主观地划分物种。     

A New Species of the Genus Tor from Yunnan, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

A new species of the subfamily Barbinae, Tor yingjiangensis, is recognized from Yunnan province, China. It can be distinguished from other Tor species by the following combination of characters: last simple dorsal-fin ray osseous and non-serrated; no forward directed predorsal procumbent spine; head length considerably longer than body depth; no tubercles on the snout or sides of the face; 18–20 gill rakers on the outside of first gill arch; 24–26 lateral line scales; median lobe of lower lip short, its posterior margin truncate, not extending to the vertical across the inner corners of the mouth; and the condition of the lower lip consistent in individuals of different sizes. The new species has been misidentified previously as Tor putitora (Hamilton, F. 1822. An account of the fishes found in the River Ganges and its Branches. Edinburgh & London. 405 pp), which occurs in the Ganges and Indus River basins. The new species can easily be distinguished from T. putitora by having 3–3.5 (vs. 2.5) scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin origin, shorter caudal peduncle length (13.0% vs. 17.2% of standard length), lesser body depth (26.4% vs. 24.0% of standard length) and longer caudal peduncle depth (12.0% vs. 10.9% of standard length), no longitudinal stripe present along side of body, and eyes visible in ventral view of head.     

Integrating DNA data and traditional taxonomy to streamline biodiversity assessment: an example from edaphic beetles in the Klamath ecoregion, California, USA

Conservation and land management decisions may be misguided by inaccurate or misinterpreted knowledge of biodiversity. Non‐systematists often lack taxonomic expertise necessary for an accurate assessment of biodiversity. Additionally, there are far too few taxonomists to contribute significantly to the task of identifying species for specimens collected in biodiversity studies. While species level identification is desirable for making informed management decisions concerning biodiversity, little progress has been made to reduce this taxonomic deficiency. Involvement of non‐systematists in the identification process could hasten species identification. Incorporation of DNA sequence data has been recognized as one way to enhance biodiversity assessment and species identification. DNA data are now technologically and economically feasible for most scientists to apply in biodiversity studies. However, its use is not widespread and means of its application has not been extensively addressed. This paper illustrates how such data can be used to hasten biodiversity assessment of species using a little‐known group of edaphic beetles. Partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I was sequenced for 171 individuals of feather‐wing beetles (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae) from the Klamath ecoregion, which is part of a biodiversity hotspot, the California Floristic Province. A phylogram of these data was reconstructed via parsimony and the strict consensus of 28,000 equally parsimonious trees was well resolved except for peripheral nodes. Forty‐two voucher specimens were selected for further identification from clades that were associated with many synonymous and non‐synonymous nucleotide changes. A ptiliid taxonomic expert identified nine species that corresponded to monophyletic groups. These results allowed for a more accurate assessment of ptiliid species diversity in the Klamath ecoregion. In addition, we found that the number of amino acid changes or percentage nucleotide difference did not associate with species limits. This study demonstrates that the complementary use of taxonomic expertise and molecular data can improve both the speed and the accuracy of species‐level biodiversity assessment. We believe this represents a means for non‐systematists to collaborate directly with taxonomists in species identification and represents an improvement over methods that rely solely on parataxonomy or sequence data.