~(125)Ⅰ—标记尖吻蝮蛇出血毒素Ⅰ在家兔体内的药代动力学研究

用~(125)Ⅰ标记从尖吻蝮蛇(Agkistrodon acutus)毒中分离出的出血毒素(Ⅰ Aa-HI),得到Ⅰ~(125)Ⅰ—AaHI。静脉注射~(125)Ⅰ—AaHI到家兔体内,对~(125)Ⅰ—AaHI在动物体内的分布和药物代谢动力学进行研究。注射~(125)Ⅰ—AaHI 5小时后将家兔杀死,测定各组织的放射性强度。结果表明有血脑屏障存在。~(125)Ⅰ—AaHI代谢的大量产物由肾通过尿排出。对于药物代谢动力学,计算机模似结果为一室模型,其中生物半衰期T_(1/2)为55.9分钟,K值为0.0124分钟。我们认为在动物体内可能有AaHI相关的结合位点或受体存在。     

~(125)Ⅰ碘化钠标记“去纤酶”及其在动物体内分布、排泄的研究

以氯胺T为氧化剂,制备了~(125)I-“去纤酶”,于皮下、肌肉、静脉不同途径给药,观察了在大鼠、小鼠、家兔体内各脏器及血液中不同时间的分布,排泄情况。发现~(125)I-“去纤酶”在动物血液中的半清除时间为3—4小时。不同途径的给药在动物体内各脏器中放射性分布达到高峰的时间不同,皮下注射为6小时,肌肉注射为3小时,静脉注射为1小时。各脏器中的分布以肾组织中积蓄最多。“去纤酶”的代谢产物大部分是经肾组织从尿中排除,少量随粪便排除。 “去纤酶”是中国科学院昆明动物研究所从尖吻蝮(Agkistrodon acutus)蛇毒中分离、纯化的一种新型酶制剂,它具有非常显著而确切的抗凝血作用(张洪基等,1980;1981;Ouyang et al., 1976)。经临床验证,对于治疗脑血栓形成,视网膜血管阻塞,冠心病等疾病有较好的疗效,具有较为安全、疗程短、无明显副作用等优点,是一种有发展前途的抗凝血新药。 为了进一步了解其药理作用,给临床提供更可靠的参考资料,本文用~(125)I-碘化钠对“去纤酶”进行了标记,研究了在动物体内的分布、排泄情况现报道于下。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(CBD1)在大鼠的分布、转归和动力学研究

用~3H-CBD_1灌胃Wistar大鼠,研究其吸收、分布和转归。~3H-CBD_1迅速经胃肠道吸收,5分钟后血中即可测得放射性。血液时间-放射性曲线呈双峰,峰值分别为半小时和12小时。达峰值后血中放射性逐渐下降,生物半衰期6.33天。除胃肠道外,肝、肾、脑、睾丸放射性较高。肝、肾为其主要代谢和排泄器官。24小时内尿排出灌胃量的16.2％,粪排出7.5％。7天尿、粪共排出41.4％,14天排出43％。 CBD_1的吸收和排泄符合二室动力学模型。动力学参数如下:T_(1/2α)0.6858天,T_(1/2β)6.3330天,T_(1/2Ka)0.2342天,t_p 0.375天,Ka 2.9595天~(-1),V_1 1663ml,V_2 887ml,V_D(ss)2551ml。相关系数0.978。由此可见~3H-CBD_1自胃肠道吸收迅速;分布于全身组织器官,没有特殊的蓄积器官;排泄较慢;与动力学分析结果相符。     

放射性碘标记的大剂量的促黄体素释放激素在大鼠体内的分布

我们用~(125)I标记 LH-RH,观察了大剂量的 LH-RH 在大鼠体内的分布。自一侧颈外静脉注入0.2毫升的~(125)I-LH-RH(大约20微克,14—18微居里),对照注射等量相应放射活性的 Na~(125)I。3分钟后,断头处死,立即取肝、肾、心肌、卵巢、子宫、回肠及骨胳肌等组织,并开颅取垂体、松果腺、下丘脑及大脑皮质等。分别秤重及消化后,测各组织的放射活性。结果表明,放射活性不仅高度集中于垂体,也明显地集中于肝、肾、卵巢及心肌等垂体外的组织。这提示,某些垂体外的组织,特别是卵巢也选择性地摄取外源注入的大剂量的 LH-RH。     

蛇毒纤溶酶的药物代谢动力学研究

目的研究蛇毒纤溶酶在体内过程及药代动力学.方法以125I-蛇毒纤溶酶作示踪剂进行研究.结果静脉注射后,体内血药浓度时程曲线为二房室模型,大鼠体内T1/2β分别为6.1h(低剂量)、6.3h(中剂量)、5.6h(高剂量)、小鼠尾静脉注射后3h,各脏器中放射性活性达到峰值,其值(%)大小顺序为肾(1.34)＞肺(1.09)＞肝(0.90)=脾(0.90)＞心(0.51)＞肌肉(0.45)＞脑(0.29),125I-蛇毒纤溶酶静脉注射后72h内,尿排泄率为85.6%,粪排泄率为5.4%,胆汗排泄率为12%.结论蛇毒纤溶酶静脉注射后,体内血药浓度时程曲线为二房室模型,主要从尿排泄.     

新型乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂Bis(9)-(-)-Meptazinol的小鼠 和大鼠药代动力学研究

目的:研究新型乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)抑制剂Bis(9)-(-)-Meptazinol(B9M)在小鼠和大鼠体内的药代动力学、组织分布和排泄过程。方法:应用本课题组前期报道的大鼠血浆中B9M的LC-MS/MS定量方法:检测B9M皮下和静脉给药后小鼠血浆和脑组织中的含量,计算相应的药代动力学参数,测定B9M小鼠(1.5 mg/kg)和大鼠(1.0 mg/kg)皮下给药后不同时间点的组织分布和粪便、尿液中排泄量。结果:小鼠经皮下注射后,B9M可迅速进入血液(Tmax=0.25 h)血液中消除速度较慢(T_(1/2)=18.09h)绝对生物利用度为115.95%。皮下注射后,B9M在脑内的达峰时间和半衰期分别是8h和18.75h,生物利用度为44.67%。小鼠和大鼠皮下给药后广泛分布于各组织,以脾、肺、肾等血流量大的组织中分布最多。B9M从体内排泄迅速原型药物在小鼠和大鼠尿液和粪便中的排泄量低于3%。结论:皮下给药B9M在小鼠和大鼠体内具有易吸收、分布广泛、易排泄的特点药代动力学特征优良,是极具研发潜力的抗阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)新药。     

H标记雌三醇在雌性大白鼠体内的吸收、分布与排泄

用~3H 标记的雌三醇对雌性大白鼠在大剂量给药情况下观察了体内的吸收、分布和排泄。比较了口服和肌注给药途径在排泄上的差异。初步分析了尿中放射性代谢物的性质。静脉推注~3H 雌三醇后血液中的放射性成指数曲线衰减,说明进入血液的雌三醇迅速分布到体内其他组织。从肌注给药后各组织中的放射性分布来看,肝组织中放射性积累最多,持续时间也较其他组织要长,对肝脏中长时间保留放射性的现象进行了讨论。口服动物最初三天由粪尿中排出的放射性占给药量的70.9%,而肌注动物相应的数值为43.7%,在给药初期口服较肌注排出要快。尿中放射性代谢物经薄板层析分析主要为极性较大的雌三醇结合物。标记物进入动物体后十三天,不论在组织或粪尿等排泄物中都还可测到少量放射性,说明给予大剂量的雌三醇以后,雌三醇或其代谢物在体内可贮存一定时间。     

重组人ω-干扰素在金黄地鼠和Wistar大鼠体内的组织分布和排泄

目的:为进一步的临床试验提供重组人ω-干扰素(rhIFN-ω)的分布和排泄试验数据。方法:用125I同位素示踪法结合三氯醋酸(TCA)沉淀法测定各主要器官组织的总放射性浓度和酸沉淀部分放射性浓度,获得rhIFN-ω的尿粪排泄和胆汁排泄数据。结果:各主要器官组织的总放射性浓度AUC0-4h排序由大到小依次为:尿、胸腺、胆囊、膀胱、肾、肾上腺、肠内容物、肠淋巴结、空肠、肺脏、血清、卵巢、脾、肝、肌肉、心脏、骨髓/股骨、睾丸、脂肪、脑。皮下注射125I-rhIFN-ω后48h尿和粪的累计排出量分别达到注入放射量的87.9%±2.8%和4.0%±1.6%,尿粪合计排出量占注入放射性量的91.9%±2.1%,而皮下注射125I-rhIFN-ω后20h内胆汁排泄放射性量占注入放射性量的3.34%。结论:rhIFN-ω在泌尿系统分布比较高,与血清蛋白结合比较少,在脑、脂肪和肌肉等组织的药物浓度最低。rhIFN-ω主要以尿的形式排泄。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(CBD1)在大鼠的分布、转归和动力学研究

用,H—CBD1 灌胃Wistar 大鼠,研究其吸收、分布和转归。H-cBD1迅速经胃肠遭趿收,5分钟后血中即可测得放射性。血液时间一放射性曲线呈双峰,峰值分别为半小时和12小时。达峰值后血中放射性逐渐下降,生物半衰期6.33天。除胃肠道外,肝、肾、脑、卑丸放射性较高。肝,肾为其主要代谢和排泄器官。24小时内尿排出灌胃量的16．2％,粪排出7．5％。7天尿、粪共排出41.4％,14天排出43％。 CBD．的吸收和排泄符合二室动力学模型。动力学参数如下：T1/2 0.6858天,T1/2 6.3330天,T1/2 0.2342天,t,0.375天,Ka 2.9595天-1,VI 1663m1 IV 887ml, VD(ss)2551ml。相关系数0．978。 由此可见sH-CBD1 自胃肠道吸收迅速;分布于全身组织器官,没有特殊的蓄积器官;排泄较慢;与动力学分析结果相符。     

双标记RC对KHT肉瘤的细胞周期分析(英文)

本文利用测定G_1期和中S期细胞内放射性变化的方法(RC)测出小鼠KHT肉瘤的细胞周期时相的时间及其变异系数(CV)。腹腔注射~3H-UdR后,8小时再注射~(125)I-UdR,按2小时间隔取肿瘤制成单个细胞悬液,DNA特异性染料色霉素A_3染色,根据细胞DNA含量用FACS荧光激活细胞分类器分离出纯的G_1期和中S期细胞,分别测定细胞中~(125)I和~3H的放射性,用多室数学模型根据每个细胞内~(125)I和~3H的放射性变化,计算出TG_1为6.7小时,Ts为9.0小时,TG2M为3小时,生长指数为1。     

Recombinant DNA derived monomeric insulin analogue: comparison with soluble human insulin in normal subjects.

OBJECTIVE--To compare the rate of absorption from subcutaneous tissue and the resulting hypoglycaemic effect of iodine-125 labelled soluble human insulin and a monomeric insulin analogue derived by recombinant DNA technology. DESIGN--Single blind randomised comparison of equimolar doses of 125I labelled soluble human insulin and insulin analogue. SETTING--Study in normal people at a diabetes research unit and a university department of medical physics. SUBJECTS--Seven healthy male volunteers aged 20-39 not receiving any other drugs. INTERVENTIONS--After an overnight fast and a basal period of one hour two doses (0.05 and 0.1 U/kg) of 125I labelled soluble human insulin and insulin analogue were injected subcutaneously into the anterior abdominal wall on four separate days. END POINT--To find a fast acting insulin for meal related requirements in insulin dependent diabetics. MEASUREMENTS and main results--Residual radioactivity at the injection site was measured continuously for the first two hours after injection of the 125I labelled preparations and thereafter for five minutes simultaneously with blood sampling. Frequent venous blood samples were obtained over six hours for determination of plasma immunoreactive insulin, insulin analogue, glucose, and glucagon values. Time to 50% of initial radioactivity at the injection site for the insulin analogue compared with soluble insulin was 61 v 135 minutes (p less than 0.05) with 0.05 U/kg and 67 v 145 minutes (p less than 0.001) with 0.1 U/kg. Concentrations in plasma increased faster after the insulin analogue compared with soluble insulin, resulting in higher plasma concentrations between 10 and 150 minutes (0.001 less than p less than 0.05) after 0.05 U/kg and between 40 and 360 minutes (0.001 less than p less than 0.05) after 0.1 U/kg. The hypoglycaemic response to insulin analogue was a plasma glucose nadir at 60 minutes with both doses compared with 90 and 120 minutes with soluble insulin at 0.5 and 0.1 U/kg respectively. The response of glucagon substantiated the earlier and more dramatic hypoglycaemic effect with the insulin analogue. CONCLUSIONS--The much faster absorption from subcutaneous tissue of the disubstituted monomeric insulin analogue compared with soluble insulin suggests that the analogue may be a potential candidate for rapid insulin delivery after subcutaneous bolus injection.     

Incorporation and intraparticulate hydrolysis of 131 I-albumin by liver and kidney of an amphibian (Bufo arenarum)

After a single injection of formaldehyde-treated 131 I-albumin into the heart, the incorporation of the labelled protein by liver (% of total injected radioactivity/% of body weight of the organ) was far greater than in other organs. In kidney and spleen it was respectively six and three times greater than in lungs, intestine, testis and fatty body. No radioactivity was found in brain. The radioactivity in liver and kidney reached a peak 30 minutes after the injection, and quickly decreased during the following four hours. In the 27,000 g × ten minute particles recovered from liver homogenates of animals sacrificed at various times after injection, the rate of 131 I-albumin hydrolysis in vitro and the percentage of trichloroacetic acid soluble radioactivity at zero time of incubation showed different stages of intraparticulate hydrolytic activity. The incorporation and intraparticulate hydrolysis in toad kidney was very low if compared with that of toad liver or mouse kidney; however the catheptic specific activity in toad kidney doubles that of mouse kidney. Isolated toad liver was perfused with total blood, containing 131 I-albumin, for five hours at 22°C in a special chamber. In this conditions, 16% of the labelled albumin was hydrolyzed by the liver.     

Distribution and elimination of transplanted sarcoma JWS and leukemia L1210 cells in allogeneic recipients--inbred C57BL mice by intravenous route]

The distribution of neoplastic--JWS sarcoma and lymphatic leukemia L-1210 cells after intravenous injection into allogeneic recipients is presented. Cells were labelled with two labels: cytoplasmic (sodium chromate-51CR) and nuclear (iododeoxyuridine-125IUDR). Radioactivity of blood, lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys was measured 90 minutes and 24 hours after cell transplantation. The pattern of cell trapping, destruction and elimination from the circulation was characteristic of cell line injected. Destruction and elimination processed faster in allogeneic system than in syngeneic one.     

Rate of concentration and digestion of radioactive growth hormone preparations injected in rats,as measured by the amount and nature of radioactivity in the tissues

Summary The distribution of radioactivity in the tissues of the rat has been established after the administration of radioactive bovine growth hormone preparations.Bovine growth hormone was used either transformed in to a¹⁴C-guanidinated derivative, which was fully active, of labeled with less than 1 mole per mole of¹²⁵I.The tissue radioactivity distribution curves obtained belong to two different categories: in kidney, liver and spleen there is an early concentration which attains a maximum in 15 minutes after the injection of the hormone, and rapidly declines. In heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, intestine, bone and fat, the radioactivity increases gradually and a steady-state is reached after 30 to 60 minutes.Kidney is the organ where the highest concentration of radioactivity occurs. However, muscle accumulates more than 60% of the initial doses after 2 hours. Very little radioactivity appears in the urine, in this period.Similar results have been obtained with pharmacological or physiological doses of the labeled hormones.Blood plasma does not degrade the injected hormone but kidney, liver and muscle rapidly produce radioactive fragments soluble in 10% trichloro-acetic acid.Dedicated to ProfessorLuis F. Leloir on the occasion of his 70^th birthday.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CONCENTRATION OF INJECTED HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE IN CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES OF THE KIDNEY CORTEX, IN THE BLOOD, URINE, AND LIVER

The concentration of horseradish peroxidase in total particulate fractions from the kidney cortex did not change much during the first few hours after injection, as long as most of the injected protein was not yet cleared from the blood. It decreased at a rate of 6–8% per hr afterwards. The concentration of peroxidase in total particulate fractions increased in proportion to the load (dose) over a wide range, suggesting that a constant fraction of the protein was reabsorbed by micropinocytic vesicles into the tubule cells from the glomerular filtrate. The amount of peroxidase excreted in the urine also increased in proportion to the injected dose. The proportion of peroxidase taken up by the liver, however, decreased several times when the dose was increased. A marked decrease of protein uptake into the kidney cortex and an increase of urinary excretion were observed when rats received a second, equal dose of peroxidase 4 hr after the first injection, and the rate of clearance of peroxidase from the blood was decreased after the second injection. The liver, on the other hand, took up almost twice as much peroxidase after two injections as after one. The uptake of peroxidase by the kidney cortex increased with age. Cytochemical observations on the preferential absorption of peroxidase by certain cell types and segments of the renal tubules in relation to dose are reported.     

Acrylonitrile inhalation in rats: II. Excretion of thioethers and thiocyanate in urine

In male Wistar rats, the inhalation exposure to acrylonitrile (AN), 271 mg X m-3, 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, did not affect protein sulfhydryl concentration in liver and blood and decreased glutathione concentration in the liver, but not in the brain at the end of the fifth exposure. The urinary excretion of the main AN metabolites, thioethers (AN-mercapturic acids) and thiocyanate was proportional to the inhaled AN concentration (57, 125, 271 mg X m-3, respectively) in a single exposure for 12 hours, and their mutual ratio was greatly different from that after injection of AN. The results revealed that the urinary excretion of thioethers is a very sensitive and dose-related indicator of exposure to AN and extrapolation of the results indicates that the exposure to AN concentration below 10 mg X m-3 could thus be demonstrated.     

Mouse liver specific uptake of iodinated growth hormones: evidence for the presence of somatogenic and lactogenic sites

The distribution of human growth hormone labelled with 125I (125I-hGH) was studied in normal adult female and male mice. The radioactivity was basically concentrated by the liver and kidney reading a maximum 15 minutes after the labelled hormone injection. Only the liver showed a significant reduction of radioactivity uptake when 125I-hGH was injected together with an excess of unlabelled hormone. This reduction was dose-dependent and the amount of unlabelled hormone that prevented 50% of the liver uptake (ED50) of 125I-hGH was close to 3 micrograms for both female and male mice. Similar results were obtained in studies where bovine growth hormone labelled with 125I (125I-bGH) was injected, except that the maximum uptake value was significantly lower than that observed when 125I-hGH was used. This observation could be attributed to the difference that exists between the biological properties of both hormones since hGH has growth-promoting and lactogenic effects in rodents, whereas bGH exhibits exclusively somatotropic activity. In order to examine the nature of the radioactive material which localized in the liver soluble extracts were prepared using Triton X-100 and analyzed on Sepharose CL-6B. The majority of the radioactivity appeared as an homogeneous peak with KD = 0.31 which could be attributed to a molecular species of Stokes radius of approximately 64A. This magnitude is consistent with the effective molecular size reported for various hormone-receptor complexes.     

Uptake of iodinated human kidney alpha-D-mannosidase by rat liver- Association with membrane elements and stability in vivo and in vitro.

1. Human kidney alpha-D-mannosidase (form A) was labelled with 125I to a specific radio-activity of approx. 2250muCi/mg of protein, essentially without loss of enzymic activity. The enzymic activity and radioactivity of the iodinated material also co-migrated in gel filtration and gel electrophoresis. 2. The binding of 125I-labelled mannosidase in vitro to particulate material in liver and kidney homogenates was of the other of 2 pg/mg of particulate material in liver and kidney homogenates was of the order of 2pg/mg of particulate protein withing 16h at 37 degrees C, and essentially zero in intervals of up to 60 min. The degradation in vitro of labelled exogenous mannosidase was of the order of 10-20pg/ 16th per mg of protein in postnuclear supernatant, and it was saturated entirely within 1h at 37 degrees C. 3. The binding of labelled mannosidase in vivo to particulate elements of liver homogenates 60 min after intravenous injection was at least 10 times higher in terms of specific radioactivity than the highest value attainable in vitro. Virtually all exogenous enzyme bound to liver particulate material could be recovered in macromolecular form after disruption of membranes by detergents. 4. The radioactive enzyme bound to liver particulate material could be detached almost completely by shearing, repeated freezing and thawing, and exposure to strong detergents under conditions that do not eliminate rough-endoplasmic-membrane structure. It could bot be released, however, by high salt concentration (0.5M-KC1) or by exposure to weak detergents such as Tween 80. The particle-bound enzyme should thus be associated with plasma membranes and lysosome-like elements. 5. Of the rat tissues studied, only liver could approach, within 60 min after the injection, the concentration of exogenous mannosidase found in the blood serum. The activity per g tissue weight fell progressively from liver (60% of serum value) to kidney (16% of serum value), lung (8% of serum vlaue), spleen (6% of serum value) and brain (0.9% of serum value). Most of the radioactive enzyme found in tissues other than liver appeared to be present in a free form, whereas in liver more than 50% of the labelled enzyme was associated with membrane elements.     

COLORIMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE UPTAKE OF AN INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED PROTEIN (HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE) BY RAT KIDNEY AND EFFECTS OF COMPETITION BY EGG WHITE

After intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase into rats, the foreign protein appeared in the kidney first in the small phagosomes and its concentration there decreased quickly; it then was concentrated and "stored" for several days in the large phagosomes. After injection of 10 mg of peroxidase per 100 gm of body weight, the concentration of peroxidase in blood and urine decreased exponentially during the first 6 hours; small amounts of peroxidase were excreted in the urine for several days. When 0.05 to 1.0 mg of peroxidase per 100 gm were administered, most of the peroxidase was taken up by the liver and little by the kidney, and a portion was excreted in the urine even at the lowest dose. At doses above 1.5 mg per 100 gm, the liver cells were saturated, and large reabsorption droplets appeared in the tubule cells of the kidney. With further dosage increase, the concentration of peroxidase in the phagosomes of the kidney increased rapidly until saturation was reached at doses of 13 mg per 100 gm. After intraperitoneal injection of egg white 18 hours prior to the administration of peroxidase, the concentration of peroxidase in all kidney fractions was only 10 to 25 per cent of the values for the untreated animals, the disappearance of peroxidase from the blood was delayed, and 81 percent more peroxidase was excreted in the urine. The treatment with egg white had no effect on the uptake of peroxidase by the liver. The ability of kidney tissue to degrade and adsorb peroxidase in vitro was tested.     

Suppression of liver uptake of orally fed liposomes by injection (I.P.) of dextran sulfate 500

¹²⁵Iodine labelled human immunoglobulin-G encapsulated liposomes were administered orally to rats. Distribution of radioactivity was checked in various tissues and in portal blood. The effect of dextran sulfate (DS 500,000 m. wt., liver blockade agent) injection (i.p.) on the liver uptake of liposomes and on the amount of liposomes appearing in the portal blood from the gastrointestinal tract have been studied. An increased amount of radioactivity was observed in the portal blood and the amount of radioactivity in the liver decreased appreciably after injection of dextran sulfate. In both the cases the action of dextran sulfate started 2 hours after injection and reached maximum at 12 hour, falling slightly at 24 hour.