Urea Excretion in Isoparorchis hypselobagri (Billet, 1898)

To understand the nature and amount of excretory products of Isoparorchis hypselobagri, a digenetic trematode inhabiting the swim bladder of Wallago attu the parasites were kept in PBS media without glucose (control) and with glucose (treated) successfully up to 300 h and estimated different excretory products in the media after every alternate 12 h. The quantitative estimation of urea excreted by I. hypselobagri is done. It is lower when the flukes were kept in vitro in the control incubation media than in the treated incubation media. The highest amount of urea excreted in control media was 18.563 mg % at 276 h, and in treated condition 29.759 mg % after 216 h of incubation, while the lowest amount of urea excreted, 6.08 mg %, in control media and 10.343 mg % in treated media respectively after 12 h of incubation. The results were highly significant at 5 % level. The rate of change of excretion of urea in treated condition after every 12 h of incubation time interval was also studied. In the swim bladder washings of host urea is also present in significant amount and the amount excreted depends on the number of parasites harbor. From the results presence of both ammonotelic and ureotelic conditions are suggested.     

Renal Excretion of Digoxin in Swine and Goats

In experiments on swine and goats the renal excretion of digoxin was examined, and it was found that the renal clearance of non-protein-bound digoxin in swine was lower than creatinine clearance which expresses filtration clearance. Correlation analysis showed that the renal clearance of digoxin in swine was not significantly influenced by the concentration of non-protein-bound digoxin in plasma and the pH of the urine, while there was a significant positive correlation between the clearance and the urine flow rate (Table 4). On the other hand, the renal clearance of digoxin in goats was significantly influenced by the concentration of non-proteinbound digoxin in plasma and by urine pH (Table 4). From these results it is concluded that glomerular filtration and back-diffusion are involved in the renal handling of digoxin in both swine and goats. In addition active tubular secretion is also involved in the renal excretion of digoxin in goats.     

An Inverse Relationship between Liver Arginase Activity and Urea Excretion in Rats

Liver arginase activity in rats fed graded levels of diammonium citrate in high and low casein diets, was measured with simultaneous determination of urea excretion. The arginase activity changed inversely with the urea excretion.

Moreover, when the amino acid balance was quantitatively changed by varying threonine level alone, a similar relationship between total liver arginase activity and urea excretion was again observed.

From these results, the early teleological assumptions are most unlikely in that liver arginase activity increases with the decrease in dietary protein quality and that the change in activity can be used as an index of dietary protein quality.     

Mammary and Renal Excretion of Sulphadoxine and Trimethoprim in Cows

DAVITIYANANDA, DANIS and FOLKE RASMUSSEN: Mammary and renal excretion of sulphadoxine and trimethoprim in cows. Acta vet. scand. 1974, 15, 340–355. — In 21 experiments on 5 healthy, nonpregnant cows are sulphadoxine and trimethoprim infused intravenously for maintenance of constant levels of the drugs through the experimental periods. The experiments show that both sulphadoxine and trimethoprim are bound to the proteins in blood plasma and milk. Further it is demonstrated that sulphadoxine (an acid) is excreted into milk in concentrations lower than in blood plasma while trimethoprim (a base) is excreted into milk in concentrations higher than in blood plasma. Both results are consistent with the theory that drugs are excreted through the mammary gland by passive diffusion. Glomerular filtration and back-diffusion are both involved in the renal handling of sulphadoxine and trimethoprim. For trimethoprim active tubular secretion is also demonstrated. Both the mammary and renal handling of sulphadoxine as well as trimethoprim are influenced by the pH of milk and urine, respectively. The experiments underline that it is the unionized, non-protein-bound fraction of the drugs which diffuses through biological membranes. sulphadoxine; trimethoprim; mammary excretion; renal excretion; cow.     

Growth in the Reindeer

The growth of the reindeer from birth to adulthood is cumulative consisting of a rapid weight accretion during summers followed by a weight loss or stasis during winters. The birth weight of the newborn calves is about 5.3 kg. The peri- and neonatal growth rate is rather high, with a greatest individual daily weight gain as high as 400 g. The polynomial growth curve and its first order time derivative of calves show a deceleration of weight gain towards the autumn. The weight of calves at an age of 10 months was 36 to 40 kg. Adult body weight is reached by females at an age of 3 to 4 years and by males on average a year later. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity showed a negative linear correlation with age and weight in calves and it was highest both in calves and adults in summer. The creatine Phosphokinase activity in both calves and adults was higher in summer than in other seasons. Serum inorganic phosphorus was highest in the growing calves. On the other hand serum thyroxine (T4), blood glucose and calcium did not show significant age-dependent or seasonal variations.     

Urea Synthesis and Excretion in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Are Regulated by a Unique Cross-Talk Mechanism

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes do not have a typical functional urea cycle for ammonia disposal such as the one present in most terrestrial vertebrates. However, they can synthesize urea by two different pathways, argininolysis and uricolysis. We investigated how formation of urea by these two pathways is regulated in females of A. aegypti. The expression of arginase (AR) and urate oxidase (UO), either separately or simultaneously (ARUO) was silenced by RNAi. The amounts of several nitrogen compounds were quantified in excreta using mass spectrometry. Injection of mosquitoes with either dsRNA-AR or dsRNA-UO significantly decreased the expressions of AR or UO in the fat body (FB) and Malpighian tubules (MT). Surprisingly, the expression level of AR was increased when UO was silenced and vice versa, suggesting a cross-talk regulation between pathways. In agreement with these data, the amount of urea measured 48 h after blood feeding remained unchanged in those mosquitoes injected with dsRNA-AR or dsRNA-UO. However, allantoin significantly increased in the excreta of dsRNA-AR-injected females. The knockdown of ARUO mainly led to a decrease in urea and allantoin excretion, and an increase in arginine excretion. In addition, dsRNA-AR-injected mosquitoes treated with a specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor showed an increase of UO expression in FB and MT and a significant increase in the excretion of nitrogen compounds. Interestingly, both a temporary delay in the digestion of a blood meal and a significant reduction in the expression of several genes involved in ammonia metabolism were observed in dsRNA-AR, UO or ARUO-injected females. These results reveal that urea synthesis and excretion in A. aegypti are tightly regulated by a unique cross-talk signaling mechanism. This process allows blood-fed mosquitoes to regulate the synthesis and/or excretion of nitrogen waste products, and avoid toxic effects that could result from a lethal concentration of ammonia in their tissues.     

Effect of Penicillamine in Promoting Lead Excretion

A spectrochemical study of the urine and blood of 14 subjects exposed to lead in their work for several years, but without obvious signs of intoxication, was carried out to determine the porphyrin and lead content before and after a provocative dose of 0.9 g. penicillamine, administered on a single day.The average total urinary porphyrin excretion before administration of penicillamine was 0.506 mg. per litre (normal value = 0.274), and after penicillamine administration 0.386 mg. per litre (normal value = 0.274). The average lead excretion before administration of penicillamine was less than 0.013 mg. per litre (normal value = 0.031) and after administration of penicillamine 0.367 mg. per litre (normal value = 0.047).The average erythrocyte porphyrin content was 76.8 μg. % before and 76.95 μg. % after administration of penicillamine—values approximately thrice normal. Blood lead content before administration of penicillamine averaged 7.61 μg. % and after penicillamine 5.68 μg. %.Lead excretion in exposed persons before penicillamine administration was less than in apparently normal persons, while porphyrin levels were higher. The effect of penicillamine is shown by a definite increase in lead excretion (average = 0.406 mg. lead per gram penicillamine administered) and a decrease in porphyrin excretion in the 14 subjects.     

甲状旁腺激素水平对慢性肾衰竭患者维持性血液透析期间机体营养的影响

目的:探讨慢性肾衰竭(CRF)维持性血液透析患者血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平与机体营养状况的关系。方法:选择2013年8月-2015年10月我院收治的慢性肾衰竭行维持性血液透析治疗的患者98例作为研究组,另选择同期接受健康体检的志愿者69例作为对照组。采用放射免疫法检测两组患者血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)及血清学指标。采用微型营养评定法(MNA)评价两组患者营养状况;利用Spearman相关分析方法评价血清PTH与相关血清生化指标的相关性。结果:研究组营养不良发生率(31.63%)明显高于对照组(13.04%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组营养不良患者血清PTH,HDL-C,LDL-C,CRP,BUN及SCr水平均高于潜在营养不良和营养正常者,而血清TP,ALB,TC,TG及Hb均低于潜在营养不良和营养正常者(P0.05)。潜在营养不良患者血清PTH,HDL-C,LDL-C,CRP,BUN及SCr水平均高于营养正常者,而血清TP,ALB,TC,TG及Hb均低于营养正常者(P0.05)。慢性肾衰竭患者血清PTH与MNA,TP,TC,TG,CRP以及Hb呈负相关关系(P0.05);与BUN,SCr呈正相关关系(P0.05);与ALB,HDL-C,LDL-C无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论:CRF患者并发营养不良的发生率较高,血清PTH水平与机体营养状况存在一定相关性,临床应予以重视。     

Abnormal Glomerular Filtration Rate,Renal Plasma Flow,and Renal Protein Excretion in Recent and Short-term Diabetics

Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were simultaneously determined in comparable groups of 43 diabetics less than 40 years of age and with a duration of diabetes less than 10 years and 32 control subjects. The average glomerular filtration rate in the diabetic group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P <0·01). The average renal plasma flow in the diabetic group was found to be significantly lower than that in the control group (P <0·05). The filtration fraction in both male and female diabetics was significantly higher than in the male and female control groups (P <0·001). These changes were found to be present even in recent juvenile diabetics with disease of a duration of less than one year. No correlation was apparent between the average levels of serum growth hormone and glomerular filtration rate.The urinary protein excretion was determined in 36 diabetic and 38 healthy subjects comparable with regard to glomerular filtration rate. In the diabetic group there was a greater frequency of cases with higher protein excretion rates (P <0·02). The average protein excretion rate was increased even in diabetics with less than one year''s duration of the disease.The results of the changes in renal haemodynamics in subjects with recent and short-term diabetes are compatible with the presence of a constrictive state of the vas efferens leading to an increase in the filtration pressure. The increase in protein excretion rate may similarly be a consequence of this process or of an increase in the glomerular permeability with augmented molecular sieving of proteins or both.     

Effect of Frusemide on Calcium Excretion

After giving oral frusemide (Lasix) to 14 normal volunteers significant hypercalciuria occurred in all of them. This could not be accounted for by any change in glomerular filtration rate, but was possibly due to decreased tubular reabsorption.     

Effect of Pregnancy on Sebum Excretion

Sebum excretion rates from forehead skin were measured serially during and after pregnancy in 10 normal women. Only minor fluctuations occurred during the middle and last trimesters of pregnancy, but there was a pronounced decrease in the postpartum period. Probably a powerful sebotrophic factor is present in pregnancy, but its nature is conjectural.     

蒙古国也有个使鹿部

我早就听说蒙古国有一个与中国鄂伦春,鄂温克民族相似的养驯鹿的部落——查腾部落,每次赴蒙古国考察,我都渴望能有机会,去一次库苏古尔省原始森林,探访与我的民族有相近生活习俗的“查腾驯鹿部落”,