Hieracium sect. Oreadea (Asteraceae) in Sweden – from a complete mess to a preliminary taxonomic classification

Among Swedish Hieracium sect. Oreadea (Fr.) Arv.‐Touv., more than 100 taxa have been recognized by various experts but, except for a regional monograph from 1894 there are no thorough published revisions of the group and many of the names have never been validly published. At the same time, some of the oldest names have been variously applied to morphologically clearly different species. In the present study, 5000 specimens in Swedish herbaria have been revised using both traditional and statistical morphometric methods and the complicated nomenclature has been disentangled. Twenty‐eight species are recognized and described with diagnostic keys and illustrations aiding identification and their known distributions are mapped. Six species are described as new to science (viz. H. marinum T. Tyler, H. eulasium Dahlst. ex T. Tyler, H. victoriae T. Tyler, H. falcifolium Johanss. ex T. Tyler, H. guldbergense Folin ex T. Tyler and H. hispidosum Dahlst. ex T. Tyler) and 3 additional names are raised to the specific rank (viz. H. gigantocybe (Dahlst.) T. Tyler, H. hilare (Dahlst. ex Omang) T. Tyler and H. tanyphyllum (Dahlst. ex Zahn) T. Tyler). Lectotypes are designated for 50 names based on material from Sweden, Norway or Finland and one name is neotypified. Except for a few infraspecific names for which all original material appears to be lost, all names based on material from Sweden are typified. However, it is concluded that albeit the number of taxa is relatively low, the species of H. sect. Oreadea are morphologically less distinct and clear‐cut than those of other widespread Scandinavian sections of the genus. Many of the characters that are most important in other sections of the genus are either invariable or unreliable in H. sect. Oreadea. Thus, the taxonomy has to rely on characters more subjected to environmentally‐induced modification. Furthermore, members of this section exhibit great morphological plasticity, possibly connected to their preference for exposed rocky habitats where the environmental conditions may be both severe and unpredictable.In addition, due to their ecological demands, they are confined to habitats that have always been both strongly fragmented and restricted in size giving rise to multiple small and locally adapted local populations. The section is here circumscribed in agreement with previous Scandinavian authors, i.e. including both the H. schmidtii‐group sometimes referred to H. sect. Stelligera and the H. norvegicum group approaching H. sect. Tridentata, but it is concluded that the section is relatively heterogeneous and that further studies aiming at the identification of more natural supraspecific taxa are much needed.     

A revision of Hieracium (Asteraceae) in Norrbotten,northeastern‐most Sweden,revealed seven new species

The large quantity of material of Hieracium sectt. Hieracium, Vulgata, Bifida and Oreadea collected during the recently completed floristic inventory of the northeastern most Swedish province of Norrbotten has been revised. The number of species known from this previously badly under‐collected province hereby increased from 27 to 64, and seven species new to science were revealed. A diagnostic key to all 64 species is provided and H. alces T. Tyler, H. hystrix T. Tyler, H. larsii‐levii T. Tyler, H. pseudopsepharum T. Tyler, H. stenbergii T. Tyler, H. taedum T. Tyler and H. vexillatum T. Tyler are described anew.     

Lectotypifications and notes on the application of names of Hieracium sect. Hieracium, sect. Bifida and sect. Vulgata (Asteraceae) based on material from the province of Dalarna, central Sweden

Lectotypes are designated for 174 names of taxa described based on material from the Swedish province of Dalarna and accepted to belong to Hieracium sect. Hieracium , sect. Bifida and sect. Vulgata . The taxonomic and nomenclatural implications, i.e. taxonomic synonyms and infraspecific taxa not worthy of taxonomic recognition, of the lectotypifications are discussed. Three new combinations, H. mundulifolium (Johanss.) T. Tyler, H. oligasterum (Johanss. & Sam.) T. Tyler and H. transtrandense T. Tyler, are proposed to accommodate the infraspecific taxa H. gilvocaniceps Johanss. var. mundulifolium Johanss., H. expallidiforme (Dahlst. ex. Stenstr.) Dahlst. var. oligasterum Johanss. & Sam. and H. insuccatum Johanss. var. occidentale Johanss. & Sam. respectively, when treated at the rank of species.     

The last step towards a full revision of Hieracium sect. Vulgata in Sweden

This article presents a summary of what has been achieved during the last 20 years within the project ‘The hawkweeds (Hieracium s.s.) of Sweden’ in general, and concerning Hieracium sect. Vulgata in particular, a review of our present understanding of the taxonomy and evolution of this group, as well as some new results and classifications that will be implemented in a forthcoming monographic treatment of the section in Swedish. A complete nomenclatural checklist (including synonyms and type material) of the 229 accepted species is included as an appendix and these species have been assigned to 23 informal species aggregates based on a multi‐variate analysis based on morphology and what is known about their ploidy level and molecular variation. Complete lists of the morphological characters considered important in the group as well as relevant literature are also included as appendices. Seven species are described as new to science or newly elevated to the rank of species: H. anderssonii T. Tyler, H. chroocentrum (Dahlst. ex Zahn) T. Tyler, H. cramiceps T. Tyler, H. hemimaculatum T. Tyler, H. maculato‐ornatum T. Tyler, H. ragnarii T. Tyler and H. vietulifolium (Johanss. & Sam.) T. Tyler.     

A test of Tyler’s Line – response of chironomids to a pH gradient in Tasmania and their potential as a proxy to infer past changes in pH

1. Tyler’s Line delimits two distinct limnological provinces that reflect differences in climate, geology and vegetation in Tasmania. Lakes west of Tyler’s Line are typically acidic and dystrophic with relatively shallow euphotic zones, whereas eastern lakes are circumneutral and oligotrophic or ultra‐oligotrophic, allowing deeper penetration of light. Consequently, Tyler’s Line defines a boundary where species assemblages change over a relatively short distance. 2. A survey of 48 Tasmanian lakes was undertaken to identify indicator taxa of the two limnological provinces and breakpoints along the pH gradient where shifts in taxa occur. Chironomidae (Diptera) were used because they are ideal candidates for lake classification. 3. Three independent methods (geographical position, piecewise linear regression, two‐way indicator species analysis) verified that chironomids accurately reflect the environmental variables defining Tyler’s Line at lake and catchment scales. Chironomid genera are often speciose, and members of the same genus can have markedly different responses to a given environmental variable. Although the types of taxa changed along the pH gradient, richness did not. This finding contrasts with many studies from the northern hemisphere but accords with other studies from Australia. 4. Models of pH, developed using both partial least squares and weighted averaging partial least squares, can be used to understand past natural variability of pH in Tasmania and to test hypotheses regarding the timing, magnitude and source of contamination in impacted aquatic ecosystems.     

华南大戟科植物增补(续)

本文续报中国南部3种大戟科植物,其中分布于广东的鼎湖巴豆Crotondinghuensis为新种;分布于贵州和广西的贵州巴豆Crotonguizhouensis为新名称;绿叶巴豆Crotonxiaopadou为改级新组合。     

Patterns of morphometric variation and a new supraspecific classification of apomictic taxa of Hieracium (Asteraceae) from Denmark and southern Sweden

Patterns of variation among all micro-species of Hieracium sect. Hieracium and H. sect. Vulgata known from Denmark and southern Sweden are investigated. Forty-three, possibly independent morphological characters are used. Significant correlations were revealed among the majority of the characters. Multivariate analyses did not reveal any discontinuities in the variation or any discrete groups of species. However, there were obvious correlations between previous taxonomic classifications and the result of the multivariate analyses. Based on the statistical analyses, three sections and 38 informal species aggregates are recognized. H. sect. Bifidum T. Tyler is described anew. The characters that turned out to be most influential in the multivariate analyses, and thus most important for the classification, were the distribution of stellate tomentum on the phyllaries, the amount of glandular hairs and the amount and pigmentation of simple hairs on the phyllaries, the shape of the leaf-base and the regularity of the leaf dentation. The evolution of the group and the taxonomic treatment is thoroughly discussed in the light of the results.     

Concordance of species richness patterns among multiple freshwater taxa: a regional perspective

Geographical gradients in species richness and the degree to which different taxa show congruent patterns remain unknown for many taxonomic groups. Here, I examined broad-scale species richness patterns in five groups of freshwater organisms; macrophytes, dragonflies, stoneflies, aquatic beetles and fishes. The analyses were based on provincial distribution records in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. In general, variation in species richness across provinces was concordant among the groups, but stoneflies showed weaker negative relationships with the other taxonomic groups. Species richness in most groups decreased with increasing latitude and altitude, and a considerable part of the variation was explained by mean July temperature. However, stoneflies showed a reversed pattern, with species richness correlating positively, albeit more weakly, with mean provincial altitude. Nevertheless, combined species richness of all five taxa showed a strong relationship with mean July temperature, accounting for 74% of variation in provincial species richness alone. Such temperature-controlled patterns suggest that regional freshwater biodiversity will strongly respond to climate change, with repercussions for local community organization in freshwater ecosystems in Fennoscandia.     

A revision of Holm's Early and early Mid Cambrian hyoliths Of Sweden

ABSTRACT. Re-examination of type specimens of Early Cambrian and early Mid Cambrian hyoliths from Sweden confirms placement of Hyolithes teretiusculus Linnarsson in Hexitheca Syssoiev, and reassignment to the order Hyolithida rather than Orthothecida. Inclusion of Hyolithes affinis Holm within Decoritheca Syssoiev is re-confirmed, and Hyolithes socialis Linnarsson is now referred to Nevadotheca Malinky and Slapylites Marek. An operculum included under Hyolithes oelandicus Holm is transferred provisionally to Maxilites Marek, and conchs of that species are placed under Tulenicornus Val'kov with question. No other hyolith species of Holm can be definitely assigned to genus. The rarity of well preserved opercula is a major impediment to recognizing hyolith taxa confidently, and we follow Holm in attributing the comparative rarity of opercula to the fact that in some hyolith taxa the operculum may have been composed of a different, and perhaps less stable, material than the rest of the conch.     

HYBODONT SHARKS OF THE ENGLISH BATHONIAN AND CALLOVIAN (MIDDLE JURASSIC)

Abstract:  Recent bulk sampling and study of museum collections has revealed a high diversity of hybodont sharks from the English Bathonian, with 15 species being recognised. In addition, study of dental and skeletal material from the English Callovian has allowed the diagnosis of a new genus and species, Planohybodus peterboroughensis gen. et sp. nov., allowing the Bathonian species Hybodus grossiconus Agassiz to be referred to Planohybodus . Two additional new genera, Secarodus and Frangerodus , are erected for the Bathonian taxa Hybodus polyprion Agassiz and Strophodus lingualis Woodward, respectively. Egertonodus duffini sp. nov. is described and the diagnosis of Egertonodus based on dental material is discussed. The previously unrecorded Hybodus sp., Parvodus sp., and Lonchidion sp. are recognised but left in open nomenclature. Asteracanthus medius (Owen) is recorded in the British Bathonian for the first time, and the status of Bathonian nominal species of Asteracanthus are assessed. Bathonian hybodonts showed great diversity in trophic ecology and many of the species are specific to particular palaeoenvironments.     

松口蘑复合种形态学及生物地理学研究

松口蘑复合种含有松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake (也称松茸)、北欧口蘑T. nauseosum、喜栎口蘑T. zangii和美洲口蘑T. magnivelare等4个分类单元。在对来自中国、日本、法国、西班牙、瑞典、芬兰和美国的标本进行形态学研究的基础上,认为松口蘑、北欧口蘑、喜栎口蘑形态十分接近,它们的分类地位应该重新考虑。美洲口蘑和它们的差别也不大。对松口蘑复合种的寄主和地理分布也进行了总结,发现松口蘑和美洲口蘑的寄主范围较广,寄主专化性不强,而北欧口蘑和喜栎口蘑的寄主比较专一。在地理分布上,松口蘑和美洲口蘑形成亚洲—北美地理替代种的分布格局;松口蘑和北欧口蘑形成欧亚间断分布的分布格局;喜栎口蘑的地理分布范围完全包含在松口蘑的分布范围中。松口蘑复合种种类的分布区和它们各自寄主的分布不一定完全相同。在松口蘑复合种内,北欧口蘑和松口蘑已被认为是同一个种,而其余两个分类单元的分类地位值得进一步研究。     

篮状菌属的一个新种

新种短密篮状菌（Talaromycesbrevicompactussp．nov．）,其无性型为短密梅丽霉（Merimblabrevicompactasp．nov．）。它的子囊果原基可能是由卷曲的菌丝形成;子囊孢子的壁平滑或近于平滑;帚状枝主要是三轮生或三轮和双轮生于同一个孢梗茎的顶端,偶有双轮生或不规则者。这些特征和近似种榛色篮状菌[T.arellaneus（Thom＆Turesson）C．RBenj.]具有明显的区别。另外,该新种在一般标准条件下培养未发现有性型。在偶然的情况下发现了有性型。曾几次重复试验,只在查氏（CA）斜面上20℃时才产生有性型（详见正文）。但是,它也很快就完全失去了产生有性型的能力。     

Predicting extinction risk of butterflies and moths (Macrolepidoptera) from distribution patterns and species characteristics

An extensive follow-up study of day- and night-active Macrolepidoptera was performed during 2004 at the Kullaberg Nature Reserve located in the south-western part of Sweden. Butterflies were surveyed in an area of 100 km² and night-active moths were trapped in the core area of the reserve. Macrolepidopteran species resident in the area in the 1950s were compared with species resident in the area in 2004. As much as 159 of 597 species (27%) resident in the area in 1950s were not found at all in 2004 and 22 species (4%) had colonised the area. Butterflies exhibited a disastrous decline with a loss of 45% of the fauna, and day-active species had declined more than night-active species had. Species distribution pattern and species characteristics were used to predict the probability that a species had become extinct or colonised the area. Species limited to one or a few food plants, with a short flight-period or restricted to non-forest habitats were all associated with a high extinction risk. Species occurring in fewer European countries and recorded from few provinces in Sweden were all associated with a higher extinction risk compared with ubiquitous species. For expanding species (colonisers), the best predictor was their distribution area in Sweden and colonising species were more likely to be limited to a few provinces in the southernmost part of Sweden. Species extinct from Kullaberg also have decreased in Finland and species that had colonised Kullaberg also have increased in Finland, while the species with no change in Kullaberg are also relatively constant in Finland. Indeed, the macrolepidopteran fauna was severely reduced in the last 50 years and almost 70% of the habitat specialists were lost. For red-listed species the situation was found to be alarming. Almost 70% of red-listed species, resident in the area in the 1950s, was not found in 2004. This study highlights that species composition changes rapidly even in protected nature reserves and that similar changes in the macrolepidopteran fauna seem to occur over large areas.     

The Comb-footed spider genera Theridion, Achaearanea and Anelosimus of Israel (Araneae: Theridiidae)

Israeli thendiid spiders of the genera Theridion, Achaearanea and Anelosimus have been revised. A relative richness in species is presented providing thereby updated information on the little known Mediterranean spider fauna. All type and non-type material previously described from the Middle East, deposited in several European collections has been re-examined, along with species from adjacent regions considered pertinent to the study undertaken. Altogether 21 species are recognized. Systematic, ecologic and all available zoogeographic information on taxa treated are discussed along with recent, pertaining literature. The presence of seven species formerly reported from Israel has been confirmed and the occurrence of another four species unknown hitherto from this region, has been proved. Some of these have never been adequately described or illustrated.
Ten new species are described: Theridion ochreolus, T. agaricographus, T hierwhonticus, T. jordanensis, T. negebensis, T. gekkonicus, T. dafnensis, T. vallisalinarum, T. pustiliferus and Anelosimus giladensis. The male of Theridion melanostictum is described for the first time. Keys, illustrations of diagnostic characters and records of distribution are provided for each species, all readily applicable also in adjacent countries. These may provide clues for better understanding of zoogeographic patterns of the Palearctic fauna, including those of the Old World Desert belt extending south and east of the Mediterranean region.     

HETEROCAPSA ARCTICA SUBSP. FRIGIDA SUBSP. NOV. (PERIDINIALES,DINOPHYCEAE)—DESCRIPTION OF A NEW DINOFLAGELLATE AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE BALTIC SEA1

Characteristics important in identification of Heterocapsa species (i.e., thecal plate pattern, body scale structure, and shape and position of the nucleus and pyrenoid) are practically identical in the dinoflagellate investigated here and in Heterocapsa arctica T. Horig. described from the Canadian Arctic. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences confirms that the two dinoflagellates are very closely related; however, there is a clear difference in their size and shape. Our experiments show that the low‐salinity Baltic Sea brackish water does not reduce the size of the marine H. arctica to match that of the Baltic Sea morphotype. On the basis of these dissimilarities in general morphology and its geographic isolation in the Baltic Sea, we consider our material sufficiently differentiated from the typical H. arctica to warrant the status of a new subspecies, H. arctica subsp. frigida subsp. nov. Being of a distinct cell shape, the occurrence of subsp. frigida has been recorded in Algaline phytoplankton monitoring data collected since 1993. Although it has never been responsible for high biomass blooms, it commonly occurs in spring in the Northern Baltic Proper and in the western Gulf of Finland, when the water temperatures are <5°C.     

SIMULATING RANGE EXPANSION: MALE SPECIES RECOGNITION AND LOSS OF PREMATING ISOLATION IN DAMSELFLIES

Prolonged periods of allopatry might result in loss of the ability to discriminate against other formerly sympatric species, and can lead to heterospecific matings and hybridization upon secondary contact. Loss of premating isolation during prolonged allopatry can operate in the opposite direction of reinforcement, but has until now been little explored. We investigated how premating isolation between two closely related damselfly species, Calopteryx splendens and C. virgo , might be affected by the expected future northward range expansion of C. splendens into the allopatric zone of C. virgo in northern Scandinavia. We simulated the expected secondary contact by presenting C. splendens females to C. virgo males in the northern allopatric populations in Finland. Premating isolation toward C. splendens in northern allopatric populations was compared to sympatric populations in southern Finland and southern Sweden. Male courtship responses of C. virgo toward conspecific females showed limited geographic variation, however, courtship attempts toward heterospecific C. splendens females increased significantly from sympatry to allopatry. Our results suggest that allopatric C. virgo males have partly lost their ability to discriminate against heterospecific females. Reduced premating isolation in allopatry might lead to increased heterospecific matings between taxa that are currently expanding and shifting their ranges in response to climate change.     

广东地区红菇属的分类初报及一新种和一新变种

本文根据Henri Romagnesi(1967)的分类系统就作者在广东地区所采集到的红菇属Russula33个种作了分类上的研究。其中新种1种即广东红菇Russula guangdongensis Bi & T.H.Li,sp.nov.,新变种一种即小小红菇Russula minutula var.minor Bi var.nov.和12种国内新记录种。文中有新种及新变种的形态描述及微观图,分种及所属亚组的检索表。