Climatic Warming Increases Winter Wheat Yield but Reduces Grain Nitrogen Concentration in East China

Climatic warming is often predicted to reduce wheat yield and grain quality in China. However, direct evidence is still lacking. We conducted a three-year experiment with a Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI) facility to examine the responses of winter wheat growth and plant N accumulation to a moderate temperature increase of 1.5°C predicted to prevail by 2050 in East China. Three warming treatments (AW: all-day warming; DW: daytime warming; NW: nighttime warming) were applied for an entire growth period. Consistent warming effects on wheat plant were recorded across the experimental years. An increase of ca. 1.5°C in daily, daytime and nighttime mean temperatures shortened the length of pre-anthesis period averagely by 12.7, 8.3 and 10.7 d (P<0.05), respectively, but had no significant impact on the length of the post-anthesis period. Warming did not significantly alter the aboveground biomass production, but the grain yield was 16.3, 18.1 and 19.6% (P<0.05) higher in the AW, DW and NW plots than the non-warmed plot, respectively. Warming also significantly increased plant N uptake and total biomass N accumulation. However, warming significantly reduced grain N concentrations while increased N concentrations in the leaves and stems. Together, our results demonstrate differential impacts of warming on the depositions of grain starch and protein, highlighting the needs to further understand the mechanisms that underlie warming impacts on plant C and N metabolism in wheat.     

基施氮肥对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了氮肥一次基施对高肥力土壤上冬小麦产量,吸氮量及氮肥利用率的影响,旨在了解高肥力土训上减少基肥氮的可行性,结果表明,高肥力土壤上冬小麦产量对氮肥的反应不明显,而施用氮肥显著增加了冬小麦吸氮量,根据差值法计算结果,当施氮量为75,112．5和150kg/hm^2时冬小麦的氮肥利用率分别为16．0％,14．5％和13．5％,表明多达84％－86．5％以上的基肥氮未被作物吸收利用,氮平衡计算的结果进一步表明,未被当季小麦利用的肥料氮主要以无机氮的形式残留于0－1m土体中,当施氮量分别为75,112．5和150kg/hm2时氮肥的土壤残留率依次为83．3％,46．0％和58．8％,而相应的表观损失率为0．5％,38．9％和19．0％,由此可见,在高肥力土壤上应严格控制基肥氮的用量或不施基肥,否则将造成氮素资源的大量浪费。     

Exogenous ABA Increases Yield in Field-Grown Wheat with Moderate Water Restriction

Water stress is one of the most important environmental factors that regulate a plant’s growth and development. In agronomic practice the effects of water stress are translated into low yield and/or reduced quality. Abscisic acid (ABA) sprays (1 mM) were applied to wheat plants at different phenological stages and the effects on several physiological variables and on yield were evaluated under field conditions at different water regimes. Studies were conducted in the field across three consecutive winter–spring seasons. ABA treatments were applied at the beginning of shoot enlargement and repeated at anthesis. Exogenous ABA increased shoot dry weight and maintained a high concentration of photosynthetic pigments for a longer period of time during grain growth and maturation. Although ABA applications increased stomatal closure immediately after its application, the longer-term effect was to allow for a greater ostiolar opening of the stomatal pore which resulted in increased conductance of gases and water vapor. ABA also improved the transport of photoassimilates from the leaves and stem to the developing grains, that is, it effectively increased the sink strength of the grains. This correlated with a yield increase without significantly changing the protein quality in the grains. Thus, elevated ABA levels from exogenous application or genetic selection could help improve agricultural production of grains in arid areas where irrigation is not possible.     

有机培肥和减施氮肥对小麦光合特性和氮素吸收及产量的影响

以常规单施氮肥处理为对照(CK,270kg·hm-2),设置秸秆还田(J)、秸秆还田+牛粪(JF)、秸秆还田+沼渣(JZ)3种有机培肥措施,耦合N1(较CK减量10%)、N2(较CK减量20%)和N3(较CK减量30%)3个施氮水平,采用田间试验方法,探究有机培肥和减施氮肥对小麦光合特性、氮素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)与CK相比,有机肥配施氮肥明显促进了小麦生育期分蘖的发生和有效群体数的形成,提高叶绿素含量并维持旗叶较高光合速率水平,促进小麦地上部干物质积累、植株氮素吸收,增加穗粒数和千粒重,并显著提高小麦产量,产量增幅为4.21%~17.80%,并以JFN2(JF+N2)处理组合产量最高(6 853.43kg·hm-2)。(2)同一有机肥培肥处理中,N2(减施氮肥20%)处理效果最好,能显著促进小麦群体形成,提高小麦叶绿素含量、光合速率和产量;JFN2小麦群体数在成熟期分别比JFN1、JFN3增加5.16%、4.31%,JFN2叶绿素含量在花期分别较JFN1、JFN3增加2.29%、2.31%;JFN2处理产量分别比JFN1和JFN3显著增加11.41%和7.56%。(3)同一施氮水平下,成熟期干物质积累量表现为JZN1处理显著大于JFN1和JN1处理,分别增加8.93%和12.01%;花期JF处理氮素积累量在3种施氮水平下均分别显著高于其它2种有机培肥处理;JFN2处理籽粒产量显著高于JZN2和JN2处理,增幅分别为12.17%和6.09%。研究认为,有机肥耦合施氮量可促进小麦分蘖和有效群体数的形成,提高叶绿素含量和光合速率,增加植株干物质和氮素积累,从而增加小麦产量。     

不同氮素水平下施硫对高产小麦碳氮运转和产量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以2个不同穗型的高产冬小麦品种为试验材料,在施240 kg·hm-2(N240)和330 kg·hm-2(N330)纯氮水平下,分别施纯硫60 kg·hm-2(S60)和0 kg·hm-2(S0),研究了施硫对小麦不同器官碳氮运转及其对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响.结果显示:(1)2个供氮水平下,施硫(S60)均比对照(S0)增加了2个小麦品种的叶片、茎、鞘、颖壳和穗轴等营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素的运转量和运转率以及总运转量和总运转率,提高了转运干物质、氮素对籽粒重和籽粒氮素的贡献率,极显著提高了籽粒和蛋白质产量.(2)施硫对豫农949品种籽粒和蛋白质产量提高幅度显著高于兰考矮早八;与对照(S0)相比,豫农949的N240S60和N330S60处理使籽粒产量分别增加12.74%和16.41%,蛋白质产量分别增加16.84%和16.14%.结果表明,中氮和高氮水平下施硫均可明显促进高产小麦植株的C-N运转,提高植株对氮的吸收利用和碳物质的积累,从而增加籽粒产量,但不同品种间的施硫效应存在差异.     

Grain Yield in Two Contrasting Varieties of Spring Wheat

To investigate factors determining grain yield in spring wheattwo contrasting varieties of high (Jufy I) and low (Peko) yieldingcapacity were grown in field and glasshouse experiments. In a field trial Jufy I yielded approximately 14 per cent moregrain than Peko on both control and nitrogen-treated plots.In another field trial employing small plots, although for bothvarieties doubling the seed-rate did not affect grain yield,the two varieties differed in their response to the increasein density. In Peko the yield level remained unaffected becausedoubling the seed-rate halved the number of fertile tillersper plant, whereas for Jufy I in addition to a shift in tillernumber per plant there were changes in the number of grainsper ear. In both varieties the weight per seed remained constant. When the two varieties were grown alone or as a 1: 1 mixtureat the same seed-rate the grain yields were similar. In themixture, Peko, compared with Jufy I, produced a greater numberof fertile tillers and consequently a greater contribution tothe total grain yield. In glasshouse experiments the grain yield per tiller and theorder of leaf area duration per tiller for the period from earemergence to grain ripening were both higher for Jufy I. Onthe other hand, there was no varietal difference for the netassimilation rate estimated during the vegetative phase, butexcluding the roots. Additional nitrogen primarily stimulated tiller production inboth varieties. Shading either the upper or lower parts of the plant demonstratedthat the ear and flag leaf and its sheath are important sourcesof assimilates for grain formation, whereas the lower partsare relatively unimportant in this respect. There were indicationsthat the response between varieties differed.     

小麦3个NAC转录因子基因克隆与功能分析

NAC类转录因子参与植物基因在不同条件、不同发育期的表达调控,在植物的发育、生长及对外界的各种生物和非生物因子的胁迫应答中起关键的调控作用。本研究对非亲和条锈菌小种CYR32侵染诱导的抗条锈病基因Yr5近等基因系Taichung29*6/Yr5的cDNA文库进行筛选及同源克隆,获得了小麦3个NAC类转录因子的cDNA序列。序列分析结果表明,这3个转录因子都具有DNA结合结构域,即NAC结构域,且氨基酸序列在该结构域的A、B、C、D和E5个亚区高度保守;同时发现这3个NAC类转录因子都有核定位信号及相关的转录调控功能区域。通过系统进化树分析,发现其中之一的TaNAC1属于NAC转录因子家族第Ⅰ组的NAP亚组,TaNAC3属于ATAF1亚组,TaNAC5属于NAM亚组;根据系统进化树和相关基因的功能分析,我们推测小麦转录因子TaNAC1、TaNAC3和TaNAC5可能参与植物生长发育调控或对生物、非生物胁迫作出的应答反应。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Spring Wheat

Nine amounts of nitrogen fertilizer, ranging from 0 to 200 kgN ha^–1, were applied to spring wheat cv. Kleiber in the3 years 1972-1974. In 1972 grain dry weight with 125 kg N ha^–1or more was 100 g m^–2 (23 per cent) greater than withoutnitrogen. Grain yield was unaffected by nitrogen in the otheryears. Leaf area at and after anthesis was increased throughoutthe range of nitrogen tested, most in 1972 and least in 1973.Consequently, the addition of 200 kg N ha^–1 decreasedthe amount of grain produced per unit of leaf area by approximately25 per cent in all years. The dry weight of leaves and stems at anthesis and maturitywas increased by nitrogen in all years, similarly to leaf area.However, the change in stem dry weight between anthesis andmaturity was not affected by nitrogen; stems increased in dryweight for about 20 days after anthesis and then decreased tovalues similar to those at anthesis. The uptake of CO₂ per unit area of flag leaf or second leaf(leaf below the flag leaf) was slightly decreased by nitrogenwhen the increase in leaf area caused by nitrogen appreciablydecreased the light intensity at the surface of these leaves.In spite of such decreases the CO₂ absorbed by flag and secondleaves per unit area of land was always increased by nitrogen,and relatively more than was grain yield. It is suggested that increases in respiratory loss of CO₂ withincreasing nitrogen fertilizer may explain why nitrogen increasedvegetative growth and leaf area relatively more than grain yield.     

基因枪法获得逆境诱导转录因子DREB1A转基因小麦的研究

以小麦品种H6756和藁城8901作为基因枪转化的靶材料,取其护颖至雌雄蕊原基形成期的幼穗,用含逆境诱导转录因子DREB1A和bar基因的质粒pAHC25轰击胚性愈伤组织,在分别含有5mgL和10mgLBasta溶液的培养基上进行筛选。得到的抗性愈伤组织在不含Basta溶液的培养基上再生培养,获得218棵再生植株。田间涂抹浓度为100mgL的Basta溶液检测后,对抗性植株作PCR检测,获得54棵再生植株。通过对其中20株T1代的PCR和Southern杂交分析,已获得14株含DREB1A和bar基因的转基因小麦植株,其中H675613株,藁城89011株。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Distribution of Photosynthate during Grain Growth of Spring Wheat

The distribution of photosynthate labelled with ¹⁴C was studiedin spring wheat grown with different amounts of nitrogen fertilizerin the three years 1972–4, after exposing the flag leafor the leaf below the flag leaf to ¹⁴CO₂ at 6–10 or 19–26days after anthesis. The movement of ¹⁴C to ears was unaffectedby nitrogen fertilizer except after early exposure in 1973,when nitrogen increased the retention of ¹⁴C in stems at maturity The concentration of sugar in the top part of the shoot at theend of the day was unaffected by nitrogen in 1973, but at 22days after anthesis in 1974 the concentration of sucrose inthe glumes and rachis, and in the flag leaf lamina was increasedby nitrogen. Loss of sugar by translocation and respirationduring the night may explain why this increase in concentrationwas not reflected in the ¹⁴C distribution 24 h after supplying¹⁴C. The proportion of the total ¹⁴C content of the shoot that wasin the ear at maturity ranged from 68 to 95 per cent dependingon when and to which leaf the ¹⁴CO₂ was supplied. Less than5 per cent remained in the leaf exposed to ¹⁴CO₂. The proportionof the final ear weight contributed by the leaf below the flagleaf was about half that contributed by the flag leaf. In 1974 about 24 per cent of the ¹⁴C absorbed by the flag leaf,and 56 per cent of that absorbed by the second leaf, was lostby maturity, presumably by respiration. Most loss occurred inthe first 24 h.     

Effects of Field Application of Tebuconazole on Yield, Yield Components and the Mycotoxin Content of Fusarium-infected Wheat Grain

Winter wheat cultivar Basalt was artificially inoculated with Fusarium culmorum at the end of anthesis and treated with the systemic fungicide tebuconazole (Folicur^®) a few days before and/or after inoculation. Check plots remained uninoculated and unsprayed. Head infections, yield, yield components and the percentage of Fusarium‐ infected kernels were determined. Artificial Fusarium inoculation lowered yield significantly by 24.2‐45.0%. Any fungicide treatment saved yield, thousand grain weight and kernel numbers per head. Pre‐infectional application of tebuconazole was superior to application carried out post‐infection. Moreover, the fungicide controlled deoxynivalenol (DON) synthesis in the field to a considerable extent, and enabled good control of Fusarium head blight, glume blotch and the percentage of Fusarium‐infected kernels. The levels of Fusarium kernel infection after harvest clearly reflected the DON content of w heat grain.     

2,3 -环氧丙酸钾对小麦光合作用与籽粒产量的效应

研究表明,光呼吸抑制剂2,3 — 环氧丙酸钾具有明显的提高光合速率、加速光合产物从叶片中输出和籽粒灌浆的进程,致使小麦籽粒增粒、增重。其药效可维持7天左右。