果蝇造血器官淋巴腺的研究进展

黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）是生物学研究中重要的模式生物之一。果蝇造血过程主要发生于胚胎和幼虫阶段,淋巴腺作为幼虫阶段的主要造血器官,由髓质区（medullary zone,MZ）、皮质区（cortical zone,CZ）及后端信号中心区（posterior signal center,PSC）组成。淋巴腺在多种信号通路的调控下,能够维持血细胞的增殖和分化相对稳态,这对于果蝇的造血活动和正常生存均具有重要作用。综述了造血器官淋巴腺的形成过程及维持淋巴腺稳态的信号调节通路,以期为淋巴腺血细胞的详细分类和相应的功能研究奠定理论基础。     

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of Hematopoiesis in Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster lymph gland, the primary site of hematopoiesis, contains myeloid-like progenitor cells that differentiate into functional hemocytes in the circulation of pupae and adults. Fly hemocytes are dynamic and plastic, and they play diverse roles in the innate immune response and wound healing. Various hematopoietic regulators in the lymph gland ensure the developmental and functional balance between progenitors and mature blood cells. In addition, systemic factors, such as nutrient availability and sensory inputs, integrate environmental variabilities to synchronize the blood development in the lymph gland with larval growth, physiology, and immunity. This review examines the intrinsic and extrinsic factors determining the progenitor states during hemocyte development in the lymph gland and provides new insights for further studies that may extend the frontier of our collective knowledge on hematopoiesis and innate immunity.     

Multidimensional Proteomics Identifies Declines in Protein Homeostasis and Mitochondria as Early Signals for Normal Aging and Age-associated Disease in Drosophila,

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Highlights

• •Proteomic landscapes of Drosophila somatic and reproductive tissues during aging.
• •Pulsed metabolic labeling determines a decline in protein synthesis with age.
• •Drosophila model of human Parkinson's disease signifies an early-onset decline in protein synthesis.
• •Collapse of proteostasis and mitochondria are early signals for normal aging.

     

敲低piwi基因对黑腹果蝇血细胞增殖及分化的影响

[目的]探究敲低piwi基因对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster血细胞增殖及分化的影响.[方法]利用黑腹果蝇e33C-Gal4和Hml-Gal4-UAS-2×EGFP品系分别与野生型W1118和UAS-piwi RNAi品系杂交,实现在黑腹果蝇游离血细胞或淋巴腺中降低piwi基因的表达;采用免疫荧光...     

Precision De Novo Peptide Sequencing Using Mirror Proteases of Ac-LysargiNase and Trypsin for Large-scale Proteomics

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Highlights

• •The developed Ac-LysargiNase showed higher stability and activity than before.
• •The merged spectra of the mirror peptides achieved nearly complete ion coverage.
• •pNovoM obviously increased the efficiency and accuracy of peptide sequencing.
• •The mirror enzymatic strategy achieved precision de novo sequencing on proteome scales.

     

Genes required for embryonic muscle development in Drosophila melanogaster A survey of the X chromosome

We have begun a genetic analysis to dissect the process of myogenesis by surveying the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster for mutations that affect embryonic muscle development. Using polarised light microscopy and antibody staining techniques we analysed embryos hemizygous for a series of 67 deletion mutations that together cover an estimated 85% of the X chromosome, or 16.5% of the genome. Whereas the mature wild type embryo has a regular array of contractile muscles that insert into the epidermis, 31 of the deletion mutants have defects in muscle pattern, contractility or both, that cannot be attributed simply to epidermal defects and identify functions required for wild type muscle development. We have defined mutant pattern phenotypes that can be described in terms of muscle absences, incomplete myoblast fusion, failure of attachment of the muscle to the epidermis or mispositioning of attachment sites. Thus muscle development can be mutationally disrupted in characteristic and interpretable ways. The areas of overlap of the 31 deletions define 19 regions of the X chromosome that include genes whose products are essential for various aspects of myogenesis. We conclude that our screen can usefully identify loci coding for gene products essential in muscle development.     

A method for assaying DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II in crude extracts of Drosophila melanogaster adults: Its use in identifying mutants with an altered RNA polymerase II

A method for assaying Drosophila melanogaster adult DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II in crude extracts from as few as two females or three males is described. Preparation of the extracts involves incubating homogenates at 25 C for 60 min and subsequent treatment with Macaloid. Eighty-five percent of the activity in the extracts is inhibited by 1 µg/ml -amanitin and this fraction is attributed to RNA polymerase II. RNA polymerase II activity in the extracts shows a good dose dependence and a partial dependence on added DNA, Mn²⁺, and all four ribonucleoside triphosphates. The kinetics of heat inactivation of RNA polymerase II in crude extracts could be reproducibly measured. Flies of different genotypes had different initial rates of RNA polymerase II heat inactivation. The isolation of Drosophila melanogaster -aminitin-resistant mutants is also reported. Using the assay described in this paper, it appears that the basis for the resistance is an altered RNA polymerase II. The mutation has been mapped to the third chromosome by chromosome replacement.Supported by Grants GM23456 from the NIH and 11259 from the City University Research Foundation.     

The potential use of Drosophila as an in vivo model organism for COVID-19-related research: a review

The world urgently needs effective antiviral approaches against emerging viruses, as shown by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has become an exponentially growing health crisis. Scientists from diverse backgrounds have directed their efforts towards identifying key features of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Reports of more transmissible variants of SARS-CoV-2 also raise concerns over the possibility of an explosive trajectory of the pandemic, so scientific attention should focus on developing new weapons to help win the fight against coronaviruses that may undergo further mutations in the future. Drosophila melanogaster offers a powerful and potential in vivo model that can significantly increase the efficiency of drug screening for viral and bacterial infections. Thanks to its genes with functional human homologs, Drosophila could play a significant role in such gene-editing studies geared towards designing vaccines and antiviral drugs for COVID-19. It can also help rectify current drawbacks of CRISPR-based therapeutics like off-target effects and delivery issues, representing another momentous step forward in healthcare. Here I present an overview of recent literature and the current state of knowledge, explaining how it can open up new avenues for Drosophila in our battle against infectious diseases.     

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptomic,miRNA and Proteomic Changes of a Novel Hybrid Yellow Catfish Uncovers Key Roles for miRNAs in Heterosis

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Highlights

• •mRNA-seq, miRNA-seq, proteomes of P. fulvidraco, P. vachelli, hybrid Huangyou-1.
• •Predicted miRNA-mRNA-protein pairs were found and validated by qRT-PCR and PRM.
• •Immune, metabolism, digestion, absorption, proliferation, development generate heterosis.
• •High parental gene/protein with low parental miRNAs inherit from the mother or father.

     

Correlated responses to selection for faster development and early reproduction in Drosophila: the evolution of larval traits

Studies on selection for faster development in Drosophila have typically focused on the trade-offs among development time, adult weight, and adult life span. Relatively less attention has been paid to the evolution of preadult life stages and behaviors in response to such selection. We have earlier reported that four laboratory populations of D. melanogaster selected for faster development and early reproduction, relative to control populations, showed considerably reduced preadult development time and survivorship, dry weight at eclosion, and larval growth rates. Here we study the larval phase of these populations in greater detail. We show here that the reduction in development time after about 50 generations of selection is due to reduced duration of the first and third larval instars and the pupal stage, whereas the duration of the second larval instar has not changed. About 90% of the preadult mortality in the selected populations is due to larval mortality. The third instar larvae, pupae, and freshly eclosed adults of the selected populations weigh significantly less than controls, and this difference appears during the third larval instar. Thereafter, percentage weight loss during the pupal stage does not differ between selected and control populations. The minimum amount of time a larva must feed to subsequently complete development is lower in the selected populations, which also exhibit a syndrome of reduced energy expenditure through reduction in larval feeding rate, larval digging and foraging activity, and pupation height. Comparison of these results with those observed earlier in populations selected for adaptation to larval crowding and faster development under a different protocol from ours reveal differences in the evolved traits that suggest that the responses to selection for faster development are greatly affected by the larval density at which selection acts and on details of the selection pressures acting on the timing of reproduction.     

New reproductive anomalies in fruitless‐mutant Drosophila males: Extreme lengthening of mating durations and infertility correlated with defective serotonergic innervation of reproductive organs

Several features of male reproductive behavior are under the neural control of fruitless (fru) in Drosophila melanogaster. This gene is known to influence courtship steps prior to mating, due to the absence of attempted copulation in the behavioral repertoire of most types of fru‐mutant males. However, certain combinations of fru mutations allow for fertility. By analyzing such matings and their consequences, we uncovered two striking defects: mating times up to four times the normal average duration of copulation; and frequent infertility, regardless of the time of mating by a given transheterozygous fru‐mutant male. The lengthened copulation times may be connected with fru‐induced defects in the formation of a male‐specific abdominal muscle. Production of sperm and certain seminal fluid proteins are normal in these fru mutants. However, analysis of postmating qualities of females that copulated with transheterozygous mutants strongly implied defects in the ability of these males to transfer sperm and seminal fluids. Such abnormalities may be associated with certain serotonergic neurons in the abdominal ganglion in which production of 5HT is regulated by fru. These cells send processes to contractile muscles of the male's internal sex organs; such projection patterns are aberrant in the semifertile fru mutants. Therefore, the reproductive functions regulated by fruitless are expanded in their scope, encompassing not only the earliest stages of courtship behavior along with almost all subsequent steps in the behavioral sequence, but also more than one component of the culminating events. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 121–149, 2001     

吲哚箐绿联合亚甲蓝在子宫内膜癌术中前哨淋巴结识别中的应用价值

目的:探究吲哚箐绿联合亚甲蓝在子宫内膜癌术中前哨淋巴结识别中的应用价值。方法:选取2016年8月~2017年9月我院收治的子宫内膜癌患者93例,采用随机数字表法分为两组。对照组将亚甲蓝蓝染的淋巴结作为前哨淋巴结,观察组在对照组的基础上使用吲哚箐绿,蓝染和荧光显影的淋巴结作为前哨淋巴结。比较两组患者的前哨淋巴结切除时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数量、主动脉旁淋巴结切除例数、前哨淋巴结识别成功率,并比较两种方法的准确率、敏感性和特异性。术后随访12个月,对两组患者的复发情况和相关并发症进行比较。结果:两组患者的前哨淋巴结切除时间、术中出血量、淋巴结切除数量和主动脉旁淋巴结切除例数比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05);观察组的前哨淋巴结识别成功率、准确率和特异性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),两组敏感度、复发率比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。两组在随访期间均未发生皮肤坏死、过敏或永久性着色等相关不良反应。结论:吲哚箐绿联合亚甲蓝在子宫内膜癌术中识别前哨淋巴结的应用价值显著高于单用亚甲蓝。