Quantitative real-time PCR to determine allele number for the astringency locus by analysis of a linked marker in Diospyros kaki Thunb

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is a polyploidy fruit tree species of economic importance to East Asia. Natural astringency loss is an important trait in persimmon breeding programs. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the number of AST/ast alleles for fruit astringency in persimmon (D. kaki Thunb.). To this end, the cultivar Jiro was transformed with one or two copies of a gene encoding NADP-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH), which was used as a standard for measuring the allele number of a sequenced marker tightly linked to the recessive ast locus for nonastringency. Primers for markers linked to the AST or ast allele were then used to measure the AST to ast ratio directly in the progeny of a full-sib cross. From determination of the AST to ast ratio and the results of the S6PDH copy number, the number of AST and ast alleles at the AST/ast locus was estimated. This research supported the hypothesis that D. kaki is a hexaploid with six AST and/or ast alleles. In addition to the determination of the allelic status of the AST locus, the application of real-time PCR for confirmation of the ploidy level and allelic composition of target genes in autopolyploids or allopolyploids was demonstrated.     

Characterization of a highly polymorphic region closely linked to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">AST</Emphasis> locus and its potential use in breeding of hexaploid persimmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diospyros kaki</Emphasis> Thunb.)

The pollination-constant, non-astringent (PCNA) type of persimmon is ideal for production because its fruits lose astringency at harvest regardless of seed formation. The PCNA trait in Japanese persimmons is controlled by a single locus, AST, and is recessive to the non-PCNA trait. Because cultivated persimmon is hexaploid, only the homozygous genotype with six recessive alleles is PCNA. A region tightly linked to AST has been used as a DNA marker for breeding. Three non-PCNA (A) alleles have been reported. Here, we show that the region linked to AST is highly polymorphic and includes microsatellites. By analyzing the size of PCR-amplified fragments, we distinguished 12 different A alleles from 14 non-PCNA cultivars and a Chinese PCNA ‘Luotian-tianshi.’ Then, using A fragment size, we assessed A allele inheritance in six non-PCNA × PCNA populations by analyzing segregation of each A allele in a population and segregation of progeny genotypes. By using A allele segregation analysis, we were able to estimate the copy number of each A allele in five non-PCNA parents but not in ‘Amahyakume.’ By analyzing progeny genotype segregation, we were able to estimate the ‘Amahyakume’ genotype. Our approach can be used not only for the selection of PCNA individuals in populations, but also for estimation of the copy number of A alleles in a possible non-PCNA parent. This would enable us to select non-PCNA parents with fewer A alleles, which would segregate more PCNA individuals in crosses with PCNA cultivars.     

SSR-based molecular profiling of 237 persimmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diospyros kaki</Emphasis> Thunb.) germplasms using an <Emphasis Type="Italic">ASTRINGENCY</Emphasis>-linked marker

Pollination-constant non-astringent (PCNA) trait is desirable in persimmon production because it confers natural astringency loss in mature persimmon fruit. Expression of the PCNA trait requires six homozygous recessive PCNA (ast) alleles at the single ASTRINGENCY (AST) locus in hexaploid persimmon. When crossing non-PCNA accessions to breed PCNA offspring, knowledge of ast and non-PCNA (AST) allele dosage in the parental accessions is important, because more PCNA offspring can segregate from a non-PCNA parent with more ast and fewer AST alleles. Previously, we have demonstrated that a region linked to the AST locus has numerous fragment size polymorphisms with varying numbers of simple sequence repeats. Here, we reveal the polymorphisms in this region in a broad collection of persimmon germplasms. Among 237 accessions, we distinguished 21 AST- and 5 ast-linked fragments with different sizes. Based on the number of fragments detected per individual, we identified 21 non-PCNA accessions with three different ast alleles; by crossing these with a PCNA parent, we obtain PCNA offspring under autohexaploid inheritance. Furthermore, AST and ast allelic combination patterns in hexaploid persimmon were shown to be applicable to cultivar identification of non-PCNA accessions. We directly sequenced ast-linked fragments from 48 accessions with one-size peak of ast-linked fragment and found two distinctive groups of fragments based on single nucleotide polymorphisms. This result suggests that a bottleneck event occurred during ast allele development. We conclude that our fragment size profile can be used to accelerate PCNA breeding that uses non-PCNA parents and to study ast allele accumulation in persimmon.     

Preferential transport activity of DkDTX5/MATE5 affects the formation of different astringency in persimmon

Proanthocyanidins(PAs) are specialized metabolites that infuence persimmon fruit quality.Normal astringent(A)-type and non-astringent(NA)-type mutants show significant variation in PA accumulation, but the infuencing mechanism remains unclear. In this study, among the six identified DTXs/MATEs proteins associated with PA accumulation, we observed that allelic variation and preferential transport by Dk DTX5/MATE5 induced variation in PA accumulation for A-type and NA-type fruit. The expression pa...     

Segregation analysis and RFLP mapping of the R1 and R3 alleles conferring race-specific resistance to Phytophthora infestans in progeny of dihaploid potato parents

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is the most important fungal pathogen of the potato (Solanum tuberosum). The introduction of major genes for resistance from the wild species S. demissum into potato cultivars is the earliest example of breeding for resistance using wild germplasm in this crop. Eleven resistance alleles (R genes) are known, differing in the recognition of corresponding avirulence alleles of the fungus. The number of R loci, their positions on the genetic map and the allelic relationships between different R variants are not known, except that the R1 locus has been mapped to potato chromosome V The objective of this work was the further genetic analysis of different R alleles in potato. Tetraploid potato cultivars carrying R alleles were reduced to the diploid level by inducing haploid parthenogenetic development of 2n female gametes. Of the 157 isolated primary dihaploids, 7 set seeds and carried the resistance alleles R1, R3 and R10 either individually or in combinations. Independent segregation of the dominant R1 and R3 alleles was demonstrated in two F₁ populations of crosses among a dihaploid clone carrying R1 plus R3 and susceptible pollinators. Distorted segregation in favour of susceptibility was found for the R3 allele in 15 of 18 F₁ populations analysed, whereas the RI allele segregated with a 1:1 ratio as expected in five F₁ populations. The mode of inheritance of the R10 allele could not be deduced as only very few F₁ hybrids bearing R10 were obtained. Linkage analysis in two F₁ populations between R1, R3 and RFLP markers of known position on the potato RFLP maps confirmed the position of the R1 locus on chromosome V and localized the second locus, R3, to a distal position on chromdsome XI.     

Allele Distribution at Locus WMS261Marking the Dwarfing Gene Rht8in Common Wheat Cultivars of Southern Ukraine

The use of codominant microsatellite molecular markers allows one to study the inheritance and distribution of alleles linked to important agronomic characters. A microsatellite locus WMS261tightly linked to a dwarfing geneRht8was analyzed in wheat cultivars and selection material of the Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetics. PCR screening of common wheat cultivars produced in the southern Ukraine showed the prevalence of a 192-bp allele at locus WMS261that indicates adaptive significance of a corresponding allele of the Rht8gene in the southern regions.     

Expression of ethylene response genes during persimmon fruit astringency removal

Thirteen ethylene signaling related genes were isolated and studied during ripening of non-astringent ‘Yangfeng’ and astringent ‘Mopan’ persimmon fruit. Some of these genes were characterized as ethylene responsive. Treatments, including ethylene and CO₂, had different effects on persimmon ripening, but overlapping roles in astringency removal, such as increasing the reduction in levels of soluble tannins. DkERS1, DkETR2, and DkERF8, may participate in persimmon fruit ripening and softening. The expression patterns of DkETR2, DkERF4, and DkERF5 had significant correlations with decreases in soluble tannins in ‘Mopan’ persimmon fruit, suggesting that these genes might be key components in persimmon fruit astringency removal and be the linkage between different treatments, while DkERF1 and DkERF6 may be specifically involved in CO₂ induced astringency removal. The possible roles of ethylene signaling genes in persimmon fruit astringency removal are discussed.     

Effects of seasonal temperature changes on <Emphasis Type="Italic">DkMyb4</Emphasis> expression involved in proanthocyanidin regulation in two genotypes of persimmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diospyros kaki</Emphasis> Thunb.) fruit

Persimmon fruits accumulate a large amount of proanthocyanidin (PA). Fruits of the mutant non-astringent (NA) type lose their ability to accumulate PA at an early stage of fruit development, whereas fruits of the normal astringent (A) type sustain PA accumulation until ripening. This allelotype is determined by the genotype of a single ASTRINGENCY (AST) locus. It is possible that the reduction in PA accumulation in NA-type fruits is due to phenological down-regulation of DkMyb4 (a PA regulator) and the resultant down-regulation of structural genes in the PA pathway. In this study, attempts were made to identify the regulatory mechanisms of phenological PA accumulation in A- and NA-type fruits, focusing particularly on the effects of ambient temperature. Continuous cool temperature conditions caused sustained expression of DkMyb4 in NA-type fruits, as well as in A-type fruits, resulting in increased expression of PA pathway genes and PA accumulation. However, the expression of some A/NA phenotypic marker genes was not significantly affected by the cool temperature conditions. In addition, PA composition in NA-type fruits exposed to cool temperatures differed from that in A-type fruits. These results indicate that a cool ambient temperature may have induced DkMyb4 expression and resultant PA accumulation, but did not directly affect the expression of the AST gene.     

Identification and characterization of a major QTL responsible for erect panicle trait in <Emphasis Type="Italic">japonica</Emphasis> rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Panicle erectness (PE) is one of the most important traits for high-yielding japonica cultivars. Although several cultivars with PE trait have been developed and released for commercial production in China, there is little information on the inheritance of PE traits in rice. In the present study, 69 widely cultivated japonica cultivars and a double haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between a PE cultivar (Wuyunjing 8) and a drooping panicle cultivar (Nongken 57) were utilized to elucidate the mechanisms of PE formation and to map PE associated genes. Our data suggested that panicle length (PL) and plant height (PH) significantly affected panicle curvature (PC), with shorter PL and PH resulting in smaller PC and consequently more erect. A putative major gene was identified on chromosome 9 by molecular markers and bulk segregant analysis in DH population. In order to finely map the major gene, all simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers on chromosome 9 as well as 100 newly developed sequence-tagged site (STS) markers were used to construct a linkage group for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. A major QTL, qPE9-1, between STS marker H90 and SSR marker RM5652, was detected, and accounted for 41.72% of PC variation with pleiotropic effect on PH and PL. another QTL, qPE9-2, was also found to be adjacent to qPE9-1. In addition, we found that H90, the nearest marker to qPE9-1, used for genotyping 38 cultivars with extremely erect and drooping panicles, segregated in agreement with PC, suggesting the H90 product was possibly part of the qPE9-1 gene or closely related to it. These data demonstrated that H90 could be used for marker-aided selection for the PE trait in breeding and in the cloning of qPE9-1.     

Characterization of rice transformed via an Agrobacterium-mediated inflorescence approach

Rice inflorescences were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 carrying plasmid pJD4 with application of vacuum infiltration. After co-cultivation, callus was initiated and subjected to hygromycin selection, and plants were regenerated from resistant callus lines. Based on the total number of co-cultivated inflorescences bearing flowers 1 to 3 mm in length, the average frequency for recovering independent transgenic rice plants was at least 30%. Seeds from selfed R0 plants were harvested within 6 months after initiation of the experiments. Genomic DNA blot analysis showed that genes in the T-DNA of the binary plasmid were stably integrated into the rice genome, typically at low copy number. In most, but not all, cases the transgene was transmitted to R1 progeny at a frequency characteristic for Mendelian inheritance of a single dominant trait. For selfed progeny of one two-locus insertion line, reactivation of GUS expression was observed for a single copy locus that segregated from a silenced multicopy locus. For this line and some additional plants, fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to visualize the chromosomal location of the transgene insert.     

Inheritance and genetic mapping of tuber eye depth in cultivated diploid potatoes

Tuber eye depth of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important trait for the processing quality and appearance of potatoes. In the present study, we used a cultivated diploid potato family (12601) of 107 plants to dissect the mode of inheritance and to map the gene(s) controlling the trait. The family segregated for both eye depth (deep vs shallow) and tuber shape (round vs long) traits. The deep eye (Eyd) phenotype was found to be associated with round tubers (Ro) in most progeny clones. Further evaluation of this population with molecular markers including simple sequence repeats, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and sequence-characterized amplified regions revealed that the primary locus for eye depth is located on chromosome 10. This map location was confirmed by evaluating a second diploid family (12586). The results of this study led to the following conclusions: (1) there is a major locus controlling the eye depth trait; (2) deep eye (Eyd) is dominant to shallow (eyd); (3) the Eyd/eyd locus is located on chromosome 10; and (4) the Eyd/eyd locus is closely linked with the major locus for tuber shape (Ro/ro), at a distance of about 4 cM.     

Molecular differentiation of null alleles at <Emphasis Type="Italic">ZCCT</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">1</Emphasis> genes on the A,B, and D genomes of hexaploid wheat

A dominant allele of the vernalization gene Vrn-2 is the wild type conferring winter growth habit, whereas a recessive vrn-2 allele confers spring growth habit. The recessive vrn-2 allele is mutated due to the deletion of the complete gene (a null form) or alternation of a key amino acid in the VRN-2 protein (a nonfunctional form) in diploid wheat or tetraploid wheat. VRN-2 is also denoted ZCCT due to the presence of a zinc finger and a CCT domain in its protein. There are two paralogous ZCCT genes at the VRN-2 locus in diploid Triticum monococcum and three paralogous ZCCT genes on each of the A and B genomes in tetraploid wheat, but little is known about the allelic variation in VRN-2 in hexaploid wheat. In the study reported here, we performed a one-shot PCR to simultaneously amplify the promoter regions of the three ZCCT-1 genes from hexaploid wheat, including the 302-bp fragment from ZCCT-A1, the 294-bp fragment from ZCCT-B1, and the 320-bp fragment from ZCCT-D1. Each amplicon could be differentiated by electrophoresis in an acrylamide/bisacrylamide gel. This PCR marker for different lengths of the three ZCCT-1 genes was used to search for null alleles in hexaploid wheat. A null allele was found in each of ZCCT-A1, ZCCT-B1, and ZCCT-D1 among 74 cultivars and genetic stocks of U.S. hexaploid wheat. Among 54 Chinese wheat cultivars, breeding lines, and landraces, we identified three accessions carrying a single null allele at ZCCT-A1, three accessions carrying a null allele at ZCCT-B1, and one accession carrying a double null allele at both ZCCT-A1 and ZCCT-D1. The potential application of these natural ZCCT-1 mutant materials in wheat breeding programs and studies on the genetics of wheat is discussed.     

Variability and genetics of spacer DNA sequences between the ribosomal-RNA genes of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Summary Using restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA extracted from the leaves of 25 hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) cultivars and their hybrids, restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the spacer DNA which separates the ribosomal-RNA genes have been examined. (From one to three thousand of these genes are borne on chromosomes 1B and 6B of hexaploid wheat). The data show that there are three distinct alleles of the 1B locus, designated Nor-B1a, Nor-B1b, and Nor-B1c, and at least five allelic variants of the 6B locus, designated Nor-B2a, Nor-B2b, Nor-B2c, Nor-B2d, and Nor-B2e. A further, previously reported allele on 6B has been named Nor-B2f. Chromosome 5D has only one allelic variant, Nor-D3. Whereas the major spacer variants of the 1B alleles apparently differ by the loss or gain of one or two of the 133 bp sub-repeat units within the spacer DNA, the 6B allelic variants show major differences in their compositions and lengths. This may be related to the greater number of rDNA repeat units at this locus. The practical implications of these differences and their application to wheat breeding are discussed.     

Volatile compounds associated to the loss of astringency in persimmon fruit revealed by untargeted GC–MS analysis

High resolution volatile profiling (67 compounds identified) of fruits from 12 persimmon cultivars was established and used to characterize the different astringency types of persimmon fruit before and after deastringency treatment. Analysis of the volatile profile of fruit enables us to differentiate between cultivars that at the moment of harvest produced non-astringent fruit (Pollination Constant Non Astringent—PCNA-type) from astringent ones (non-PCNA-type). Fruit failing to accumulate astringent compounds naturally (PCNA fruit) showed high levels of 3(2H)-benzofuranone, while this compound was not detected in any astringent type fruit (non-PCNA). In addition to this, PCNA cultivars also showed at harvest higher accumulation of benzeneacetaldehyde and lipid-derived aldehydes (hexanal, heptanal, octanal and decanal) than non-PCNA fruit. The application of postharvest deastringency treatment to all non-PCNA cultivars resulted on an important insolubilization of tannins. In general the CO₂-treatment enhanced the levels of acetaldehyde, however those cultivars showing high levels of dihydrobenzofuran at harvest did not present an increment of acetaldehyde. In contrast, all non-PCNA cultivars exhibited an important accumulation of lipid-derived aldehydes due to CO₂-treatment. Therefore, we propose that lipid-derived aldehydes (mainly decanal, octanal and heptanal) may be playing a role in the astringency loss. Our results suggest that 3(2H)-benzofuranone, benzeneacetaldehyde and lipid-derived aldehydes could be used as markers for both natural and artificial loss of astringency.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">ALDH2</Emphasis> genes are negatively correlated with natural deastringency in Chinese PCNA persimmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diospyros kaki</Emphasis> Thunb.)

Chinese pollination-constant and non-astringent persimmon (C-PCNA) has important application values in the genetic improvement of PCNA for its trait of natural deastringency controlled by a single dominant gene. However, the key genes and the regulatory networks are still not fully understood. The process of C-PCNA natural deastringency may be associated with the acetaldehyde-mediated coagulation of soluble tannins, but the functions of ALDH2 genes related to the metabolism of acetaldehyde are not clear. In this work, three types of persimmon cultivars, ‘Eshi 1’ and ‘Luotian Tianshi’ (C-PCNA type), ‘Youhou’ (J-PCNA type), and ‘Mopanshi’ (non-PCNA type), were sampled. Two members of ALDH2 family genes, DkALDH2a and DkALDH2b, were isolated from ‘Eshi 1’ persimmon fruit. Gene expression patterns indicated that they may be involved in “coagulation effect”, which leads to natural deastringency in C-PCNA persimmon fruit. Transient expression in ‘Eshi 1’ leaves further demonstrated that their expression can reduce the consumption of soluble tannins and inhibit the astringency removal process. Therefore, DkALDH2a and DkALDH2b are negatively correlated with natural deastringency in C-PCNA persimmon.     

Fgr, a major locus that modulates the fructose to glucose ratio in mature tomato fruits

A genetic trait determining the ratio of fructose to glucose in mature tomato fruits is described. A backcross breeding program based on the interspecific cross of Lycopersicon hirsutum and L. esculentum yielded stable genotypes with a high ratio of fructose to glucose (>1.5:1) compared with the approximately equimolar ratios found in L. esculentum. Two inter-simple- sequence repeat (ISSR) DNA sequences, highly associated (20 <LOD score <21) with the trait, were identified. The markers were found to be less associated with either glucose or fructose levels individually (2 <LOD score <3) and were statistically unlinked to total sugars and total soluble solids (TSS). These two ISSR bands segregated in a dominant fashion and were found to be allelic to each other, one associated in coupling and the other in repulsion with the trait of high fructose to glucose ratio. Both ISSR markers were mapped to the centromeric region of tomato chromosome 4. Quantitative analysis of the identified locus, based on data from segregating F₂, BC and F₃ populations from the cross between genotypes having high and low fructose to glucose ratios, suggested that the L. hirsutum-derived allele (Fgr ^H), which increases the fructose to glucose ratio, is partially dominant. Fgr ^H leads to an increase in fructose levels and a subsequent decrease in glucose levels, with no effect on total hexose levels. Accordingly, we conclude that the Fgr locus modulates the partitioning of hexose sugars between fructose and glucose, with no effect on total sugars or TSS. Received: 8 March 1999 / Accepted: 12 May 1999     

Linkage mapping in the oilseed crop Jatropha curcas L. reveals a locus controlling the biosynthesis of phorbol esters which cause seed toxicity

Current efforts to grow the tropical oilseed crop Jatropha curcas L. economically are hampered by the lack of cultivars and the presence of toxic phorbol esters (PE) within the seeds of most provenances. These PE restrict the conversion of seed cake into animal feed, although naturally occurring ‘nontoxic’ provenances exist which produce seed lacking PE. As an important step towards the development of genetically improved varieties of J. curcas, we constructed a linkage map from four F₂ mapping populations. The consensus linkage map contains 502 codominant markers, distributed over 11 linkage groups, with a mean marker density of 1.8 cM per unique locus. Analysis of the inheritance of PE biosynthesis indicated that this is a maternally controlled dominant monogenic trait. This maternal control is due to biosynthesis of the PE occurring only within maternal tissues. The trait segregated 3 : 1 within seeds collected from F₂ plants, and QTL analysis revealed that a locus on linkage group 8 was responsible for phorbol ester biosynthesis. By taking advantage of the draft genome assemblies of J. curcas and Ricinus communis (castor), a comparative mapping approach was used to develop additional markers to fine map this mutation within 2.3 cM. The linkage map provides a framework for the dissection of agronomic traits in J. curcas, and the development of improved varieties by marker‐assisted breeding. The identification of the locus responsible for PE biosynthesis means that it is now possible to rapidly breed new nontoxic varieties.     

Analysis of TaALMT1 traces the transmission of aluminum resistance in cultivated common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Allele diversities of four markers specific to intron three, exon four and promoter regions of the aluminum (Al) resistance gene of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) TaALMT1 were compared in 179 common wheat cultivars used in international wheat breeding programs. In wheat cultivars released during the last 93 years, six different promoter types were identified on the basis of allele size. A previous study showed that Al resistance was not associated with a particular coding allele for TaALMT1 but was correlated with blocks of repeated sequence upstream of the coding sequence. We verified the linkage between these promoter alleles and Al resistance in three doubled haploid and one intercross populations segregating for Al resistance. Molecular and pedigree analysis suggest that Al resistance in modern wheat germplasm is derived from several independent sources. Analysis of a population of 278 landraces and subspecies of wheat showed that most of the promoter alleles associated with Al resistance pre-existed in Europe, the Middle East and Asia prior to dispersal of cultivated germplasm around the world. Furthermore, several new promoter alleles were identified among the landraces surveyed. The TaALMT1 promoter alleles found within the spelt wheats were consistent with the hypothesis that these spelts arose on several independent occasions from hybridisations between non-free-threshing tetraploid wheats and Al-resistant hexaploid bread wheats. The strong correlation between Al resistance and Al-stimulated malate efflux from the root apices of 49 diverse wheat genotypes examined was consistent with the previous finding that Al resistance in wheat is conditioned primarily by malate efflux. These results demonstrate that the markers based on intron, exon and promoter regions of TaALMT1 can trace the inheritance of the Al resistance locus within wheat pedigrees and track Al resistance in breeding programmes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Mapping and diagnostic marker development for Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus resistance in bread wheat

Monogenically-inherited resistance to Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) in hexaploid bread wheat cultivars ‘Tremie’ and ‘Claire’ was mapped on chromosome 5D. The two closest flanking markers identified in the Claire-derived mapping population, Xgwm469-5D and E37M49, are linked to the resistance locus at distances of 1 and 9 cm, respectively. Xgwm469-5D co-segregated with the SBCMV resistance in the Tremie-derived population and with the recently identified Sbm1 locus in the cv. Cadenza. This suggested that Tremie and Claire carry a resistance gene allelic to Sbm1, or one closely linked to it. The diagnostic value of Xgwm469-5D was assessed using a collection of SBCMV resistant and susceptible cultivars. Importantly, all susceptible genotypes carried a null allele of Xgwm469-5D, whereas resistant genotypes presumably related to either Claire and Tremie or Cadenza revealed a 152 or 154 bp allele of Xgwm469-5D, respectively. Therefore, Xgwm469-5D is well suited for marker assisted selection for SBCMV resistance.     

Inheritance of gliadin proteins controlled by 1D chromosome in F2 hybrids oftriticum aestivum cultivars

The inheritance of the gliadin spectra in F₂ hybrids between cultivars hexaploid wheat Bezostaya 1 and Bisel has been investigated. The results from the electrophoretic examination and analysis of the gliadin spectra reveal that the components 1,2,3,11 and 15 from the Bezostaya 1 spectrum and 1,2, 3, 7,11 and 15 from the Bisel spectrum are controlled by allelic variants of one gliadin coding locus in 1D chromosome.