离子交换树脂袋法测定鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤有效氮的初步研究

本文用离子交换树脂袋法（Ｉｏｎｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｒｅｓｉｎｂａｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ）．测定了鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤有效氮动态．结果表明,鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤有效氮主要由铵态氮（ＮＨ４＋－Ｎ）组成,且具有明显的季节性变化,两种不同深度（０－１０ｃｍ,１０－２０ｃｍ）土层比较,硝态氮（ＮＯ３－Ｎ）年平均值在１０－２０ｃｍ土层显著地高于在０－１０ｃｍ的土层（ｐ＝０．０５）;铵态氮年平均值在１０－２０ｃｍ土层则趋向低于在０－１０ｃｍ的土层．     

格氏栲天然林与人工林根际土壤微生物及其生化特性的研究

通过对格氏栲天然林（约１２０年生）和人工林（２８年生）根际土壤和全土微生物、生化活性、土壤养分的研究,结果表明：格氏栲天然林根际和全土土壤养分、土壤微生物区系、生理类群数量、土壤酶活性和生化作用强度均比相应人工林的大,格氏栲天然林根际土壤速效性养分相对富集,而人工林的则存在亏缺现象。格氏栲人工林的根际效应（Ｒ／Ｓ值）比天然林的明显。     

德国西南部惠格兰牧草区土壤微生物生物量的研究

对德国巴登符腾堡州的惠格兰牧草区施肥与不施肥区土壤微生物量的研究表明：年平均土壤微生物生物量中Ｃ、Ｎ及其流通量不施肥区均高于施肥区。微生物生物量周转率施肥区大于不施肥区,生物量周转时间则是施肥区小于不施肥区。有机肥料的使用可促进微生物的转化能力。生物通过微生物转化的Ｎ素远大于施入土壤的Ｎ素,也大于植物带走的Ｎ素,表明土壤微生物生物量是土壤养分的源与库。     

水旱轮作下长期免耕和施用有机肥对土壤某些肥力性状的影响

１９８３年６月至１９９７年１０月进行的水旱轮作下连续免耕并配合施用有肥料的长期定位田间试验研究结果表明,长期免耕和施肥造成土壤养分的表层富集,０－５ｃｍ土层有机磷、全氮、速效氮含量显著增加,而５－１０ｃｍ和１０－２０ｃｍ土层上述养分含量明显低于常规耕翻处理;免耕对土壤结构破坏少,使０－２０ｃｍ土层水稳性团粒结构增多,综合各项肥力性状,不同施肥处理对提高土壤肥力的贡献为：猪粪〉秸秆〉绿肥〉化肥〉不施     

马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫对生境的选择

作者通过设置１６７个２０×２ｍ的样方,采用Ｖａｎｄｅｒｌｏｅｇ和Ｓｃａｖｉａ选择指数对马边大风顶自然保护区大熊猫生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,大熊猫喜欢选择在常绿落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林,以及东、南坡向,坡度平缓（小于１０°）,上层乔木郁闭度较大（大于５０％）的大叶筇竹林中觅食,并且对于基径较粗（大于１０ｍｍ）、幼竹比例较高（大于５％）、密度适中（１０～３０株／ｍ２）的大叶筇竹林更加青睐。     

鼎湖山马尾松人工林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态研究

本文用离子交换树脂袋法（ｌｏｎｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｒｅｓｉｎｂａｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ）,测定了鼎湖山马尾松人工林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态情况。结果表明,鼎湖山马尾松林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮均具有明显的季节性变化,以春季最高和夏季最低。硝态氮在０～１０ｃｍ和１０～２０ｃｍ两土层的年平均值分别为１．７２２和１．４２９μｇ．ｄ－１．ｇ－１干树脂,铵态氮在０～１０ｃｍ和１０～２０ｃｍ的年平均值则分别为１９．１３７和１４．６９６μｇ．ｄ－１．ｇ－１干树脂。硝态氮和铵态氮在试验的大部分季节表现出显著的直线相关关系（ｐ＜０．０５）,表明了铵态氮供应是调节硝化速率的一个重要因子。     

红壤矿区复垦土壤的微生物生态特征及其稳定性恢复研究Ⅱ．对土壤微生物生态特征和群落结构的影响

研究了浙江哩铺铜矿废弃地土壤微生物生态特征和群落结构．结果表明,与对照土壤相比矿区土壤微生物生态特征发生了明显的改变,微生物呼吸速率减弱,微生物生物量显著降低,微生物生理生态参数Cmic／Corg下降、qCO2值明显升高,重金属对土壤微生物生态特征有明显的影响．Bio1og结果显示,矿区土壤微生物的群落结构发生变异,对能源碳的消耗量和速度明显升高,改变了微生物利用碳源的种类,使微生物消耗更多的能源,以维持其正常的生命活动,利用效率降低,明显不如对照土壤．由此可见,微生物生态特征是表征矿区复垦土壤重金属污染的灵敏、有效和可靠的生物学指标．     

西双版纳次生林土壤微生物生态分布及其生化特性的研究

西双版纳次生林土壤微生物生态分布及其生化特性的研究张萍（中国科学院昆明生态研究所,６５０２２３）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄＢｉｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆＳｏｉｌＭｉｃｒｏｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓｉｎＳｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙ...     

红壤矿区复垦土壤的微生物生态特征及其稳定性恢复研究Ⅱ.对土壤微生物生态特征和群落结构的影响

研究了浙江哩铺铜矿废弃地土壤微生物生态特征和群落结构.结果表明,与对照土壤相比矿区土壤微生物生态特征发生了明显的改变,微生物呼吸速率减弱,微生物生物量显著降低,微生物生理生态参数C_mic/C_org下降、qCO₂值明显升高,重金属对土壤微生物生态特征有明显的影响.Biolog结果显示,矿区土壤微生物的群落结构发生变异,对能源碳的消耗量和速度明显升高,改变了微生物利用碳源的种类,使微生物消耗更多的能源,以维持其正常的生命活动,利用效率降低,明显不如对照土壤.由此可见,微生物生态特征是表征矿区复垦土壤重金属污染的灵敏、有效和可靠的生物学指标.     

不同种植方式对花生土壤微生物生物量及活性的影响

在大田条件下,采用随机区组设计研究了春播覆膜（CBFM）、春播露地（CBLD）、麦田套种（MT）、麦田套种露地对照（MTLD）、夏播覆膜（XBFM）和夏播露地（XBLD）6种花生种植方式对土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明： 花生生育期和种植方式均显著影响土壤微生物生物量及活性.从始花期开始,随着生育进程的推进,土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和呼吸速率逐渐升高,到结荚期达到最大值,随后下降.露地栽培花生提高了土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤呼吸速率,但是降低了活跃微生物生物量,对土壤养分的转化和吸收不利;覆膜花生提高了活跃微生物生物量,促进土壤养分的分解和有效化;麦田套种花生比同期播种的露地对照花生提高了土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和土壤呼吸速率,固结养分较多,不利于花生生长.     

半干旱地区煤矸石山生态分类研究

半干旱地区煤矸石山生态分类研究张军,杨芳,林华（辽宁省阜新矿务局林业处,１２３００３）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｌａｓｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｏａｌＧａｎｇｕｅＨｉｌｌｓｉｎＳｅｍｉ－ＡｒｉｄＲｅｇｉｏｎｓ．￥ＺｈａｎｇＪｕｎ;ＹａｎｇＦａｎｇ;Ｌｉｎ...     

矿区高硫煤覆盖对土壤细菌群落组成和多样性的影响

【背景】土壤微生物生态研究对于矿区污染生态影响调查和矿区生态恢复都具有非常重要的意义,高硫煤覆盖对其下方土壤微生物群落的影响目前尚不清楚。【目的】探究煤矿区长期高硫煤覆盖对其下方土壤细菌群落组成和多样性产生的影响。【方法】从高硫煤矿附近煤场采集3种类型土壤样品(高硫煤覆盖层、高硫煤下方土壤、对照土壤),通过测定土壤理化性质和运用高通量测序技术研究高硫煤覆盖对土壤性质和细菌群落产生的影响。【结果】与对照土壤相比,高硫煤覆盖使其下方土壤pH值降低,硫酸盐、有机质、有效氮、有效磷含量升高。高硫煤覆盖使其下方土壤中细菌的多样性指数降低,细菌群落组成发生了较大改变。在属水平上,与对照土壤相比,高硫煤下方土壤中Bacillus的相对丰度较高;Acidiphilium与Sulfobacillus在3个样本组中的相对丰度呈现为高硫煤覆盖层>高硫煤下方土壤>对照土壤,硫氧化菌在高硫煤中的优势地位及其对下方土壤的影响由此可以得到证实。共现性网络分析表明,Acidiphilium和Sulfobacillus在高硫煤覆盖区域的土壤细菌群落中占有重要地位,对其他细菌类群影响非常大。【结论】高硫煤覆盖及硫氧化菌的优势存在,对高硫煤下方土壤的理化性质及细菌群落产生明显影响。研究结果有助于增进对矿区土壤微生物生态的认识,为高硫煤矿区生态恢复治理提供微生物学理论基础。     

An Evaluation of Reclamation Success on Idaho's Phosphate Mines

To evaluate reclamation success on the Wooley Valley phosphate mine in southeastern Idaho, we compared vegetation structure and soil physical, chemical, and elemental properties of several different reclamation treatments with those of a nearby reference area (a native Artemisia tridentata vaseyana/Festuca idahoensis association) after 14 years. Vegetation data had been collected four years after reclamation, and we were able to compare differences in biomass and species composition between dates on the reclaimed area. Four years after reclamation there were no differences in total biomass between topsoil or spoil or between seed only, seed + mulch, or control treatments on the different soil types. Most treatments were dominated by seeded perennial grasses. Fourteen years after reclamation there were no differences in biomass or cover between spoil and topsoil plots, but on spoil plots the seeded and mulched treatment had higher total biomass and vegetation cover than on control or seed-only treatments. The seeded perennial legume Medicago sativa was codominant with the seeded forage grasses on all of the treatments. High initial fertilization rates probably facilitated the early establishment and dominance of the forage grasses; once nutrient levels, especially nitrogen, began to decline, the legume increased in abundance. Similarity between the reclaimed area and the reference or native area was low. Reclaimed treatments had higher biomass but lower species richness. The topsoil and spoil plots had similar soil texture, bulk density, pH, cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, and phosphorus. Differences in organic carbon, total nitrogen, carbon: nitrogen ratios, and available moisture were related more to treatments than to soil type. High biomass and, thus, litter input on the seed + mulch treatment on spoil plots resulted in both higher OC and TN than any on other soil/treatment combination. The reclaimed area had lower OC, TN, and available moisture than did the reference area on all but seed + mulch spoil plots. Bulk density was higher on reclaimed plots. The long-term differences observed between the reclaimed and reference areas parallel those obtained for other western reclamation sites. Although successional trajectories depend on the attribute measured, similarity to native reference areas depends on the initial reclamation methods. We discuss reclamation methods that would increase the structural and functional similarity of reclaimed and reference areas on the Wooley Valley phosphate mine.     

煤矸石场植被恢复初期生态绩效评价

以山西潞安矿业集团司马煤业有限公司煤矸石场生态恢复5年内(2009—2013年)的植被-土壤系统为研究对象,在固定监测样地调查的基础上,以空间变化代替时间变化,对煤矸石场人工种植乔木层条件下,草本植物自然恢复初期的生态绩效进行了评价,结果表明:1)相较于1a恢复期,煤矸石场植被恢复初期植物群落基本特征、土壤物理性质、土壤化学性质及其综合生态绩效在5a恢复期时均达到了"优"级水平;2)在足够长的恢复期内,人工种植乔木层条件下,草本植物的自然恢复可以实现矿区的植被重建;3)基于AHP-FCE评价模型,以1a恢复期为基准,通过各恢复期生态指标与1a恢复期相比的恢复程度设定绩效等级,对煤矸石场植被恢复初期的生态绩效进行评价,避免了以往选取天然次生群落为恢复目标,但又不确定其是否为最佳恢复效果的盲目性,为生态绩效评价提供了新思路。     

Revegetation of Pb/Zn Mine Tailings, Guangdong Province, China

The Lechang lead/zinc mine is located in the north part of Guangdong Province, southern China. The tailings residue from the extraction of lead/zinc ores was permanently stored in tailings ponds, which required revegetation to reduce the environmental impact. A field study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effects of different ameliorants, including: (1) pig manure (PM); (2) mushroom compost (MC); (3) burnt coal residue (BC); (4) fly ash (FA); and (5) surface soil on the growth of Agropyron elongatum (tall wheat grass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass), and Trifolium repens (clover) in the tailings residue. The results from the core profiles indicated that adding FA (10 cm) or BC (15 cm) as a barrier layer between the cover soil and the tailings could increase pH, compared to the treatment with soil only. C. dactylon grew well and had a high cover (90–100%) in all the treatment plots except the control plots without any amendment. A. elongatum and L. multiflorum had a higher cover when grown in plots covered with a barrier layer using FA or BC (both with surface soil), than those grown in plots covered with surface soil only. Treatment plots receiving a thicker soil cover (30 cm) had a better dry weight yield than those with a thinner soil cover (15 cm), regardless of the barrier layer. The results from this study indicate that the use of either 15 cm BC or 10 cm FA as a barrier layer with surface soil, or the use of 38 tonnes PM/ha and 6 cm MC, were effective for the revegetation of Pb/Zn mine tailings. C. dactylon was the best species among the four species used for revegetation. Key words: reclamation, Pb/Zn mine tailings, burnt coal, mushroom compost, fly ash, Bermuda grass, Italian ryegrass, clover.     

Long-Term Effects of Reclamation Treatments on Plant Succession in Iceland

The long‐term effects (20–45 years) of reclamation treatments on plant succession are examined at two localities in Iceland that were fertilized and seeded from 1954 to 1979 with perennial grasses or annual grasses, or left untreated. The areas that underwent reclamation treatments had significantly higher total plant cover (7–100%) than the untreated control plots (<5%), and floristic composition was usually significantly different between treated and untreated plots. Dwarf‐shrubs (Calluna vulgaris and Empetrum nigrum), bryophytes, biological soil crust, grasses, and shrubs characterized the vegetation in the treated plots, but low‐growing herbs that have negligible effects on the environment, such as Cardaminopsis petraea and Minuartia rubella, and grasses characterized the control plots. The seeded grass species had declined (<10%, the perennials) or disappeared (the annuals) but acted as nurse species that facilitated the colonization of native plants. It seems that by seeding, some factors that limit plant colonization were overcome. Soil nutrients, vegetation cover, litter, and biological soil crust were greater in the treated areas than the control plots. This may have enhanced colonization through an increase in soil stability and fertility, increased availability of safe microsites, increased moisture, and the capture of wind‐blown seeds. This study demonstrates the importance of looking at the long‐term effects of reclamation treatments to understand their impact on vegetation succession.     

2株草螺菌的鉴定及其对煤矸石胁迫下香根草的促生作用

【背景】植物-微生物联合修复技术在减轻环境胁迫作用、增强植物抗性、改善矿区景观等方面发挥重要作用,其中根际促生菌可与植物相互作用,促进植物生长,增强植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。【目的】鉴定铜尾矿中分离得到的2株根际细菌,研究其对植物生长的促生特性,测定2株菌的接种对于煤矸石胁迫下香根草的影响。【方法】对铜尾矿中分离得到的2株菌进行16S rRNA基因序列鉴定和扫描电子显微镜观察,对菌株的促生特性进行测定,并将其分别接种于覆土5 cm的煤矸石和掺土10%的煤矸石中生长的香根草根际,测定2个月后香根草的理化指标和生理学指标。【结果】菌株P5-11和P5-19经鉴定均为草螺菌(Herbaspirillum),2株菌均具有固氮、溶磷、产吲哚乙酸(Indole-3-Acetic Acid,IAA)和产铁载体的特性,其中P5-19的产吲哚乙酸能力约为P5-11的2倍,具有较好的促生能力;2株菌均能提高香根草的株高、生物量、氮积累量和抗氧化酶活性,并降低丙二醛积累量。【结论】2株草螺菌均具有良好的促生特性,能够促进煤矸石胁迫下香根草的生长发育,这不仅为促生菌肥的研制提供了优良菌种,也为香根草在矿区生态恢复中的应用提供了参考价值。     

Indigenous bradyrhizobia populations in tropical farm-lands

Using the plant-infection technique, and soybeans as test plants, counts of root nodule bacteria in seven farm-lands in Southern Nigeria were estimated. All sites including those without a recent legume cover history contained bradyrhizobia. Abundance, however correlated with the presence of a legume. Populations varied from 0.95 to 3.63 log₁₀ rhizobia per g soil.
In addition to the presence of a legume, soil moisture and pH appeared to influence the rhizobial distribution in these soils. Most of the nodules produced on the test plant were ineffective, indicating that the rhizobial presence alone does not guarantee adequate N₂ fixation in a farming set-up.     

接种AM菌对西部黄土区采煤沉陷地柠条生长和土壤的修复效应

以采煤沉陷区柠条为宿主植物,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,简称AM菌)对柠条生长和根际土壤的改良效应。结果表明:8月份接种AM菌比不接菌柠条的株高、冠幅和地径显著增加了29.11%,29.83%和14.81%,9月份接菌区柠条的根长、平均直径、根表面积和根体积分别比对照区增加了151.0%,34.2%,116.0%和129.3%。接种AM菌增强柠条的抗逆性,接菌区的柠条叶片可溶性糖含量和过氧化氢酶活性分别比对照区增加了13.4%和111.1%。8月份接种AM菌改善了土壤的生物理化性质,接菌区有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾比对照区分别增加7.06g/kg,140.0 mg/kg,1.82 mg/kg和16.72mg/kg,接种AM菌显著增加了根际土壤中真菌、放线菌、细菌数量和酸性磷酸酶活性。总之,接种AM菌促进采煤沉陷区柠条的生长和土壤的改良。